历史文化村镇景观基因识别与图谱构建——以黄陂大余湾为例

中国的农业与乡村发展源远流长,然而作为乡村文化遗产的活化石,历史文化村镇的保护规划编制还没有相对明确的技术路线可循,乡村景观的保护和传承面临严峻挑战。景观基因理论提供了一种从自然科学的角度解析传统村落景观特征的新视角。首先,分析了景观基因的基本概念及其形成背景;其次从景观基因提取、图谱构建、GIS的应用等方面论述了历史文化村镇景观基因的研究现状;最后以黄陂大余湾历史文化名村为例,对其景观基因进行识别和图谱构建,以期为城市化进程中中国历史文化村镇的保护与发展提供新的思路。     

英国乡村区域可持续发展的景观方法与工具

景观概念为解读乡村景观、思考其多功能与可持续的未来提供了综合整体的、可操作的框架、方法与工具。景观视角下的乡村区域,具有多元价值,涉及多个尺度、多元利益主体,其变化的管理是错综复杂的。聚焦英国乡村政策的景观转向以及创新的景观方法与工具,尤其是景观特征评估(LCA)的发展与应用。对英国乡村规划管理相关政策的需求与趋势,面临的问题与挑战,以及对新方法的探索历程进行系统的梳理与分析。多功能主义、景观概念的重构,以及景观特征评估的发展为乡村区域变化的规划管理提供了新的思想与方法,使我们得以迈向一个广泛、综合的乡村景观规划体系。     

基于主导土地覆被的传统乡村景观区划 及特征研究——以粤东福佬区域为例

乡村景观是人类活动作用在自然基底上形成的综合性区域景观体系,在区域尺度上对景观空间特征进行分析并做区划研究有助于深入理解不同地域文化下的人地关系。以粤东福佬民系这一族群所在区域为研究对象,选择主导土地覆被这一敏感性指针,对区域景观类型特征进行描述与度量,最终依据区划原则划定沃土之乡、荒埔之乡、山野之乡、丘谷之乡、海滨之乡五大景观分区。进而在区域和聚落2类空间尺度下,借助景观指数及图式语言,探明了粤东福佬区域内5类典型乡村景观特征。在风景园林学科背景下,探索了一套新的乡村景观区划研究路径,为区域尺度的传统乡村景观特征研究提供了思路。     

城市公园康养功能评价研究

现代城市的发展受到各个方面的挑战,工业信息时代的种种负面效应给现代人的生存环境带来了极大的危害。在此背景下,景观环境的重要性日益提高,园林康养景观理念为现代化景观设计提供了新路径。此次调查研究以湖南省涟源市人民公园和涟水风光带为例,以使用者为主体,对所选城市公园康养功能进行综合评价研究,考虑景观与人的心理联系,找出现今城市公园空间中存在的问题,并提出优化建议,为日后城市公园绿地建设提供参考。     

基于CiteSpace的国内乡土景观格局研究综述

乡土景观是乡村地域文化和农业生产生活的有机结合,在城乡统筹、乡村振兴的背景下,对乡土景观及其格局进行研究,对于维护乡村生态环境、保护乡土地域文化有着重要意义。以1999～2021年中国知网CNKI数据库1546篇中文文献为研究对象,采用CiteSpace软件制作科学知识图谱,梳理乡土景观格局的研究概况、研究热点、趋势和发展历程。研究结果表明：1.国内乡土景观格局研究的发展与国家政策的提出和推动密切相关;2.近22年乡土景观格局的研究热点集中在“空间布局、驱动因素、乡村聚落、景观规划”等方向;3.近年来乡土景观格局研究发生了现象研究-机制挖掘-布局优化的转向,“传统村落、影响因素、布局优化”逐渐成为当下及未来的研究前沿方向,在未来的城乡统筹中,应进一步聚焦于乡土文化景观的保护与城乡建设发展的协调融合,综合多学科交叉的视角探索乡土景观格局研究的方法。研究旨在为乡土景观的发展研究提供参考依据和方法指导。     

福州市晋安区景观特征类型识别及评价

景观特征评价可以为城市景观科学建设提供实践指导和参考。研究以福州市晋安区为研究对象,运用GIS空间分析定量聚类分析,对景观特征类型进行了识别,并对景观特征分类图斑块的空间分布特征进行评价。结果显示,晋安区景观具有良好的多样性,地区分离度较高,优势较为明显。晋安区6类景观类型的斑块共为2 647个,其中以平原林地景观的斑块面积、斑块密度、景观分离度和景观形状指数等均为最高。晋安区作为平原林地景观和休闲景观等重要斑块,其中山地林地景观优势明显,存在一定的景观异质性与丰富度。城乡景观、休闲景观、园地景观以及休闲景观形成了一个比较集中的分布区域,是该地区重要的景观类型,可以作为该地区旅游发展的首选景观类型。     

城市历史景观的启示——从“历史城区保护”到“城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护”

联合国教科文组织于2011年采纳了《关于城市历史景观的建议书》,在保存遗产和管理历史名城的创新方式上,城市历史景观方法被认为具有重要意义。城市历史景观是在近年世界各国城市所面临的城市发展挑战下而产生的新的城市遗产保护理念,它以所有城市遗产为保护对象,特别强调城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护,提出了将城市历史景观纳入地方发展进程和城市规划的手段和对策。城市历史景观方法为中国现在所面临的大量普通历史城区的保护提供了非常有益的参考。本文首先阐述城市历史景观的产生背景及其特点,之后以日本的景观法及东京都内某地区保护为例,论述城市遗产景观规划新实践的具体措施和特色。     

面向大事件的城市绿化景观提升规划——以《南京市建邺区绿化景观提升规划》为例

城市绿化景观提升规划是在大事件背景下开展的新类型规划,旨在提升城市形象。《南京市建邺区绿化景观提升规划》便是城市绿化景观提升规划的一个典型案例。该规划以2014年青少年奥林匹克运动会这一大事件为背景,从面向问题的规划、氛围营造规划及面向实施的规划3个方面对全区的绿地系统进行整体改造和系统提升,其规划编制方法可为类似项目提供借鉴。     

健康中国视角下我国社区景观对儿童健康效用影响研究——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

文章以中国知网（CNKI）数据库作为数据源,对本学科领域已发表的社区景观影响儿童健康的文献进行整理、归纳与比较,以梳理该领域的研究现状,运用Cite Space可视化分析,分别从发文量、作者和核心机构、关键词共现网络、关键词时间线图谱等多方面对2000—2022年社区景观与儿童健康发展现状和研究趋势进行分析。文章梳理了国内社区景观对儿童健康效用研究的三个现象：首先,该领域早期的研究关注景观属性对受众情绪影响的普遍性问题,近年来则侧重对人群、环境进行具体分类研究,更具有针对性;其次,研究人员大都是独立研究,合作研究人员之间存在交叉学科背景,但不能保障研究合作的连贯性、持续性,从而出现研究断层;最后,近年来相关政策的相继颁布,为选题方向提供了更加明确的导向性。因此,社区景观和儿童健康研究领域在未来几年可成为前沿热点,也是可以持续关注的一个研究分支。     

数字化背景下人机交互对景观感知的影响

数字时代背景下,人机交互不断革新人们与环境之间的交互方式,让人们以前所未有的方式感知景观。为了系统性厘清人机交互如何作用于景观感知,首先,分析了人机交互对人的思维方式、行为方式和体验需求的影响。其次,基于人机交互的作用媒介和机制,从多源数据拓展空间信息范围（感知维度）、多通道交互增强感官体验（感知方式）、实时计算强化动态响应过程（感知过程）,以及情感计算触发情感反馈（感知效果）4个层面,提出人机交互对景观感知的影响。最后,探讨未来在新信息技术、新交互方式、新智能反馈、新情感触发的背景下,人机交互可为景观感知创造更多的可能性,为风景园林研究方向拓展和设计创新提供参考。     

Local Innovation And Global Change: ‘Remaking The Welfare State’ In Sweden1

Swedish urban planning and housing policies have been seen as exemplars by many Australian policy makers. The mixture of state activism, strong local government, broad concepts of welfare policy and social housing, coupled with wide community acceptance of these ideals, has enabled major innovations in housing policy. This article describes the historical background and recent changes to these policies within Sweden's changing political framework. It also shows that global fiscal changes, coupled with Sweden's entry into the ‘federalising’ European Union, have changed the context of these policies. Swedish housing and urban policy is changing; Swedish local government has a strong role in the development and implementation of these changing policies. There are many interesting lessons for Australian urban policy in these changes.     

Administration,Landscape and Authorized Heritage Discourse – Contextualising the Nationally Valuable Landscape Areas of Finland

Abstract

In 2010, the Finnish Ministry of the Environment launched a re-evaluation and revision of the 1993 inventory of Nationally Valuable Landscape Areas (NVLAs). While the inventory works for implementation of the National Land Use Guidelines, it also showcases the use of landscapes in Finnish national heritage policy. Based on critical readings of three influential Finnish administrative landscape policy reports, I claim that NVLAs, as tools of heritage policy, are based on the approaches and methodologies that have supported Finland’s development into a modern nation state by providing tools for intellectual governance of the national past and territory. Rather than meeting the diversity of landscape conceptions, as defined in the European Landscape Convention, the NVLAs run a risk of being in conflict with citizens and actors that do not share the administrative assumption of landscapes as public containers of national heritage.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving ‘landscape’ a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co‐ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

The European Landscape Convention

Adopted in Florence (Italy) on 20 October 2000, the European Landscape Convention is aimed at promoting the protection, management and planning of European landscapes and organising European cooperation on landscape issues. It is the first international treaty to be exclusively concerned with all dimensions of European landscape. It applies to the entire territory of the Parties and relates to natural, urban and peri-urban areas, whether on land, water or sea. It therefore concerns not just remarkable landscapes but also ordinary everyday landscapes and blighted areas. The Convention represents an important contribution to the implementation of the objectives of the Council of Europe: these seek to protect Europeans' quality of life and well-being, taking into account landscape, cultural and natural values. The member states of the Council of Europe signatory to the European Landscape Convention declared their concern to achieve sustainable development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment. The cultural dimension is also of fundamental importance.     

A relational approach to the implementation of the European Landscape Convention in Sweden

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) aims to promote landscape protection, management and planning and to organise European cooperation on landscape issues. The introduction of the ELC in 2000 created a need for further theoretical work within the field of landscape research, which has historically provided a weak theoretical basis for policy implementation. In this study, a relational approach was used to investigate the ongoing ELC implementation process in Sweden, illustrating government dynamics and highlighting efforts to transform discourses and practices. The conceptual framework used comprised three analytical components (policy community, policy meaning and strategy-making practice) and the relational approach was applied at national, regional and local policy levels. The results revealed both progress and obstacles to ELC implementation in Sweden and confirmed the usefulness of the relational approach.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving 'landscape' a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co-ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

欧洲住房金融改革对中国的借鉴意义

自从1960与1970年代以来,更多的欧洲国家放松了它们的住宅政策。我们注意到从公共融资向私人融资的转变、从社会住宅向商业住宅的转变、从住房建设补贴向住房人头补贴的转变、从管制租金向市值租金的转变、以及从租赁房向自有房的转变。大部分这些转变都可以统称为＂私有化＂以及＂自由化＂这些定义不明的词语。然而,欧盟大部分国家的住宅金融体系仍然复杂而不合理,需要更多的住宅金融改革。我们将详述一种住宅金融改革的核心内容,包括如下几点：住房建设补贴、租户的住房人头补贴、自有房的税收优惠、房屋租赁政策、以及住宅联盟的角色。通过这种分析,我们勾画出欧盟国家住宅金融深入改革的轮廓。在不久的将来,中国也会考虑相似的住宅金融改革。     

Landscape dynamics in Germany

Modern lifestyles, new demographic trends, and the expansion of the European Community are changing the European countryside. At stake are cultural landscapes, their richness in wildlife, historical interest, scenic beauty, and the recreational opportunities they provide. Visible phenomena of change are symptoms of a growing socio-economic and ecological disparity between different regions. Agreements on AGENDA 2000 European policy provide a new platform for regional and agricultural development. The paper explores which landscape dynamics are in store. Employing examples from rural Germany, the paper presents corridors of possible futures for unique, and at the same time, dynamic places. Modern strategies of landscape and urban planning are discussed which aim at closer co-operation between a multitude of stakeholders, policy makers, planners, and other agents of change. Methods and tools are needed to build consensus among ever increasing numbers of participants representing potentially wide ranges of values.     

Social exclusion in Europe: Context and policy

This paper analyses the contested concept of ‘social exclusion’, discusses the reasons for the concept's current prominence in discussions of public policy, and reviews recent European Union initiatives designed to tackle the problem.     

Introduction: historical institutionalist perspectives on European spatial planning

ABSTRACT

In a context where European integration is put into question, under the weight of external (migration, safety issues, economic) and centrifugal forces (Brexit, growing Euroscepticism), European spatial planning has been somewhat sidelined in the debates on the European Union’s goals, cohesion and future. This special issue aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of these dynamics by revisiting the history of European spatial planning – from its origins, gradual institutionalization to its current rolling back – by exploring it both at the European and the national level, stressing its difficulties and idiosyncrasies.

The conceptual framework of historical institutionalism is used across the papers in an attempt to shed more light on this processes, through the analysis of critical junctures and path dependency of planning and cohesion agendas, transnational networks as well as changes to the national institutions and planning systems.

This tightly woven collection of papers touches upon not only the underlying arguments for European cohesion, but also the questions about the future of European spatial planning as an ‘EU microcosm’ in light of current discussions concerning democratic credentials and legitimacy of the EU project as a whole.