Finite-element analysis for high-temperature deformation of bulk metallic glasses in a supercooled liquid region based on the free volume constitutive model

A constitutive relation based on the free volume model was developed to describe the strain-rate-dependent deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMG) at temperatures within the supercooled liquid region (SLR). Validity of the present approach has consequently been assessed by comparing the numerical results obtained from finite-element analyses with the experimental results previously obtained from compression tests of Vitreloy-1 BMG alloy. Finite-element-method simulations combined with free volume constitutive relations were found to reproduce well the plastic deformation behavior of Vitreloy-1 alloy, exhibiting a Newtonian viscous flow without stress overshoot and also a non-Newtonian viscous flow with stress overshoot at temperatures within the SLR. The present approach appears to provide a powerful means of understanding plastic deformation behavior in relation to localized and uniform deformation and also of making reliable formability estimations of BMG alloys.     

Hot compression deformation behavior of the Mg-Al-Y-Zn magnesium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of a Mg-Al-Y-Zn magnesium alloy was investigated by hot compressive testing on a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator at the temperanging from 523 to 673 K with the swain rate varying from 0.001 to 1s-1.The relationships among flow stress,swain rate,and deformation temperature were analyzed,and the deformation activation energy and stress exponent were calculated.Microstructure evolution of the alloy under different conditions was examined.The results indicated that the maximum value of the flow stress increased with the decrease of deformation temperature or the increase of swain rate.Under the present deformation conditions,dynamic recrystallization (DRX) oeettrred in the alloy,which was the main softening mechanism during deformation at elevated temperature.The deformation temperature and strain had significant effects on the microstructure of the alloy.     

Hot compression deformation behavior of the Mg-AI-Y-Zn magnesium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of a Mg-Al-Y-Zn magnesium alloy was investigated by hot compressive testing on a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator at the temperanging from 523 to 673 K with the swain rate varying from 0.001 to 1s-1.The relationships among flow stress,swain rate,and deformation temperature were analyzed,and the deformation activation energy and stress exponent were calculated.Microstructure evolution of the alloy under different conditions was examined.The results indicated that the maximum value of the flow stress increased with the decrease of deformation temperature or the increase of swain rate.Under the present deformation conditions,dynamic recrystallization (DRX) oeettrred in the alloy,which was the main softening mechanism during deformation at elevated temperature.The deformation temperature and strain had significant effects on the microstructure of the alloy.     

Deformation of Zr41Ti14 Cu12. 5Ni10Be22.5 bulk amorphous alloy under isobaric pressure in super-cooled liquid region

The curve of crystallization transition during continuous heating for the Zr41Ti14 Cu12. 5Ni10Be22.5 bulk amorphous alloy was measured by means of dilatation(Fully automatic transformation recording/measuring instrument) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) method. The deformation behavior of the alloy at various heating rates in the supercooled liquid region was studied. The results show that the glass transition temperature of the alloy increases slightly and the supercooled liquid region(SLR) increases significantly with increasing heating rate. The deformation amount under isobaric pressure of 1 N for the alloy in the SLR increases with increasing heating rate. As the heating rate of the alloy increases from 5 to 100℃/rain, the amount of deformation of the alloy increases from 8.3% to 45%     

7075铝合金热压缩变形流变应力

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验,对7075铝合金在高温压缩变形中的流变应力行为进行了研究。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大;可用Zener-Hollomon参数的指数形式来描述7075铝合金高温压缩变莆时的流变应力行为。     

均匀化处理Al-Mg-Mn合金的组织及热变形行为

研究了半连续水冷铸造方法制备的Al-Mg-Mn合金均匀化处理过程中显微组织的演变过程,同时采用 Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对均匀化退火态合金的高温塑性变形行为进行了研究,分析了合金流变应力与变形温度和变形量之间的关系,并对合金变形过程中显微组织变化进行了探讨。结果表明,均匀化处理后原铸态合金中粗大的非平衡析出相逐渐溶解,变细、断裂,趋于球化,呈珠链状,数量减少。在热模拟变形过程中,475 ℃×15 h 均匀化退火态Al-Mg-Mn合金流变应力随着变形温度升高而降低;随着变形量增加,流变应力的峰值增大。随着变形温度升高,合金热变形组织首先发生缓慢的回复,位错密度降低,进而形成亚晶、出现再结晶晶粒组织特征。     

MoNb合金热变形行为及本构关系

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟试验机对MoNb合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究该合金在变形温度900~1200℃和应变速率0.01~10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为,计算其热变形激活能。结果表明:变形温度和应变速率对流动应力具有显著影响,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。误差分析表明,采用多元线性回归法建立的MoNb合金本构关系模型具有较高的精度,该模型的预测值误差小于10%的数据点占总数的92.86%,相关系数和平均相对误差分别为0.976和4.08%,能较为准确的预测合金的高温流动应力。     

非晶Fe粉掺杂Al-12Si合金的高温压缩变形行为

为提高Al-12Si合金的热变形抗力,并探索非晶Fe粉掺杂对Al-12Si合金热压缩行为的影响和掺杂非晶Fe粉热压缩中的晶化温度等,采用连续挤压技术制备了掺杂10wt%非晶Fe粉与不掺杂非晶Fe粉的Al-12Si合金试样,对试样进行了不同温度和应变速率下的热压缩试验,分析了试样在热压缩中的组织转变,以及采用双曲正弦关系构建了试样的热流变应力方程。结果表明:非晶Fe掺杂试样在450 ℃及以下的热压缩时,Fe维持非晶态,500 ℃时,则已发生晶化;掺杂10wt%非晶Fe粉使Al-12Si合金的热抗变形能力显著提高,其热压缩激活能Q=211.29 kJ/mol,比未掺杂非晶Fe粉的Al-12Si合金试样高40.78 kJ/mol,且热压缩过程中存在动态回复和动态再结晶;利用双曲正弦关系构建试样的热流变应力方程为ε·=4.42×10¹⁴[sinh(0.016 6σ)]^6.13exp(-211 290/RT),线性回归系数高达0.99,即可为非晶Fe粉掺杂试样的热加工提供一定的理论指导。     

Homogeneous deformation of Ti41.5Cu37.5Ni7.5Zr2.5Hf5Sn5Si1 bulk metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region

The homogeneous deformation behavior of Ti_41.5Cu_37.5Ni_7.5Zr_2.5Hf₅Sn₅Si₁ BMG has been investigated by compression tests. The results show that its high-temperature deformation behavior is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature, and there exists a transition from non-Newtonian flow to Newtonian flow with decrease in strain rate, which can be explained based on the transition state theory. In addition, this alloy can reach a large compressive strain than 0.8 at high strain rate; however the much higher flow stress and lower value of S parameter compared with typical BMGs indicates its worse formability in the SLR. A beneficial domain (temperature and strain rate) for optimum hot workability of this alloy has been roughly located by constructing the power dissipation efficiency map, where the power dissipation efficiency is larger than 0.8.     

基于人工神经网络的ZK60镁合金热压缩变形行为

在变形温度为200～400℃、应变速率为0.001～1s-1条件下,对ZK60镁合金进行热压缩实验,建立一个单隐层前馈误差反向传播人工神经网络模型,研究该镁合金的流变行为。模型的输入参数分别为变形温度、应变速率和应变,输出为流变应力,中间隐含层包含23个神经元,并采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法对此网络模型进行训练。结果表明:ZK60镁合金的流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率降低而减小;其高温压缩流变应力曲线可描述为加工硬化、过渡、软化和稳态流变4个阶段,但在较高温度和较低应变速率时,过渡阶段不很明显;所建神经网络模型可以很好地描述ZK60镁合金的流变应力,其预测值与实验值吻合很好;利用该模型预测的变形温度和应变速率对流变应力的影响结果与一般热加工理论所得结果一致。     

C276合金的热变形行为(英文)

采用万能材料试验机,研究C276高温合金在变形温度650～750°C、变形速度0.35～35mm/s条件下的高温拉伸变形行为,分析了变形温度、变形速率对 C276 合金变形行为的作用及影响规律。结果表明:变形温度和变形速率对合金流变应力有显著影响,流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着变形速率的提高而增大。在温度为700°C、应变速率为0.35mm/s和3.5mm/s时,曲线呈现出明显的稳态流变应力特征,合金变形机制以动态回复为主;在温度为 750 °C时,随着应变量的增加,合金内发生动态再结晶。利用Zener-Hollomon参数建立了C276合金的变形抗力模型, 求得变形激活能为327.66kJ/mol。     

Hot deformation behavior of rare earth magnesium alloy without pre-homogenization treatment

The behavior and structure evolvement of as-cast Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr magnesium alloy during the hot deformation process were discussed.The flow stress behavior of magnesium alloy over the strain rate range of 0.002-1 s~(-1) and the temperature range of 573-723 K was researched on Gleeble-1500D hot simulator under the maximum deformation degree of 60%.The experimental results show that the relationship between stress and strain is obviously affected by the strain rate and deformation temperature.The important s...     

Mechanical behavior of a bulk Cu–Ti–Zr–Ni–Si–Sn metallic glass forming nano-crystal aggregate bands during deformation in the supercooled liquid region

The deformation behavior of a bulk Cu₄₇Ti₃₃Zr₁₁Ni₆Sn₂Si₁ metallic glass, fabricated by injection casting, has been characterized in the supercooled liquid region. The alloy deforms homogeneously and exhibits large elongation above the glass transition temperature at constant true strain rate below 1×10⁻²s⁻¹, but it shows a variation of the flow stress during deformation. The flow stress reaches a peak just after yielding and then decreases significantly with increasing strain. After the plateau level of remarkably low flow stress, it rises again and then the alloy finally fails in a brittle manner. DSC data and TEM observations for the tested alloy reveal that the alloy evolves to being crystallized during deformation. Nano-crystals are aggregated and the aggregates are aligned along the load direction. When the volume fraction of the crystalline phase is in the range up to 0.5, the nano-crystal aggregates effectively slide over each other, lowering the apparent stress level. However, as the amount of the crystalline phase further increases, the flow stress continuously increases. This behavior can be explained based on the volume-fraction rule between the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase.     

抗蠕变Zn-Cu-Cr合金的热压缩流变应力行为

通过Gleeble1500D热模拟机的热压缩实验,研究了Zn-8Cu-0.2Cr合金在应变速率为0.01/s~10/s、温度为230℃~380℃条件下的流变应力行为;采用双曲正弦模型求解材料常数,并采用非线性回归,建立了真应变ε与Q、lnA、n和α之间的关系。结果表明,变形条件对流变应力具有显著的影响,流变应力随应变速率的增大和温度的升高而减小;Q、lnA、n和α可表示为真应变ε的5次指数函数,利用该函数,可以计算任意变形条件下的流变应力,其平均误差为5.9%,该模型能准确反映Zn-8Cu-0.2Cr合金的高温变形力学行为。     

Hot deformation behavior of Hastelly C276 superalloy

Hot tensile behavior of C276 superalloy was studied in the deformation temperature range of 650–750 °C with the strain rate range of 0.35–35 mm/s. The results show that deformation temperature and strain rate both have significant influence on the flow stress. The flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature, while increases with the increase of strain rate. The deformation of C276 superalloy exhibits dynamic recovery feature in the case of deformation temperature of 700 °C. However, when the deformation temperature increases to 750 °C, dynamic recrystallization behavior may occur. The flow stress of C276 alloy during hot deformation process can be characterized by Zener-Hollomon parameter including the Arrhenius term and the deformation activation energy is 327.66 kJ/mol. Therefore, a scientific basis is provided for the reasonable choice of processing parameters of C276 superalloy.     

Hot deformation behavior of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr magnesium alloy

The behavior evolvement of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr(GWN751K) magnesium alloy during the hot deformation process was discussed.The flow stress behavior of the magnesium alloy over the strain rate range of 0.002 to 2.000 s-1 and in the temperature range of 623 to 773 K was studied on a Gleeble-1500D hot simulator under the maximum deformation degree of 60%.The experimental results showed that the relationship between stress and strain was obviously affected by strain rate and deformation temperature.The flow stress of GWN751K magnesium alloy during high temperature deformation could be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic Arrhenius-type equation.The stress exponent n and deformation activation energy Q were evaluated by linear regression analysis.The stress exponent n was fitted to be 3.16.The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during hot deformation was 230.03 kJ/mol.The microstructures of hot deformation were also influenced by strain rate and compression temperature strongly.It was found that the alloy could be extruded at 723 K with the mechanical properties of σ0.2 = 260 MPa,σb = 320 MPa,and δ = 18%.     

喷射成形大尺寸镧基块体非晶过冷液相区内的塑性变形行为

研究了喷射成形大尺寸La62Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3非晶合金在过冷液相区内的塑性变形行为.结果表明,随加热温度的增加和应变速率的减小,该非晶合金由非稳态变形向单一稳态变形行为转变.当应变速率为5×10-3S-1,温度为443 K和挤压比为6.25时,喷射成形La62Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3非晶合金样品的密度由挤压前的5.723增加到挤压后的5.924 g/cm3,达到了同成分吸铸态非晶合金密度(6.134 g/cm3)的96.6%.挤压后非晶合金样品依然保持完全非晶态.     

新型Al-Mg-Si-RE合金的热变形行为

设计制备了4种不同Mg/Si比并添加稀土元素Ce、Er、Zr和B的新型Al-Mg-Si合金,并研究了其显微组织与导电率及抗拉强度。然后以一种优化成分的Al-Mg-Si-RE合金为研究对象,通过 Gleeble-3500热模拟机进行热压缩试验,研究了变形温度为300~450 ℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s^-1时该新型合金的热变形行为。通过试验数据构建该合金的本构方程和热加工图,通过光学显微镜研究显微组织的演变。结果表明,当Mg/Si比为1.4时,该合金具有优异的性能,该合金流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。计算得到该合金的热变形激活能为176.188 kJ/mol,所得本构方程对该合金的流变行为具有指导作用。由热加工图可知,该合金适宜在变形温度为300~320 ℃,应变速率为0.001~0.015 s^-1或变形温度为430~450 ℃,应变速率为0.001 s^-1或1 s^-1附近的条件下进行热加工。     

7150铝合金高温热压缩变形流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对7150铝合金进行高温热压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为300~450 ℃和应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1) 条件下的流变应力行为.结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随着温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系来描述合金的热流变行为,其变形激活能为226.698 8 kJ/mol;随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金中拉长的晶粒发生粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒在晶界交叉处出现并且晶粒数量逐渐增加;合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶.     

CuNiSiP合金的时效和热变形行为

研究了时效温度、时效时间以及冷变形对CuNiSiP合金时效性能的影响,并利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用高温等温压缩试验,研究了变形温度和变形速率对CuNiSiP合金高温压缩变形行为的影响.结果表明:CuNiSiP合金经冷变形后时效能得到较高的综合性能,其经60%变形450 ℃时效2 h,显微硬度达到242 HV0.05,导电率达到35.61%IACS;应变速率和变形温度的变化对合金的再结晶影响较大,变形温度越高,应变速率越小,合金越容易发生动态再结晶,其所对应的峰值应力相对越低.