生物质闪速热裂解制取生物油的试验研究

基于生物质资源的高效清洁能源化利用目的，对生物质热裂解制取生物油这一具有重要应用前景的技术开展研究。结合流化床的优质和生物质的特殊性，自行研制成功给料速达5kg/h的流化床热裂解反应器，并制取得到产率高达60％的生物油。同时针对木屑和秸秆的系统试验研究得出了反应温度和原料种类等主要参数对生物质闪速热裂解制油的影响规律。     

生物质热裂解制取液体燃料的实验研究

在对生物质热裂解技术进行系统研究的基础上，率先在国内自行开发研制了以流化床反应器为主体的可连续运行的生物质热裂解制取游液体燃料系统，成功地制取出了产率高达60％的生物油。同时简要介绍了适合于生物油分析的GC－MS分析方法，得出生物油由于高水分含量和高含氧量需作进一步改性处理后才能投入实际应用。     

基于欧拉-欧拉多相流模型对生物质快速热裂解的数值模拟

基于欧拉-欧拉多相流方法,采用单步多元反应动力学模型研究了生物质在二维鼓泡流化床反应器中的快速热裂解反应,分析了反应器中颗粒流动、传热以及热裂解产物组成的分布规律。结果表明:气泡的流动有助于气体、石英砂和生物质的混合和热量交换;经过气体的对流换热和石英砂的接触导热,生物质温度迅速升高后发生热裂解,热裂解温度为750～850 K;计算得到的生物油、焦炭和不可冷凝气体的产率分别为59.2%、14.4%和22.1%。     

生物油热解及燃烧特性分析

对由木粉热解所得的生物油样品分别进行了氮气与氧气气氛下不同升温速率的热重分析试验.结果表明:生物油的热解分为两个阶段,第一阶段为生物油中低沸点有机物的挥发以及各组分间反应生成各类产物的过程,第二阶段为各种重组分的裂解过程;生物油的燃烧分为3个阶段,即前期的挥发与裂解和最后焦炭的燃烧过程.提高升温速率使氮气气氛中生物油样品的初始失重温度、失重峰值温度及对应的最大失重速率均有所增大,且在较高升温速率(20℃min)下,较少含炭残余物形成.随升温速率升高,生物油着火温度提高,最终失重率无变化.最后根据热重数据对热解与燃烧各段反应进行了动力学拟合.     

生物质及其热裂解产物生物油的特性分析

以红松、白松、落叶松、玉米秸秆等不同生物质为原料,对流化床反应器热裂解制取的生物油进行了研究试验,通过对生物油的物理特性及其成分的分析,得出的实验结果表明:红松制取的生物油品质最好,热值高,含水率低,更适合进一步改性研究和应用,并利用现代精密仪器GC-MS对生物油进行了组分分析,解释了生物油高含氧和高含水特性。     

移动床内高炉渣热载体与生物质热解液化实验研究

以移动床为高炉渣余热裂解生物质实验平台,研究高炉渣温度、粒径和生物质粒径等对生物质热解产物分布的影响。结果表明,生物油产率随着高炉渣温度的增加先增加后减小,当高炉渣热载体温度为650℃时,生物油产率最高;高炉渣粒径和生物质粒径越小,生物油的产率越大。炉渣温度650℃、粒径0~2mm,生物质粒径小于75μm,生物质油产率达到57.3%。生物油中含氧量和含水率较高,热值低,pH值为3.7。     

生物油催化裂解的动力学分析

以CaO·MgO混合物为催化剂,采用热重分析法探讨了混合物中MgO含量对生物油催化裂解反应速度和最终残留率的影响.实验结果显示,生物油的热重变化过程可以分为室温～200℃范围内的挥发阶段和200～520℃范围内的热裂解阶段.在热裂解阶段中,反应速率常数和温度的关系可以用Ardaenius方程式表示.在MgO含量为50%的CaO·MgO混合物的催化作用下,生物油热裂解反应活化能从无催化剂时的20.9kJ/mol降低到16.5kJ/mol,最终相对残留率降低到0.75.MgO含量为38.7%的煅烧白云石是有效的生物油裂解催化剂.     

我国生物质热解液化技术的现状

文章主要阐述了我国生物质热解液化技术的研究现状，包括现有的热裂解液化装置、反应动力学模型、已检测出的不同原料裂解产生的生物油成分及其物理特性分析，提出了生物油精制的必要性和未来需要研究的问题。     

生物质热裂解技术的实验研究

以木屑为原料,利用从荷兰引进的旋转锥反应器闪速热裂解装置进行了热裂解试验。对热裂解产物的组成及反应的物质平衡进行了分析。结果表明：木屑热裂解产物由生物油、不可冷凝气体和木炭组成。其中,生物油成分复杂,低热值为１６ ５９５ｋＪ／ｋｇ;不可冷凝气体主要由ＣＯ,ＣＨ４ ,ＣＯ２ ,Ｈ２ 和Ｈ２Ｏ蒸汽组成。在反应器温度为６００℃,旋风机温度为５００ ℃,旋转锥频率为１０Ｈｚ 条件下,当木屑喂入率为２６．４２ｋｇ／ｈ 时,生物油、不可冷凝气体及木炭的得率分别为５３．３７％ ,２１ ．４５％ 和２５．１６％ 。     

CaO伴随纤维素快速热裂解的落体试验研究

采用自由落体-辐射加热的试验方法,对CaO伴随生物质快速热裂解制油的脱氧效果进行了研究.利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对油样进行分析,结果表明:纤维素一次裂解的主要产物是左旋葡聚糖(LG);纯纤维素以及33%和56%CaO伴随纤维素裂解油中LG的质量百分含量分别为59.1%、35.8%和25.1%;LG作为热解油中含氧量最高的成分,其质量百分含量随CaO的加入急剧下降,说明CaO的加入可降低热解油的含氧量.计算结果表明:33%和56%CaO伴随纤维素热裂解时,可分别降低油品含氧量约10%和12.5%,说明CaO可直接固定纤维素热裂解平行反应中CO2或类似中间基团,形成有利于葡萄糖单体分裂、重整路线进行的"化学汇"结果.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.