TLP bonding of Ti-6Al-4V and Mg-AZ31 alloys using pure Ni electro-deposited coats

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of Mg-AZ31 and Ti-6Al-4V alloys was performed using pure thin Ni electro-deposited coat interlayer (12 μm). The effect of bonding temperature, time and pressure on microstructural developments and subsequent mechanical properties across joint interface was studied at a temperature range from 500 to 540 °C, bonding time from 1 to 60 min and bonding pressure from 0 to 0.8 MPa. The mechanisms of bond formation varied across the joint region, with solid-state diffusion dominant at the Ti-6Al-4V interface and eutectic diffusion at the Mg-AZ31 interface. Joint microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to detect the formation of intermetallic phases at the fracture surface. The maximum joint shear strength of 61 MPa was obtained at a temperature of 520 °C, 20 min and at a bonding pressure of 0.2 MPa. This joint strength was three times the bond strength reported for joints made using adhesives and represents 50% of the Mg-AZ31 alloy shear strength.     

氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金微观组织的影响

采用累计流量法对供应态Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了固态置氢,运用OM、XRD、TEM分析等方法研究了Ti-6Al-4V合金固态置氢后的微观组织状态及演变过程。结果表明:供应态Ti-6Al-4V合金的置氢量低于0.30%(质量分数,下同)时,置氢使得Ti-6Al-4V合金中的α相减少、β相增加;置氢量达到0.30%时,置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金中有δ氢化物(TiH2相)形成;β-Ti(H)共析转变生成α-Ti和δ氢化物时主要以切变方式进行;置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的相变温度最多下降了180°C,与Ti-6Al-4V合金在置氢过程中的相体积比变化和共析转变有密切关系。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金厚板组织、性能研究

探讨了轧制及热处理对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金厚板材组织变化的影响.对板材室温、低温及高温状态下的力学性能进行测试,利用扫描电镜观察了合金板材的断口形貌.结果表明;采用低氧含量、两相区加工以及强化热处理工艺制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金板材可获得良好的强度、断裂韧性及塑性匹配.     

FeSO4浓度对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面微弧氧化膜层性能的影响

通过电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了Ti-6Al-4V合金表面微弧氧化膜层的微观形貌、相组成和化学成分,采用拉伸试验机及红外光谱仪(FTIR)测试了膜层的结合强度以及5～20μm波段内的红外发射率。结果表明,随着(NaPO3)6电解液中FeSO_4浓度的升高,膜层的厚度、粗糙度及结合强度增加,红外发射率呈先增加后减小的趋势,其中,FeSO4浓度为6 g/L时膜层的红外发射率达到最大值0.86。结合XRD与XPS测试结果,推断元素Fe与P分别以非晶态的Fe2O3、H2PO4-、P2O7(4-)存在。Fe掺杂与非晶态的无序结构特征有利于局域能级的生成和增强原子间的极性振动,进而提高膜层的红外发射率。     

工艺参数设置和厚度对电子束熔融加工Ti-6Al-4V合金微观结构的影响

研究了试件尺寸和工艺参数(电子束强度,扫描速度,焦点偏移量和扫描长度)对电子束熔融(EBM)加工Ti-6Al-4V合金微观结构的影响。结果表明,可以观察到EBM加工的Ti-6Al-4V合金的微观结构由原始β相的柱状晶粒组成。在柱状晶粒内部观察到典型的(α+β)结构,即魏氏体α片和在细小的α晶粒的界面上形成的杆状β相。还发现沿原始β柱状晶粒的晶界形成的α层晶界。随着试件厚度、电子束能量密度和扫描长度的增加,先前的β柱状晶粒的直径增大,并且生长的方向与加工方向一致。同时,柱状晶粒直径随着试件高度的增加而减小。随着试件厚度和电子束能量密度的增加,α片会变得更粗大。     

Effect of texture on load partitioning in Ti-6Al-4V

Neutron diffraction has been used to characterize the evolution of residual elastic strain in grains with different orientations due to room temperature plastic deformation in two plate product forms of Ti–6Al–4V. The evolution of lattice strains has been rationalized using a two-phase elastic–plastic self-consistent model using only the texture difference between the two product forms. It is found that the elastic properties of both the bulk and individual orientations can be reproduced quite satisfactorily, with a C′ modulus of the β phase of 15 GPa. The residual microstrains produced are generally greater in the unidirectionally rolled material than the cross-rolled, but are smaller than in Ti-834. The residual strains accumulated in the (0 0 0 2) orientation are near-zero, which can only be reproduced in the modelling by assuming a critical resolved shear stress for 〈c + a〉 slip only 1.5× that for 〈a〉 slip, compared to the 3× factor found for isolated single crystals. The implications of this for our understanding of deformation in these materials are discussed.     

Development of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe Alloys Using Low-Cost TiH2 Powder Feedstock

Thermo-mechanical processing was performed on two titanium alloy billets, a beta-titanium alloy (Ti1Al8V5Fe) and an alpha-beta titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), which had been produced using a novel low-cost powder metallurgy process that relies on the use of TiH₂ powder as a feedstock material. The thermomechanical processing was performed in the beta region of the respective alloys to form 16-mm diameter bars. The hot working followed by the heat treatment processes not only eliminated the porosity within the materials but also developed the preferred microstructures. Tensile testing and rotating beam fatigue tests were conducted on the as-rolled and heat-treated materials to evaluate their mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of these alloys matched well with those produced by the conventional ingot processing route.     

Si元素对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织与性能的影响

采用粉末冶金工艺(混合元素法+冷等静压成形法+真空烧结法)制备了Ti-6Al-4V-xSi合金,并通过光学显微镜(OM)、XRD、SEM和TEM对其组织进行观察分析,结果表明:合金组织中主要为α+β相,伴随有硅化物Ti_5Si_3析出。第二相Ti_5Si_3在晶界处的析出可以阻止晶粒长大;作为形核中心,晶粒中的Ti_5Si_3可以提高晶核形成率,从而起到细化晶粒的作用,提高合金的力学性能。运用精密万能试验机进行力学性能测试,发现当Si元素含量少于0. 5%时,随着合金中Si元素含量的增加,合金组织细化,位错密度增加,使合金的抗拉强度和伸长率明显提高;当Si含量为0. 5%时,合金的抗拉强度达到峰值601 MPa,比未添加Si元素时抗拉强度提高了38. 5%,伸长率提高了25. 3%。     

Formation and characterization of anodized layers on CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V biomaterials

The biocompatibility of titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy materials has been attributed to the presence of a passive surface oxide layer. In this investigation, the feasibility of creating a thick, porous oxide layer by anodizing commercially pure Ti and the titanium alloy in sulfuric acid under potentiostatic conditions was examined. Characterization of the anodic oxide layers was carried out to determine their thickness, morphology and composition. The thickness of the oxide layers, as determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, was found to be a function of applied potential, anodizing time and electrolyte temperature. Scanning electron microscopy investigations revealed that under suitably controlled experimental conditions, a very porous (10 μm diameter pores) surface layer could be formed. Incorporation of sulfate ions into the oxide layer was evident from depth profile analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy. The isoelectric point of the oxide layer formed on the alloy surface was measured to be 5.8.     

Ti-6Al-4V/Cu/ZQSn10-10扩散连接

采用纯铜（cu）箔作中间过渡层在真空下对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V与锡青铜ZQSn10-10异种材料进行扩散连接。用冷场发射扫描电镜对连接接头进行微观分析,用拉伸试验获得接头强度。结果表明,采用铜箔作中间过渡层,可以防止一些低熔点组元的挥发,并且可以阻止某些元素（Sn、Pb等）向钛合金基体扩散,避免更多金属问化合物的产生,从而提高了接头性能。中间过渡层铜与锡青铜ZQSn10-10之间实现了良好的连接,未形成明显的过渡区;在中间过渡层铜与钛合金Ti-6Al-4V之间形成了较宽的过渡区,并有金属间化合物Cu3Ti2产生,对接头性能影响较大。最佳工艺参数是：连接温度为850℃、连接压力为10～15MPa、连接时间为30min,可获得钛合金与锡青铜的牢固连接,接头强度可达192MPa（达到锡青铜母材基体强度的80％）,且连接试样无明显变形。     

Dehydrogenation of Hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

对未置氢及置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了TG/DSC试验,研究了置氢钛合金的除氢行为。结果表明,当温度超过600℃时,置氢钛合金的失重规律与未置氢钛合金具有较大的差别。当加热温度在600~900℃之间时,置氢钛合金的失重随着氢含量的增加而增加。这是由于置氢合金中的亚稳相发生了分解。不考虑合金氧化的影响,置氢钛合金的最大失重与合金中的氢含量一致。置氢钛合金的最佳除氢温度为750℃。对于不同氢含量的置氢钛合金,其除氢工艺是相同的。     

Warm Spray Forming of Ti-6Al-4V

Warm spray (WS) is a modification of high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying, in which the temperature of the supersonic gas flow generated by the combustion of kerosene and oxygen is controlled by diluting the combustion flame with an inert gas such as nitrogen. The inert gas is injected into the mixing chamber placed between the combustion chamber and the powder feed ports, thus the temperature of the propellant gas can be controlled from ~700 to 2,000 K. Since WS allows for higher particle temperatures in comparison to cold spray, warm sprayed particles are more softened upon impact, thus resulting in greater deformation facilitating the formation of shear instability for bonding. Recently, the combustion pressure of WS has been increased from 1 (low-pressure warm spray) to 4 MPa (high-pressure warm spray) in order to increase the velocity of sprayed particles. Effects of spray parameters on microstructure, mechanical properties, and splats formation of Ti-6Al-4V were systematically studied. Obtained coatings were examined by analyzing the coating cross-section images, microhardness as well as oxygen content. In addition, flattening ratio of splats was calculated as a function of nitrogen flow rate. It was found that the increased particle velocity caused by the increased combustion pressure had significant beneficial effects in terms of improving density and controlling the oxygen level in the sprayed Ti-6Al-4V coatings.     

Ti及Ti-6Al-4V的水基凝胶注模成形研究

将凝胶注模工艺应用于金属Ti及Ti-6Al-4v合金粉末的坯体成形，研究了高固相含量的Ti粉和Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末的料浆的制备。结果表明，用凝胶注模工艺制备出了固相含量为54φ%的钛合金粉末料浆和形状复杂的坯体；粉末的颗粒形状是影响料浆固相含量的重要因素，球形粉末配制成的浆料固相含量最高，近球形次之，片状最低；分散剂柠檬酸铵也可以显著提高浆料的固相含量。     

退火处理对梯度多孔Ti-6Al-4V合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用电子束逐层熔化(Additive manufacture-electron beam melting, AM-EBM)快速成型技术制备了孔隙率分层状梯度分布的Ti-6Al-4V合金,研究了退火处理对梯度多孔材料组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,该梯度多孔材料孔壁组织为α’片层组织,片层之间有极少量的β相;其有效抗压强度、弹性模量为各均匀组分强度与模量的权重平均值。梯度多孔材料各层界面处容易产生应力不均,使其强度降低。在950_oC退火处理1h后,α相片层明显粗化,孔梁塑性提高,但有效弹性模量和抗压强度略有降低,优化了层状多孔材料的力学性质。     

Fe含量对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金力学性能的影响

研究不同Fe含量(0.04wt％ ～0.26wt％)对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金力学性能的影响.结果表明,随Fe含量增加,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金室温抗拉强度、屈服强度、硬度及弹性模量增加,塑性无明显变化.进一步分析发现,Fe含量与屈强比σ0.2/σb呈线性关系,铁含量0.26wt％时屈强比σ0.2/σb高达0.97.高Fe含量时Ti-6Al-4V钛合金塑性变形是滑移为主、孪生为辅的复合变形机制.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳性能

简要综述了Ti-6Al-4V合金的显微组织和织构对其疲劳性能的影响及其机理.     

置氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温塑性变形的影响

利用XRD分析了置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的相组成,应用Gleeble等温热模拟试验研究了置氢量对Ti-6Al-4V合金高温塑性变形的影响,计算了不同置氢量钛合金的变形激活能。结果表明：随置氢量的增加,Ti-6Al-4V合金口相含量增加,高温塑性变形的流动应力显著降低呈下凹型曲线变化,即存在一个最小值,应力最小值对应的置氢量随变形温度的升高而降低;置氢可以促进高温塑性变形过程动态软化与硬化的平衡;在相同应力水平下,适量的置氢可使变形温度降低50℃,或应变速率提高一个数量级。置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金变形激活能随置氢量增加呈下降趋势,变形由不受扩散机制控制转变为受扩散机制控制。     

双辉技术渗铌对Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化性能的影响

采用双辉等离子渗金属技术在Ti-6Al-4V表面形成均匀致密连续的渗铌合金层。将未渗铌和渗铌的Ti-6Al-4V试样分别在700℃，800℃，900℃进行100h的高温氧化实验，采用XRD，SEM及EDX对试样在900℃氧化100h后的氧化层的相组成、截面形貌及成分分布进行分析，初步探讨Ti-6Al-4V表面渗铌后的抗氧化性能及氧化机理。结果表明：渗铌后的Ti-6Al-4V合金氧化速率常数降低了1个数量级，氧化激活能提高，抗氧化性能明显改善。     

时效温度对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织性能的影响

Ti-6Al-4V合金经940℃固溶1.5 h后水淬,再经过480～540℃时效8 h,加工成标准试样进行拉伸和双剪试验.分析断口形貌和组织,研究时效温度对组织性能的影响.结果表明,时效温度为520℃时,材料的抗拉强度和抗剪强度达到最高值;拉伸试样断口韧窝呈卵形,韧窝较深,但大小不均;室温组织晶界清晰,片层状结构明显.说明通过适当的时效温度,合理控制初生α相的晶粒尺寸,以及次生α相的形态及片层厚度,对改善材料的综合性能有积极作用.