PVD涂层与未涂层硬质合金刀具切削力的对比试验研究

应用同型号未涂层、TiN涂层和TiCN涂层硬质合金刀具进行切削试验 ,用KISTLER三向测力仪、电荷放大器和PC机组成的切削力数据采集系统进行三向切削力采集。试验表明在切削过程中PVD涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力随刀具进给量、切削深度、切削速度的变化规律与未涂层硬质合金刀具相同 ,但涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力明显小于未涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力     

涂层硬质合金刀具切削奥氏体不锈钢切削力的试验研究

通过四种涂层硬质合金刀具切削奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的试验,研究了切削用量对切削力的影响,并对四种刀具的切削力进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在采用小进给量、小背吃刀量切削时,出现了背向力大于主切削力的现象;随着切削速度的增加,YBC251、GC2025刀具的切削力先减小后增大;同型号的PVD涂层硬质合金刀具与CVD涂层硬质合金刀具相比较,前者的切削力显著小于后者。     

PVD涂层与未涂层硬质合金刀具切削刀的对比试验研究

应用同型号未涂层、TiN涂层和TiCN涂层硬质合金刀具进行切削试验，用KISTLER三向测力仪、电荷放大器和PC机组成的切削力数据采集系统进行三向切削力采集。试验表明在切削过程中PVD涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力随刀具进给量、切削深度、切削速度的变化规律与未涂层硬质合金刀具相同，但涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力明显小于未涂层硬质合金刀具的切削力。     

涂层硬质合金刀具车削50钢的切削力与刀具磨损机理研究

涂层工艺可以提高硬质合金刀具的切削性能。以发动机主轴、锻造齿轮和轧辊等机械零件上广泛应用的50正火钢作为研究对象,采用多层涂层硬质合金刀具进行车削加工试验,研究切削参数对切削力的影响规律以及高速干车削条件下刀具的磨损机理。研究结果表明：切削速度v<250m/min时,三向切削力随着切削速度的增大而减小,随着切削深度的增大而增大,随着进给量的增大先减小后增大。涂层硬质合金刀具的主要磨损形态有硬质点磨损和黏结磨损,其中硬质点磨损贯穿刀具磨损全过程;刀具在不同磨损阶段有不同程度的扩散磨损和氧化磨损。涂层硬质合金刀具破损时出现崩刃、涂层剥落、裂纹破损和积屑瘤等现象。     

Ti-Si-C涂层刀具切削淬火钢性能研究

采用磁控溅射法在硬质合金YT15和YS25两种刀具基体上制备了Ti-Si-C涂层刀具,通过测量干式切削45#淬火钢下,切削力、切削温度、刀具磨损以及切屑形态变化情况,来综合评价Ti-SiC涂层刀具的切削性能。结果表明:相对于未涂层刀具,施加Ti-Si-C涂层的刀具切削力得到部分减小,切削温度得到显著降低。Ti-Si-C涂层对减小刀具的磨损起到一定的作用。     

TiCN涂层硬质合金刀具铣削性能研究

采用Kistler三向压电铣削测力仪测试了刀具切削45钢过程中的切削力,利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪观察分析刀具切削后的磨痕宽度、形貌和成分,获得了未涂层刀具HSS、TiN和TiCN涂层刀具的切削时间与磨痕宽度关系图,探讨了刀具的切削失效机理。采用XRD分析了涂层刀具铣削前的相结构,结果表明:TiN与TiCN涂层均表现为fcc-TiN相结构,TiCN具有明显的(111)择优取向,TiN择优取向不明显。切削试验表明:在磨痕宽度达到0.3mm时,TiCN涂层刀具的切削时间比TiN涂层刀具切削时间约长2.5倍,同时整个切削过程中TiCN比TiN具有更低的切削力。这可能是因为TiCN涂层比TiN涂层具有更高的硬度和耐磨性,并且切削过程中TiCN涂层中固溶的C能析出至晶界处,起到润滑作用,降低刀具与工件材料之间的摩擦,减小切削力,延长刀具使用寿命。SEM和EDS分析表明:TiN涂层刀具磨损失效机理为磨料磨损和粘着磨损,而TiCN涂层刀具失效以磨料磨损为主。     

涂层刀具高速铣削高硬度淬硬钢切削力研究

采用四种不同涂层硬质合金铣刀高速铣削四种不同硬度的淬硬钢材料,研究了刀具涂层成分、工件材料硬度以及切削工艺参数(切削速度、每齿进给量、轴向铣削深度和径向铣削深度)对切削力的影响。研究表明：随着切削速度的增大,淬硬钢P20和S136的切削合力影响较小,而对于淬硬钢SKD11和PM60,改变切削速度对切削合力影响显著。随着切削速度的增大,四种不同涂层刀具切削淬硬钢S136产生的切削合力先快速增大后缓慢减小,刀具切削力大小顺序一直保持为TiSiN>CrSiN>AlCrN>TiAlN,其中TiAlN涂层相对于其余三种刀具涂层在降低切削力、减少工件与刀具之间的相互摩擦具有优势。切削参数的变化对切削力的影响与淬硬钢工件硬度的变化存在相互影响,淬硬钢硬度低于HRC55时,切削工艺参数的变化对于切削力的变化影响不明显;而当淬硬钢硬度高于HRC60时,随着切削工艺参数的增大,切削力发生显著变化。     

“软”涂层刀具的发展与应用

与“硬”涂层刀具不同,“软”涂层刀具所追求的目标是低摩擦系数。它与工件材料的摩擦系数很低,可减小粘结、减轻摩擦、降低切削力和切削温度。结合作者已有的研究,参考国内外的相关文献报道,对“软”涂层刀具的发展与应用状况进行了综合评述,以期对新型涂层刀具的设计、开发与应用等起到一定的指导和参考作用。     

CVD金刚石涂层刀具高效铣削天然理石的切削特性实验研究

为研究天然理石切削过程中刀具切削力与切削质量变化特性,利用CVD金刚石薄膜涂层刀具和未涂层硬质合金刀具进行高效铣削实验。基于刀具-工件几何接触关系,推导铣削力数学模型,分析不同类型刀具切削力、工件表面粗糙度随切削参数和切削时间变化特性。研究表明:金刚石涂层刀具切削力明显小于未涂层硬质合金刀具,2种类型刀具的切削力随切削参数的变化特征基本相同;随着切削时间的增加,刀具切削力变化分为4个阶段:初始磨合阶段、稳定阶段、过渡阶段和刀具磨损加剧阶段。金刚石涂层刀具切削磨合期和稳定期持续时间为未涂层刀具的3.5倍,切削力和工件表面粗糙度变化比较平稳;未涂层刀具切削平稳期持续时间很短,切削力增长趋势明显,且在切削力增长后期工件表面粗糙度达到2.5μm。     

新型涂层刀具干式铣削加工SKD11切削性能研究

具有高硬度、耐高温、高耐磨性能和良好韧性的涂层刀具在干式切削加工中的应用越来越多,不同涂层刀具的应用场合及先进涂层的开发已成为目前涂层刀具技术研究的重点。本文基于TiAlN、AlTiN和TiAlN+WC/C三种涂层刀具在干式铣削加工SKD11时的切削力、切削温度和刀具磨损等物理量,对其切削性能作了详细分析。研究结果表明:在干铣加工SKD11时TiAlN+WC/C涂层刀具和AlTiN涂层刀具优于TiAlN涂层刀具,其中AlTiN涂层刀具的涂层材料硬度最高,而且在切削高温影响下生成Al2O3的薄膜层能延长该涂层刀具的寿命;TiAlN+WC/C涂层刀具的切削力小、刀具耐用度高,是干式铣削加工模具钢SKD11的理想刀具。     

TiAlN涂层刀具对不同调质状态40Cr钢切削性能研究

为了更好地指导TiAlN涂层刀具在金属切削加工中的应用,采用物理气相沉积法制备了TiAlN涂层刀具,应用TiAlN涂层刀具和未涂层刀具对不同调质状态的40Cr钢进行了干式切削试验。通过对切削过程中切削力和切削温度检测,考察了TiAlN涂层刀具的切削性能。结果表明,与YTl5硬质合金刀具相比,TiAlN涂层刀具适合切削高硬度的金属材料,且优越性更明显。     

Elliptical vibration cutting of hardened die steel with coated carbide tools

Elliptical vibration cutting of hardened die steel with coated carbide tools is examined in this research in order to achieve low-cost high-precision machining. Diamond coated tools are applied because of superior hardness of their polycrystalline diamond coating and its low manufacturing cost. TiN coated tools are also tested, since they are widely used for conventional machining of steels. Machinability of hardened die steel by the elliptical vibration cutting with coated carbide tools is discussed in three aspects in this study, i.e. transferability of cutting edge profile to cut surface, cutting force, and tool life. The transferability is evaluated quantitatively by calculating correlation coefficients of measured roughness profiles. It is clarified that the diamond coated tools have high transferability which leads to diffraction of light on the surface machined at micro-scale pick feed. Total cutting forces including ploughing components are measured at various feed rates, and then shearing components and ploughing components are separated utilizing linear regression. The measured results indicate, for example, that the all forces become considerably smaller only when elliptical vibration is applied to the TiN coated tool without cutting fluid. It is also found that this considerable reduction of forces interestingly corresponds to higher friction coefficient, which is identified from the ploughing components. Tool life tests are carried out by various machining methods, i.e. elliptical vibration/ordinary wet/dry cutting with diamond/TiN coated tools. The result shows, for example, that the flank wear is smallest in the wet elliptical vibration cutting with the diamond coated tool.     

不同涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢加工性能研究

为了研究不同涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢的切削性能,进行了多层Ti化合物涂层、TiAlN涂层以及MTTiCN厚Al_2O_3TiN涂层材料刀具车削加工淬硬H13钢试验,分析了不同的涂层材料刀具与切削力、切削温度、涂层刀具磨损以及刀具寿命的关系。研究得出:多层Ti化合物涂层刀具受到三个方向的力都大于其它两种涂层的刀具,而且切削温度最高;用TiAlN涂层刀具切削时温度最低;切削过程中三种刀具后刀面磨损程度不同,发现多层Ti化合物涂层刀具磨损最为严重,寿命最短;MT-TiCN厚Al_2O_3Ti N涂层材料刀具比多层Ti化合物涂层刀具寿命长30%;TiAlN涂层刀具的切削寿命最长比多层Ti化合物涂层刀具寿命长45%。     

EFFECT OF COATING ROUGHNESS ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL CVD DIAMOND COATED TOOLS

□ Small milling tools for dental application were diamond coated by means of Hot Filament CVD (HFCVD). Different thicknesses were obtained by using different diamond deposition times (3 and 12 h) and seeding conditions. The surface roughness was measured for coated and uncoated mills and milling tests were performed to measure the cutting forces. A ceramic material and a polymeric matrix composite (PMC) were used as workpiece materials. The highest cutting forces were measured for the coated tool with the highest thickness of the diamond coating. Probably, roughness increase and non-optimal edge profiles affect the tool behavior during cutting. As a consequence, tool failure was observed in the case of milling of ceramic by means of the coated tool with the highest coating thickness. The coated tool with a lower thickness of the diamond coating showed an optimal behavior under cutting, above all in the case of PMC milling.     

High-Speed Machining of Malleable Cast Iron by Various Cutting Tools Coated by Physical Vapor Deposition

The coating material of a tool directly affects the efficiency and cost of machining malleable cast iron.However,the machining adaptability of various coating materials to malleable cast iron has been insufficiently researched.In this paper,turning tests were conducted on cemented carbide tools with different coatings(a thick TiN/TiAlN coating,a thin TiN/TiAlN coating,and a nanocomposite(nc)TiAlSiN coating).All coatings were applied by physical vapor deposi-tion.In a comparative study of chip morphology,cutting force,cutting temperature,specific cutting energy,tool wear,and surface roughness,this study analyzed the cutting characteristics of the tools coated with various materials,and established the relationship between the cutting parameters and machining objectives.The results showed that in malleable cast iron machining,the coating material significantly affects the cutting performance of the tool.Among the three tools,the nc-TiAlSiN-coated carbide tool achieved the minimum cutting force,the lowest cutting tempera-ture,least tool wear,longest tool life,and best surface quality.Moreover,in comparisons between cemented-carbide and compacted-graphite cast iron machined under the same conditions,the wear mechanism of the coated tools was found to depend on the cast iron being machined.Therefore,the performance requirements of a tool depend on multiple factors,and selecting an appropriately coated tool for a particular cast iron material is essential.     

Wear mechanism of coated tools in the turning of ductile cast iron having wide range of tensile strength

In this study different specimens of ductile cast iron with tensile strength ranking from 400 MPa to 675 MPa were turned with K15 carbide, TiN coated and TiAlN coated tool in order to investigate wear mechanism and performance. Cutting forces and cutting temperature were similar for both coated tools, however flank wear and BUE were the lowest on the TiAlN coated tool, for this reason the TiAlN coated tool is suitable in the machining of ductile cast iron. The proposed tool wear mechanism is based on like-intermittent cutting caused by the pass from hard matrix to the soft graphite occasioning wear by adhesion. The analysis of the flank wear on coated tools is proposed by means of the wear curves in logarithmic scale instead of the usual linear scale. In this way, the change in wear rate is easily observed. This phenomenon was related with the wear out of the coating layer. The partial loss of the coating layer on cutting edge was confirmed by the EDS mapping images and SEM photographs.     

TYPOLOGY OF MODELS AND SIMULATION METHODS FOR MACHINING OPERATIONS

This paper presents a new modeling approach, based on Oxley's predictive model, for predicting the tool–chip contact in 2-D machining of plain carbon steels with advanced, multi-layer coated cutting tools. Oxley's original predictive model is capable of predicting machining parameters for a wide variety of plain carbon steels, however, the tool material properties and their effects are neglected in the analysis. In the present work, the effect of the tool material, more particularly, the effect of multiple coating layers and the individual coating thicknesses on the tool–chip contact length in orthogonal machining is incorporated. The results from the model predict the tool–chip contact length with respect to major cutting parameters such as feed and rake angle, work material parameters such as the carbon content in the steel, and varying thicknesses and combinations of coating layers. This model enables more precise cutting tool selection by predicting the relative tribological impact (in terms of tool–chip contact length) for a variety of multi-layer coated tools.     

陶瓷涂层刀具切削灰铸铁的试验研究

为了探究陶瓷涂层刀具涂层材质、基体材质对切削性能的影响,试验采用四种陶瓷涂层刀具连续干切削灰铸铁,测试了切削力和切削温度的变化情况以及后刀面的磨损量和已加工表面的粗糙度。结果表明,在刀具基体同为Si_3N_4的条件下,涂层材质为Ti N/Al_2O_3/Ti C的刀具比Ti N/Al_2O_3的切削性能好;在涂层材质同为Ti N的条件下,刀具基体Al_2O_3/Ti CN比Al_2O_3/Ti C的切削性能好。研究发现:四种陶瓷涂层刀具前刀面磨损形式均为微崩刃和月牙洼,后刀面磨损形式均为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,涂层的磨损形式均为剥落和扩散磨损。     

Machining of austenitic stainless steels using CVD multi-layer coated cemented carbide tools

This paper presents the results of experimental work in dry turning of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and AISI 316) using CVD multi-layer coated cemented carbide tools. The turning tests were conducted at four different cutting speeds (120, 150, 180 and 210 m/min) while feed rate and depth of cut were kept constant at 0.16 mm/rev and 1 mm, respectively. The cutting tools used were TiC/TiCN/TiN and TiCN/TiC/Al₂O₃ coated cementide carbides. The influences of cutting speed, cutting tool coating top layer and workpiece material were investigated on the machined surface roughness and the cutting forces. The worn parts of the cutting tools were also examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that cutting speed significantly affected the machined surface roughness values. With increasing cutting speed, the surface roughness values decreased until a minimum value is reached beyond which they increased.