环氧树脂及其改性树脂的低温性能分析和增韧研究(Ⅱ):增韧改性研究

对环氧树脂及其改性后树脂的低温静态和动态的断裂性能进行了分析 ,并对增韧机制进行了相应的研究。得到环氧树脂及其增韧树脂在低温情况下的断口特征以及在低温情况下裂纹快速扩展的特征。文中还分析了材料在低温时快速扩展的机制 ,得出增韧改性后的环氧树脂在低温下有可能提高材料的断裂韧性的结论     

钇补强颗粒弥散陶瓷复合材料增韧机制的微观结构表征

在Al2O3/（W,Ti）C陶瓷复合材料中适量添加稀土元素钇能显著提高其断裂韧性。本文运用SEM与TEM技术,从微观结构的角度探讨了其增韧机制。表明,由于稀土钇的添加,使材料内部形成不同程度的强弱界面,它们与扩展中的裂纹相互作用,使得裂纹桥联、裂纹分支、裂纹偏转以及微裂纹增韧机制得到明显增加和加强,从而以多种增韧机制及其协同作用共同提高稀土补强Al2O3/（W,Ti）C陶瓷复合材料的断裂韧性。     

共聚聚丙烯疲劳裂纹扩展研究

参照金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法,采用材料疲劳试验机对无规共聚聚丙烯(PP–R)材料进行了Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹的扩展速度及裂纹扩展机理的研究,测试得到了疲劳裂纹扩展每0.5 mm长度下所对应的循环次数,进而拟合出da/d N(疲劳裂纹扩展长度与循环次数之比)与ΔK(应力强度因子)的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线图,发现PP–R疲劳裂纹扩展可分为裂纹扩展源阶段,裂纹扩展稳定阶段和裂纹快速扩展阶段3个阶段,其中扩展源阶段出现明显的增韧现象,稳定扩展阶段呈现出明显的线性特点;同时选取了4个典型的断面区域进行了扫描电子显微镜拍照,得到了4种差异很大的断面显微组织并进行了分析。     

Al2O3/Fe3Al复合材料的制备及性能

利用热压烧结制备了致密的Al_2O_3/Fe_3Al复合材料。测试表明,该复合材料具有良好的力学性能,其抗弯强度和断裂韧性的最大值分别为832 MPa和7.96 MPa·m~1/2。对试样进行压痕实验,采用SEM对裂纹扩展方式进行观察,结果表明,在复合材料中存在着多种增韧机制,裂纹表现出复杂的扩展方式,这将在较大程度上吸收裂纹扩展能,从而使复合材料的断裂韧性得以提高。     

陶瓷材料断裂韧性测试新技术：静态爆破剂预制裂纹的研究

准确测试陶瓷材料断裂韧性Ｋ１Ｃ的关键是预制具有原生裂纹的试样。本文以单边切口梁法测试Ｋ１Ｃ为基础，提出了一种简便而有效的陶瓷材料原生裂纹的预制方法－静态膨胀法。研究结果表明：静态膨胀法中裂纹的扩展是稳态的；通过调节影响微裂纹产生与扩展的多种因素，可以准确地控制裂纹扩展的深度，预制出合适的原生裂纹，为准确评价结构陶瓷的断裂韧性提供了一种有效可行的方法。     

SiC晶须及原位增强Si3N4基复合材料的断裂过程

探讨了ＳｉＣ晶须增强和β－ｓｉａｌｏｎ细长晶粒原位增强Ｓｉ３Ｎ４基复合材料的断裂过程。２种材料的试验结果都显示出明显的二级增韧行为：一级增韧过程,断裂阻抗ＫＲ随微小的裂纹扩展而急剧增大,大裂纹扩展到大约０．２５ｍｍ时达到饱和;二级增韧过程,ＫＲ缓慢增长,一直持续到裂纹扩展达到１ｍｍ（原位增强）和１．８ｍｍ（晶须增强）,观察和分析表明：二级增韧行为的发生,本质上起因于裂纹尖端后方桥接晶须和细长晶粒与     

界面污染对复合材料层间性能的影响

采用双悬臂梁试验方法,研究了成型过程中界面污染对玻纤增强复合材料层间性能的影响,并采用基于虚拟裂纹闭合技术的有限元法对层间裂纹扩展过程进行了数值模拟。研究表明:界面污染试验件的层间Ⅰ型断裂韧性低于未污染试验件;界面污染试验件的测试结果发散性大于未污染试验件;虚拟裂纹闭合技术的模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,可用于预测裂纹扩展载荷。     

纳米碳管对磷铝酸盐复合水泥性能的影响

主要研究了纳米碳管对磷铝酸盐复合水泥增韧作用及对其力学性能的影响.结果表明:在用化学试剂通过溶胶-凝胶法制备的磷铝酸盐复合水泥中掺入质量分数为0.4%的纳米碳管,水泥浆体1 d,28 d的劈裂强度分别比同龄期未掺纳米碳管的试样提高24.24%,14.38%,抗弯强度1 d,28 d比同龄期未掺纳米碳管试样提高了60.09%、29.42%.掺纳米碳管试样1 d的断裂韧性提高了51.30%.SEM图像分析发现纳米碳管随机的分布在水泥基体中,与水泥基料产生较好的结合,基料水化和水化产物的形成及结晶过程中产生的应力可以通过增韧材料与基料间的界面吸收,同时可以有效地阻止裂纹的扩展,从而导致复合水泥的增强增韧.     

碳化硅晶须增韧陶瓷复合材料断裂韧性的理论计算

目前很难对晶须增韧陶瓷复合材料的断裂韧性进行理论计算。本文同时考虑裂纹和气孔对材料断裂韧性的影响，建立了理论计算复合材料断裂韧性的公式，从而为在复合材料的研制 预估其断裂韧性奠定了理论基础，减少因得实验而造成的人力和财务的浪费，加强复合材料的研制过程。     

微米Al_2O_3层间增韧EP/CF复合材料性能研究

采用喷雾技术,通过VARTM工艺制备了微米Al2O3层间增韧环氧树脂/碳纤维复合材料,研究了微米Al2O3面密度对改性复合材料II型层间断裂韧性的影响,并进一步分析了改性对复合材料弯曲、冲击等性能的影响。研究结果表明,微米Al2O3的加入明显改善了复合材料的II型层间断裂韧性,当面密度为15 g/m2时,改性效果最好,II型层间断裂韧性由348 J/m2增加至522 J/m2,其增韧机理与裂纹的偏移、大量微裂纹的形成、Al2O3粒子从基体中拔出及与基体脱粘等现象有关。此外,改性复合材料的冲击性能得到了较好的改善,弯曲性能则稍有提高。     

Improvement of the Adhesive Fracture Toughness of Bonded Aluminum Joints Using E-Glass Fibers at Cryogenic Temperature

Fracture toughness and crack resistance of aluminum adhesive joints were measured at the cryogenic temperature of ?150°C, with respect to the orientation and volume fraction of the E-glass fibers in the epoxy adhesive. Cleavage tests on the DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) adhesive joints were performed using two different test rates of 1.67 × 10^?2 and 8.33 × 10^?4 mm/s to observe the crack propagation trends. From the experiments, it was found that the DCB joints bonded with the epoxy adhesive reinforced with E-glass fibers not only showed a stable crack propagation with a low crack propagation speed, but also higher fracture toughness and crack resistance than those of the DCB joints bonded with the unreinforced epoxy adhesive at a cryogenic temperature of ?150°C.     

A 3D EFFECT IN THE WEDGE ADHESION TEST: APPLICATION OF SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY

The wedge test is of considerable use for evaluating adhesion between two bonded rigid substrates. In its (usual) static form, release of elastic strain energy is equated to effective adhesion energy during crack growth. However, the test is usually treated as two-dimensional. In fact, it is really three-dimensional due to anticlastic bending effects of the bent beam(s) during crack propagation.

We studied a composite material/epoxy/aluminium alloy system and observed a curved crack front during propagation. This leads to doubt as to the value of crack length to be inserted in the adhesion energy formula. In addition, by using the highly sensitive technique of speckle interferometry, it was possible to study anticlastic bending effects in a quantitative manner. Far from the crack front, agreement between theory and experimental is good, yet work remains to be done to understand the zone near the fracture zone.     

The mixed-mode fracture behavior of epoxy by the compact tension shear test

In this study, pure mode I, pure mode II and mixed mode fracture behavior of an epoxy were investigated. Specifically, the mixed mode values of fracture toughness and critical strain energy release rate (CSERR) were measured. Specimens were subjected to mixed mode loading using compact tension shear (CTS) test. Some experimental modifications were found to be necessary to eliminate rotation and ensure crack propagation at the notch when testing epoxy specimens at high mode II loading. A failure criterion for the mixed mode loading of polymer is developed and its predictions are compared with the experimental results. The crack propagation direction in epoxy was investigated in this research as well. A detailed study of failure mechanisms on the fracture surface was performed. The results indicate that the increase in the value of toughness can be directly related to the fracture morphology.     

Fatigue Crack Propagation at Polymer Adhesive Interfaces

Fatigue (slow) crack growth in epoxy/glass, epoxy acrylate/glass and epoxy/PMMA interfaces was studied under constant and cyclic loading at both high and low humidities using the interfacial, four-point flexure test. Finite element analysis was used to determine the energy release rate and phase angle appropriate for the different crack geometries observed. The experimental results show that for the polymer/glass interfaces, the primary driving force for fatigue crack growth is the applied energy release rate at the crack tip and that increasing test humidity enhances crack growth under constant loading but has an insignificant effect under cyclic loading. At low humidity the crack growth rates under cyclic loading are significantly greater than under constant loading. For epoxy/PMMA interfaces the crack growth results were independent of the applied energy release rate, relative humidity, and cyclic vs. constant loading, within experimental scatter. In addition, for polymer/glass interfaces the effect of phase angle (13 to 54°) on crack growth rates is not significant. However, for epoxy/PMMA interfaces the applied energy release rate for the initiation of crack growth is considerably greater for a phase angle of 66° than for 5°, indicating that increasing shear at the crack tip makes the initiation of crack growth more difficult. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of fatigue crack growth at polymer adhesive interfaces.     

Relationship between mechanical properties of and crack progogation in epoxy resin adhesives

Crack propagation in a series of amine-cured epoxy resin adhesives in both the bulk material and adhesive joints has been studied as a function of the formulation of the resins and the conditions of testing using a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. In both cases propagation was found to take place in either a stick—slip (unstable) or a continuous (stable) manner; the particular type of propagation depending upon the amount and type of hardener used and the temperature and rate of testing. A constant crack opening displacement (δ) has been shown to be a unique failure criterion for continuous propagation with δ having approximately the same value in both bulk material and joints. However δ was found to increase in the stick—slip mode of propagation. These crack propagation characteristics have been related to the compressive yield behaviour of each material as determined by uniaxial compression tests performed on the epoxy resins. Possible mechanisms of crack propagation have also been discussed.     

A 3D EFFECT IN THE WEDGE ADHESION TEST: APPLICATION OF SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY

The wedge test is of considerable use for evaluating adhesion between two bonded rigid substrates. In its (usual) static form, release of elastic strain energy is equated to effective adhesion energy during crack growth. However, the test is usually treated as two-dimensional. In fact, it is really three-dimensional due to anticlastic bending effects of the bent beam(s) during crack propagation.

We studied a composite material/epoxy/aluminium alloy system and observed a curved crack front during propagation. This leads to doubt as to the value of crack length to be inserted in the adhesion energy formula. In addition, by using the highly sensitive technique of speckle interferometry, it was possible to study anticlastic bending effects in a quantitative manner. Far from the crack front, agreement between theory and experimental is good, yet work remains to be done to understand the zone near the fracture zone.     

Parameters determining the strength and toughness of particulate-filled epoxy resins

The effects of such parameters as the filler volume fraction, particle size, aspect ratio, modulus and strength of filler, resin-filler adhesion, and toughness of the matrix on the stiffness, strength, and toughness of particulate-filled epoxy resins were evaluated. The mechanisms of crack initiation and subsequent crack propagation in these multiphase materials are discussed and illustrated by scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces.     

A variable radius roll adhesion test (VaRRAT) suitable for measuring the adhesion of paint to metal

Early trials and analysis of a new adhesion test are discussed. The test is designed for measuring the adhesion of paint to deformable steel sheets as used in building, automotive, and other cladding applications, and does not require detailed knowledge of the paint mechanical properties. A stiff overlay, such as an epoxy resin, is applied to the coating, and the steel substrate is peeled away using a roll of well-defined radius to which the steel substrate is constrained. The propagation of a crack within the paint or at some interface in the paint/metal system depends mostly on the mechanical properties and thickness of the overlay and the radius of the constraining roll. The test is shown to discriminate better than existing practical adhesion tests between paints of expected differing adhesion/cohesion, but also presents some inconsistencies that require further work to resolve. BHP Institute of Steel Processing and Products, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.     

Observation of ceramic cracking during quenching

It is difficult to observe the thermal shock cracking in real time, so the measurement of the crack after thermal shock is considered as an alternative method. This paper proposes a new experimental method which can exhibit the thermal shock cracking in real time by water quenching of translucent ceramic and high‐speed imaging. The crack propagation is captured, and the crack growth rate is calculated. The results confirm the previous theoretical predictions of crack propagation under thermal shock. This paper expands the research on understanding the failure mechanisms of ceramic materials in thermal shock.     

Cracking behavior of ZrB2-SiC-Graphite sharp leading edges during thermal shock

Crack initiation and propagation of ZrB₂-SiC-Graphite (ZSG) sharp leading edges (SLEs) subjected to thermal shock were systematically evaluated by the water spraying method followed by a crack dyeing treatment. Distinct differences in the crack patterns among different test conditions were observed, and the cracking behavior of ZSG SLEs (including crack initiation time, crack number and critical failure temperature) was revealed to be strongly dependent on both the cooling rate and the microstructure. The crack propagation during thermal shock could be considered as a quasistatic process (crack speed was lower than 1?cm/s) that needed to be driven by continuous cooling.