煤粉细度对四角切圆锅炉炉内燃烧影响的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法研究了煤粉细度对某630 MW四角切圆锅炉炉内煤粉着火、燃烧和燃尽情况的影响,并通过现场试验测试了不同煤粉细度下的锅炉效率、制粉系统电耗和供电煤耗。结果表明:随着煤粉变粗,烟气温度沿一次风气流方向迅速上升的位置逐渐推后,即着火距离增加,煤粉初期燃烧速率逐渐下降,冷灰斗区域温度升高,主燃区温度明显下降,但燃烧中心位置基本不变;煤粉的停留时间及燃尽率主要取决于最下层燃烧器喷出煤粉的细度;当煤粉较粗时,锅炉效率和制粉系统电耗明显下降,但供电煤耗增加;当下层磨煤机的煤粉较细时,锅炉排渣量减小。     

煤粉炉燃烧效率工程预测模型

整理了前人有关煤焦燃烧反应的动力学数据，在此基础上，建立了适合于工程计算的煤粉炉燃烧效率预测模型。该模型能够定量分析煤种、煤粉细度、运行氧量、炉膛温度、燃尽高度等多种参数对燃烧效率的影响。采用该模型对实际运行锅炉的计算表明，它能够较为准确地预测飞灰未燃尽碳含量，可以用于煤粉锅炉燃烧效率预报分析，为选择合适的设计和运行参数提供指导。图6表3参3。     

基于BP神经网络的煤粉锅炉飞灰含碳量研究

飞灰含碳量是反映电站煤粉锅炉燃烧效率的一个重要指标。基于误差反向传播（BP）神经网络方法,建立了11-23-1型BP神经网络模型。根据某电站四角切圆煤粉锅炉特点选取了煤粉细度、燃烧器摆角、烟气含氧量、5个煤种参数、燃烧器喷口运行组合等11个影响燃烧的参数作为神经网络的输入因子,对建立的模型进行训练,得到模型参数。以此进行预测,与实际值的误差不超过6％。在此基础上,又提出了单参数影响飞灰含碳量的简化分析方法,使神经网络包含的多维非线性规律在一定条件下简洁、直观地反映出来。计算和分析结果表明,本模型方法能有效提取各参数对飞友含碳量的影响规律,可用于锅炉飞灰含碳量的分析、预测和优化调节。     

径向浓淡旋流燃烧器NOx排放和燃尽率的试验研究

在设计热功率为1 MW的热态模化实验台上,研究了带有燃尽风的径向浓淡双调风旋流燃烧器的运行特点,得到燃尽风布置的相对位置、一次风率、内二次风率、外二次风率以及二次风旋流强度对NOx生成和飞灰含碳量的影响.结果表明:旋流对冲的煤粉浓淡燃烧配合采用燃尽风(OFA)空气分级燃烧技术,对降低NOx的生成和减少飞灰含碳量非常有益;只有合理地设计和布置OFA燃烧器,才能在降低NOx生成量的同时,尽量减少飞灰含碳量;增大一次风率时,NOx的生成量先增加后减少,而飞灰含碳量先减少后增加;增加内、外二次风的旋流强度,NOx的生成量不断提高,而飞灰含碳量则呈现降低趋势.     

影响加福煤粉燃尽度的因素分析

基于实验研究,分析讨论了热力工况与颗粒细度对加福煤粉燃尽过程的影响。结果表明,提高炉内平均温度水平,扩大高温区范围,增大炉膛出口处氧气浓度均对燃尽有利。提高煤粉细度,可显著降低飞灰的含碳量。     

燃煤电站锅炉飞灰含碳量偏高的原因分析与解决措施

在燃煤电站锅炉中 ,当煤粉不能进行完全燃烧时 ,将造成飞灰含碳量的升高。从煤粉细度、煤种特性、燃烧器的结构特性、热风温度、炉内空气动力场和锅炉负荷等方面分析了对飞灰含碳量变化的影响机理 ,指出了飞灰含碳量升高所造成的影响 ,并提出了维持锅炉稳定燃烧 ,降低飞灰含碳量 ,提高锅炉效率的有效措施。     

应用局部投影网络预测燃料分级燃烧锅炉的飞灰含碳量

火电厂煤粉燃烧效率体现在燃尽程度上,一般用锅炉的飞灰含碳量来进行评价.这个参数的预知对燃料分级燃烧优化,即在能够降低NOx的排放的同时保证煤粉的燃烧效率,进而提高锅炉运行效率极为重要.分析了锅炉飞灰含碳量的影响因素,利用局部投影神经网络LPN结构简单、收敛速度快、泛化能力强和适用于非线性时变过程的特点,建立锅炉的飞灰含碳量动态预测模型.利用锅炉热态试验所得数据训练和测试该模型,结果表明,预测模型较精确地预测了飞灰含碳量,从而为燃料分级燃烧优化的进行提供了模型基础.     

若干因素对电站锅炉飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

基于用户自定义函数(UDF)技术改进了Fluent自带的煤粉焦炭燃烧模型,并利用该改进模型对若干因素如空气过量系数、一次风率、燃烧器摆动角度等对飞灰含碳量的影响和作用机制进行了数值研究。结果表明,空气过量系数和一次风率都有一个最佳值,而燃烧器上摆角度和二次风切圆直径越大,飞灰含碳量越高。     

因子分析法在飞灰含碳量分析中的应用

针对煤粉锅炉飞灰含碳量影响因素众多的问题,结合某电厂200 MW煤粉锅炉的实际运行工况,利用因子分析法,对锅炉飞灰含碳量影响因素进行降维分析,得出了影响飞灰含碳量的主要因素,为调整燃烧,提高锅炉效率提供了一种全新的有效的工具。     

U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性

采用热天平研究了U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性,考察了灰分以及不同升温速率对飞灰燃烧特性的影响,探讨了飞灰造粒后应用于流化床锅炉燃烧的可行性.结果表明:与入炉煤粉相比,飞灰着火温度高、燃尽时间长、反应性较差;飞灰中灰分对飞灰燃烧性能和反应性能产生不利影响;随着升温速率增大,飞灰着火温度及燃尽温度升高,燃尽时间缩短,反应性增强;造粒后飞灰颗粒着火温度、燃尽温度均与煤粉接近,且它们的燃烧温度区域基本重合,颗粒可用于流化床锅炉燃烧.     

A dimensionless factor characterizing the ignition of pulverized coal flow: Analytical model,experimental verification,and application

An analytical model describing the ignition process of pulverized coal is proposed, and a dimensionless condition number (N_com) is obtained to describe the comprehensive effect of factors governing the ignition of pulverized coal flow, such as the initial temperature of flow, the sectional heat load of the furnace, and the flux of primary air, secondary air and recirculation flue gas. An optimized concentration of pulverized coal flow is derived explicitly, upon which the earliest ignition of pulverized coal flow is possible. The model is verified in a hot furnace experiment, where it is shown that the derived criterion (N_com) can be used for different kinds of coal and different types of burner. For given coal and sectional heat load of furnace, when the value of N_com increases, the condition of ignition is improved and both unburned carbon and NO_x emission are reduced. The employment of N_com in the optimization of burner operating conditions is demonstrated through two applications. In practice, the criterion N_com can be used to guide the selection of the concentration and type of pulverized coal, as well as the choice of burner and desired aerodynamic field, so as to achieve an optimized performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超浓相火焰燃烧难燃煤探讨

研究表明，煤粉气流着火存在最佳煤粉浓度，在最佳浓度时火焰传播速度和温度可达到最大值，试验得知难燃煤粉气流从喷嘴出口的最佳风、粉重量比接近1.0时着火、燃烧稳定。将一次风粉混合物通过喷嘴前的分离器，分离成超浓和稀淡两股，分别送入炉膛四角内外并列下倾布置的对应喷嘴，形成炉膛中央的浓粉区，近墙四周为富氧淡粉的“风包粉”气流，构成下射“W”形新的切圆旋转燃烧，利于难燃煤及早着火、稳定燃烧、充分燃烬。文中简要介绍燃烧器设计和调控要点     

煤粉气流强迫点火特性试验研究

在一座小型煤粉燃烧试验台上,对不同条件下,两种煤粉气流的强迫点火特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,用火炬引燃煤粉气流,存在一个对应于最低煤粉浓度的最佳点燃速度;煤粉气流的着火界限主要受初始温度、点火源温度、煤种和煤粉细度的影响;提高煤粉气流的初始温度、点火源温度和煤粉细度均可使着火范围变宽,挥发份含量高的煤种点火容易。在相同条件下,直流煤粉气流比旋转煤粉气流容易点燃。     

空气深度分级对低挥发分煤燃烧过程影响的研究

通过数值模拟研究了在一维燃烧炉上燃用低挥发分煤的条件下,空气深度分级和煤粉细度变化对煤粉燃尽过程和NO_x排放的影响,得到了沿炉膛轴线方向上的温度、氧浓度和NO_x的分布,表明空气深度分级后燃烧后期的氧量增加,炉膛温度水平提高,而煤粉细度的提高使得上述效果更加明显,因而燃烧效率提高和NO_x排放降低,并通过实际燃烧试验验证了数值模拟结果.研究结果表明,对燃用低挥发分煤,采用空气深度分级技术和提高煤粉细度的措施,可以同时取得高效低NO_x排放的效果.     

The effect of air staged combustion on NOx emissions in dried lignite combustion

Experiments were carried out in a multi-path air inlet one-dimensional furnace to assess NOx emission characteristics of the staged combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals. The impact of moisture content, multiple air staging, pulverized coal fineness and burnout air position on NOx emissions under deep, middle and shallow air-staged combustion conditions. Moreover, the impact of blending coals on NOx emissions was investigated in this paper. The unburned carbon concentration in fly ash was also tested. Experimental results based on the combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals show that NOx emissions can be reduced drastically by air-staged combustion. NOx emissions reduce with the increase of the air that is staged and the distance between the burner and burnout air position. Dried coal of BRXL lignite emits a smaller amount of NOx than that of BRXL lignite. However, the dried degree of BRXL lignite is closely related to R₉₀ fineness. Dried coal with optimal moisture content yields least NOx emissions. When deep or middle staged combustion was adopted, the application of multi-staged combustion is conducive to NOx reduction. However, when shallow staged combustion was adopted, NOx emissions are higher in multi-staged combustion than that in single-staged combustion with M_S = 0.54. Thus, the existence of a certain concentration of O₂ in reduction zone would significantly reduce NOx emissions. The blending coals that dried coals of BRXL lignite were blended with bituminous coals emit a larger amount of NOx than that of the dried coal alone. NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the proportion of dried coal in the blending coal. Moreover, the unburned carbon concentration in fly ash of dried coal in staged combustion is lower than that of BRXL lignite in staged combustion. On the whole, the dried coal of BRXL lignite is conducive to NOx reduction in staged combustion.     

Effects of pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio on coal combustion and pollution emission in a 0.35 MW pulverized coal-fired furnace

The effects of blend ratio on combustion and pollution emission characteristics for co-combustion of Shenmu pyrolyzed semi-char (SC), i.e., residuals of the coal pyrolysis chemical processing, and Shenhua bituminous coal (SB) were investigated in a 0.35 MW pilot-scale pulverized coal-fired furnace. The gas temperature and concentrations of gaseous species (O₂, CO, CO₂, NO_x and HCN) were measured in the primary combustion zone at different blend ratios. It is found that the standoff distance of ignition changes monotonically from 132 to 384 mm with the increase in pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio. The effects on the combustion characteristics may be neglected when the blend ratio is less than 30%. Above the 30% blend ratio, the increase in blend ratio postpones ignition in the primary stage and lowers the burnout rate. With the blend ratio increasing, NO_x emission at the furnace exit is smallest for the 30% blend ratio and highest for the 100% SC. The NO_x concentration was 425 mg/m³ at 6% O₂ and char burnout was 76.23% for the 45% blend ratio. The above results indicate that the change of standoff distance and NO_x emission were not obvious when the blend ratio of semi-char is less than 45%, and carbon burnout changed a little at all blend ratios. The goal of this study is to achieve blending combustion with a large proportion of semi-char without great changes in combustion characteristics. So, an SC blend ratio of no more than 45% can be suitable for the burning of semi-char.     

O2/CO2气氛下炉内煤粉切圆燃烧数值研究

对某电厂600 MW切圆燃烧锅炉进行了O2/CO2气氛下炉内流动、传热和燃烧过程的数值研究。结果表明:在O2/CO2气氛下,随着氧气摩尔浓度的增加,炉内温度升高,高温区变大,对煤粉的着火燃烧有利;但考虑到燃烧器安全和水冷壁结渣,氧气摩尔浓度不能太高,对燃用文中煤质的锅炉其极限摩尔浓度在40%至45%之间。O2/CO2气氛对现有切圆燃烧锅炉的上层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较小,对下层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较大。与空气气氛煤粉燃烧相比,炉内火焰中心上移,且在氧气摩尔浓度不太高时,炉内温度分布特性有利于防止水冷壁的结渣。     

W火焰锅炉制粉系统优化技术研究

为了满足W火焰锅炉在燃烧无烟煤过程中对煤粉细度的要求,几乎所有W火焰锅炉均采用了配备钢球磨煤机的制粉系统。控制磨煤机出口煤粉细度、一次风煤粉浓度,并使其维持在最佳值附近是保证锅炉燃烧效率的基础条件。研究了不同直径钢球装载比例对磨煤机煤粉细度特性的影响,通过优化磨煤机不同直径钢球装载比例、多点修正一次风流量测量偏差等技术,提高了磨煤机出口煤粉细度,减小了一次风流量测量偏差,从而改善了锅炉运行特性,提高了燃烧效率。     

燃煤锅炉直流一次风粉着火距离的预测模型及其理论分析

用一个实用模型,从理论上解决了直流一次风粉着火距离的计算问题,同时阐明了挥发分析出浓度而不是着火温度对工程应用更有价值,分析了影响着火距离的各种因素,另外,指出一个有趣的现象即燃煤锅炉的管道长度对燃烧具有一定的影响.     

分级燃烧最佳一次风空气系数的实研究

在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行了不同煤种、不同细度的分级燃烧试验。实验发现,分级燃烧对高挥发份 煤种以及同一煤种的细煤粉的Nox排放浓度的降低效果更显著,而且在分级燃烧条件下,同一煤种细煤粉的 飞灰含量较粗煤粉低。另外,还得到了不同煤种在分级燃烧条件下的最佳一次风空气系数。图9表2参3