改性松香基非离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以松香和聚甘油为原料,合成了一种松香基非离子表面活性剂,得到不同甘油聚合度的产物。得到的松香基非离子表面活性剂的表面物化性能为:表面张力44 2～49 6mN/m;临界胶束浓度8 0×10-4～25 6×10-4mol/L;钙皂分散指数13 5%～21 5%;界面张力11 7～18 9mN/m;乳化力44～85s;泡沫性能6～46mm;润湿力87～121s。并对甘油聚合度和产物表面性能的关系进行了考察。     

丙烯酸改性松香聚甘油酯的合成及性能研究

以松香为原料，经丙烯酸改性后与聚甘油反应，合成一种非离子表面活性剂丙烯酸改性松香聚甘油酯（PGARE）。对产品结构进行了红外光谱分析。测定了产品的表面物理化学性能，合成产品临界表面张力为41.7-44.6mN/m，临界胶束浓度在10^-9～10^-4数量级，钙皂分散指9．4％－19.6%，界面张力为9．3－12.6mN/m，对松节油乳化力为56－108s，泡沫性能是7－56mm，润湿力为65－92s。对甘油聚合度对产品表面物理化学性能的影响进行系统研究。结果表明PGARE是一种性能优良的非离子表面活性剂，可作为乳化剂、破乳剂、缓蚀剂等使用。     

新型松香基功能表面活性剂的合成及性能

以歧化松香为原料,重结晶提纯得到脱氢枞酸,经酰氯化、酯化、磷酸化、成盐等反应合成四种可分解型的松香基酯表面活性剂（I、II、SAA-III 、SAA-IV）。用红外光谱（FT-IR）和核磁共振（NMR）对四种可分解型松香基酯进行结构表征,并对化合物的临界胶束浓度（CMC）、表面张力（γ）、泡沫性能（FP）和乳化性能（EP）等性能进行研究。四种松香基表面活性剂均具有良好的表面性能：I、II、SAA-III 、SAA-IV的CMC值分别是4.69×10-3 mol/L 、5.15×10-3 mol/L 、2.65×10-3 mol/L和1.71×10-3 mol/L ,对应的γcmc值分别为48.2 mN/m、41.4 mN/m、34.6 mN/m和33.2 mN/m,松香磷酯类化合物的表面性能优于松香酯类化合物;乳化体系（石蜡/水）中分出 10 mL 水的时间分别为11 s、128 s、90和98 s;初始起泡高度分别为16 mm、18.5 mm、18 mm和23 mm,5 min后泡沫高度变化依次为6 mm、4 mm、4 mm和11.5 mm;松香酯化合物II具有优异的乳化性能,而松香磷酯化合物SAA-IV具有优异的起泡性能,但稳泡性弱。松香基酯类表面活性剂I、II的亲水性较弱,浊点温度约在90 °C,而松香磷酯表面活性剂SAA-III、SAA-IV的Krafft点温度约在40°C,且浊点和Krafft点均随碳链的增加而增大。以表面活性剂SAA-III为例,研究了其分解性能,表明其在pH为3和11时,温度140 °C和180 °C时均具有分解性能,表明其是一种可作为提供磷酸根的有机磷源。     

一种新型的松香聚氧乙烯蔗糖酯的合成与性能研究

以丙烯酸松香、聚乙二醇、蔗糖合成了一种新型的松香系列易降解的非离子表面活性剂 ,用IR谱、TGA谱进行结构表征 ,对其表面性质进行了测定和探讨。终产品在pH =8～ 9时 ,FP =2 0 8mm ;在 3 0× 10 -4 mol/L的Ca2 +中 ,DP =85 % ,FP =178mm ,浓度为 2× 10 -4 mol/L时 ,δcmc =3 3mN/m ,浊点 <77℃ ,产品耐温≤ 15 0℃     

硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚葡萄糖苷的合成及性能

以硬脂酸、单乙醇胺、环氧乙烷、葡萄糖为原料制备了不同环氧乙烷(EO)聚合度的硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚葡萄糖苷类非离子表面活性剂。该糖苷类表面活性剂在烷基和葡萄糖分子之间引入非离子表面活性剂中常见的亲水基团。通过IR和1HNMR对产物结构进行表征,并测试了该类表面活性剂的最低表面张力(γCMC)为30～38 mN/m,临界胶束质量浓度(CMC)为0.01～0.1 g/L。研究了EO聚合度(n)对产品表面物理化学性能的影响,随着n的增加,CMC、乳化性能、吸湿保湿性能均增加。不同聚合度的产物均有很好的泡沫性能和硬水稳定性。     

松香醇聚氧乙烯醚琥珀酸单酯磺酸盐的表面活性

以松香醇聚氧乙烯醚为原料合成松香醇聚氧乙烯醚琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠(RAEOS)阴离子表面活性剂,系统研究了环氧乙烷聚合度(n)对产物表面物理化学性能的影响,对产物进行了红外光谱分析并测定了其表面物理化学性能。产物表面张力为35 5～39 4mN/m,临界胶束浓度在10-3数量级,钙皂分散指数为4 3%～8 4%,泡沫性能为120～130mm,润湿力为84～230s。结果表明,所得产物是一种性能优良的表面活性剂。     

松香聚乙二醇柠檬酸酯表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以松香为主要原料 ,与聚乙二醇、柠檬酸反应 ,合成一种新型表面活性剂。探讨了该表面活性剂的表面张力 (νc Mc) ,临界胶束浓度 ( Cc Mc) ,泡沫性 ,乳化性 ,润湿性等。结果为 :νc Mc35 .2× 1 0 -3 N/m;Cc Mc0 .5 62 3mol/L,HLB值 1 1 .6,泡沫力 (高度 1 73mm) ,乳化力 ( v H2 O5 5 .8m L) ,润湿性 1 0 5 s,结果表明是一种性能优良的非离子表面活性剂     

表面活性剂的复配及对甲维盐微乳剂物理稳定性的影响

通过测定不同类型的单一及复配型表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度和表面张力,研究了它对w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性的影响。膦酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂A的临界胶束浓度为1．79×10-4 mol／L,表面张力为28．90 mN/m;苄基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂B(EPE型)的临界胶束浓度为 1.91×10-4 mol/L,表面张力为20．70 mN/m;按m(A):m(B)=2:3形成的复配型表面活性剂2#的水溶液的临界胶束浓度为9．30×10-5 moL/L,表面张力为25．66 mN/m。当w(2#)=10％时,配制w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性最佳,各项指标均合格。     

可聚合聚氨酯型表面活性剂的制备及其性能

以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TD I)、马来酸酐(MA)、聚乙二醇(PEG400和PEG1000)和三乙胺为主要原料,合成了两种兼有非离子和阴离子性能的可聚合聚氨酯型表面活性剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ,用FT-IR以及1HNMR对产物的分子结构进行了表征,同时对其CMC值、流变特征、浊点和乳化能力等性能进行了测定。结果表明,I的临界胶束浓度为8.3×10-3mol/L,此时的表面张力为38.67 mN/m,Ⅱ的临界胶束浓度为2.11×10-2mol/L,此时的表面张力为31.29 mN/m,溶液表现为牛顿型流体,其乳化能力明显优于常用乳化剂OP-10。     

两性/阴离子表面活性剂复配体系性能研究

采用环氧氯丙烷与磷酸二氢钠反应制备中间体,再与十二叔胺反应,制备甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂,并与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)进行复配。测定复配前后产品的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、泡沫稳定性和乳化能力等性能。结果表明,在最佳合成工艺条件下,甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的表面张力为30 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为7.98 g/L。对于复配体系,当甜菜碱型磷酸酯表面活性剂与SDBS以质量比6∶4进行复配时增效作用最好,其表面张力为23 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为4.84 g/L,对松节油的乳化性能较好。     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997