热压温度对C-SiC-B4C复合材料性能的影响

用热压烧结法制备C-SiC-B4C复合材料,研究了热压温度对其显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,材料的体积密度、抗折强度和断裂韧性均随着热压温度的升高而提高.在2000℃烧结的复合材料综合力学性能最佳,其体积密度、气孔率、抗折强度和断裂韧性分别达到2.81 g/cmM3、2.4%、236.7 MPa和5.4 MPa·m1/2.随着热压温度的提高,材料的组织经历了陶瓷相长大、C相变薄、C相和SiC逐渐致密化等过程.利用鳞片石墨Cfg易在压力下滑动在陶瓷基体上形成Cfg条状组织的特性,实现了材料的显微组织设计.碳陶复合材料的界面结合状态改善、Cfg条状结构和Cfg与陶瓷相的热膨胀不匹配是材料力学性能提高的主要原因.     

纳米晶Mg2Si块体的制备及力学性能

采用机械激活固相反应及真空热压方法制备纳米晶Mg2Si金属间化合物块体材料.研究表明,过量Mg配量对获得纯相Mg2Si至关重要.在1.5GPa压力于450℃热压得到的纯相Mg2Si纳米块体(相对密度D～98%,晶粒度d～54nm)断裂韧性达1.67MPa·m1/2,较常规粗晶Mg2Si有明显提高.     

SiO2-AlN复合材料的力学性能和显微结构

热压制备了SiO₂-AlN复合材料。第二相AlN的引入有助于SiO₂基复合材料力学性能的提高。1400℃下热压烧结的30 vol%AlN-SiO₂复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达200 MPa和2.96 MPa·m1/2。XRD分析说明直至1400℃ SiO₂与AlN未发生化学反应,化学相容性好。利用SEM和TEM分析了SiO₂-AlN复合材料的显微结构及其补强机制。      

添加TiB2对Ti-B-C复相陶瓷性能的影响

在1800℃,35MPa的条件下热压烧结B4C/Ti(摩尔比1:3),得到了TiB2/TiC陶瓷材料.材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为454MPa和8.4MPa·m1/2.当材料中添加不同含量的TiB2时,发现显微结构中有棒晶出现,经X射线分析为TiB2.添加5%(体积比)TiB2时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别高达540MPa和10.8MPa·m1/2;而添加20%TiB2时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性下降到357MPa和8.19MPa·m1/2.经扫描电镜观察,添加5%TiB2的材料中棒晶数量明显,长度在10～40μm,气孔较少;而20%TiB2材料中的棒晶发育不充分,数量较少,并且存在大量的气孔.这说明一定数量的添加剂可以促进棒晶的生长和发育.原位形成的棒晶,使材料起到了自增韧的效果,大幅度提高了复合材料的力学性能。     

Al2O3/ZrO2/ZrSiO4复合材料的研究

在Al2O3颗粒补强锆英石陶瓷的研究基础上,探讨了Al2O3与ZrO2共同对锆英石陶瓷的协同补强增韧行为.制备的锆英石基复合材料的室温抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别可达383.31MPa、4.39 MPa·m12.采用XRD分析了复合材料的相组成,采用SEM观察复合材料的断面形貌.结果显示:ZrSiO4为主要晶相,另外还有少量Al2O3和ZrO2存在;第二种增强体ZrO2的最佳引入量为20％(质量分数);确定复合材料的强韧化是由Al2O3和ZrO2颗粒引起的裂纹偏转、微裂纹增韧与ZrO2颗粒引起的相变增韧共同作用而实现的,断裂方式主要为穿晶断裂.     

Si_3N_4颗粒和纳米SiC晶须强韧化MoSi_2基复合材料

用真空热压法制备了Si3N4颗粒和纳米SiC晶须强韧化MoSi2基复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜、扫描电镜分析了该材料的物相、微观组织结构和断口形貌,测算了其致密度、晶粒尺寸、抗弯强度和断裂韧性。结果表明:复合材料致密性好;添加的Si3N4和SiC与基体有着很好的化学相容性;与纯MoSi2相比,复合材料晶粒明显细化,抗弯强度和断裂韧性明显增加。其中MoSi2+20%Si3N4+10%SiC抗弯强度达400MPa,比纯MoSi2提高了58.7%;断裂韧性达6.1MPa.m1/2,比纯MoSi2提高了108.9%。复合材料的强化机制为细晶强化和弥散强化;韧化机制为细晶韧化、裂纹偏转和裂纹微桥接。     

SiCw增强B4C陶瓷复合材料的制备与性能研究

以Si粉为烧结助剂,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备B4C-SiCw陶瓷复合材料.将不同含量的SiCw与B4C和Si混合,制得的复合粉体在1850℃、60MPa下真空热压烧结,研究了SiCw含量对复合材料力学性能的影响,并借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析了复合材料的物相组成和微观结构.研究结果表明:分散处理后的SiCw可以有效地提高复合材料的力学性能,当晶须含量为10％(质量分数)时,弯曲强度和断裂韧性达到最大值,分别为468 MPa和5.70 MPa·m1/2.复合材料中SiCw的拔出使复合材料的弯曲强度及断裂韧性得以提高.     

Al_(72)Ni_(12)Co_(16)/A365准晶颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备及其力学性能

制备了增强相体积分数为5%~20%的系列Al72Ni12Co16P/A356准晶增强铝基复合材料。其中增强相Al72Ni12Co16通过将严格按化学成分配比的Al72Ni12Co16浇于水冷铜基板上激冷凝固而获得。TEM和XRD分析结果表明所获得的材料为单相准晶材料。准晶增强铝基复合材料经热挤压处理后,绝大部分的铸造缺陷被消除,力学性能测试显示当准晶相的加入量为20%时,铝基复合材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度、弹性模量等性能分别从基体材料的275 MPa、200 MPa和70 GPa提高至410 MPa、350 MPa和102 GPa,而延伸率却从6%降低至3%。分析了准晶增强铝基复合材料的断裂机制和增强机制,准晶颗粒增强铝基复合材料的断裂机制可能有如下3种:界面及其附近区域脱粘、基体在集中的滑移带内撕裂和颗粒断裂,而其增强机制主要是细晶强化、弥散强化和固溶强化。     

纳米Ni-20Fe 颗粒增韧Al2O3复合材料的力学性能与磁性能

用机械化学及热压烧结方法成功制备了高致密Ni-20Fe/ Al₂O₃ 纳米复合材料。通过X2ray、FE-SEM、力学性能、磁性能测试, 结果表明, 复合后材料断裂韧性从纯α2Al₂O₃ 相的4. 7 MPa·m1/2 提高到6. 2 MPa·m1/2(19 % (Ni-20Fe) / Al₂O₃ ) , 断裂方式有沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂两种。当Ni-20Fe 合金的体积百分数达到19 %时, 复合材料的饱和磁化强度达33 emu/ g , 矫顽力为200 Oe , 且在低于500 ℃的情况下, 矫顽力基本不随温度而变, 具有良好的磁热稳定性。      

SiC w/BAS复合材料的显微结构及力学性能的研究

本文采用热压烧结法制备出致密的SiCw增强BAS玻璃陶瓷基复合材料．结果表明,BAS基体晶化后获得以钡长石为主晶相和莫来石为次晶相的复相BAS玻璃陶瓷．晶须的加入对BAS基体有显著的强韧化效果,加入30vol％SiCw可使材料的室温抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别由基体的156MPa和1．40MPa·m1/2提高到356MPa和4．06MPa·m1/2．TEM观察结果表明,晶须／基体界面结合良好,无界面反应物和非晶层的存在．断口形貌和压痕裂纹扩展路径的SEM观察结果表明,复合材料的主要增韧机制为裂纹偏转、晶须的拔出和桥接．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...