辽宁地区既有居住建筑围护结构节能改造技术研究

辽宁地区既有居住建筑普遍存在节能措施差、节能效率低等问题,在能源日趋紧张的今天,对其进行相关技术的节能改造已成为发展趋势.结合辽宁地区既有居住建筑的特点,从门窗、屋顶、外墙、采暖等多方面入手,对既有建筑进行节能改造,可收到显著的节能效果.     

建筑节能发展趋势及建议

叙述了建筑节能技术的发展趋势和目标,分析了采暖居住建筑的耗热量构成及节点的重要部位,提出,采暖居住建筑节能的主要措施和节能思路。     

浅析居住建筑的节能设计

分析我国既有居住建筑采暖与保温的现状,归纳造成既有居住建筑不节能的主要原因,并从屋面、墙体、门窗、地面等方面提出改进方法,同时阐述保温材料在居住建筑上的具体应用。     

燃气空调分布式能源与绿色奥运、科技奥运

1建筑节能--中国节能战略的必然选择 建筑能源是指民用建筑(包括居住建筑和公共建筑以及服务业)使用过程中的能耗,主要包括采暖、空调、通风、热水供应、照明、炊事、家电、电梯等方面的能耗.其中采暖空调通风能耗约占2/3左右.     

居住建筑分户式壁挂炉采暖与集中采暖对比与分析

北京市节能形势严峻,其中采暖能耗在建筑总能耗中占有非常大的比重,随着全市能源结构的调整、供暖技术的发展以及居民生活水平的提高,出现了多种供暖形式.以居住建筑分户壁挂炉采暖与集中采暖两种供热方式为研究对象,从能源利用效率、运行管理、安全性、投资分析、环境影响等方面进行对比分析,得出两者利弊,以便对供热系统的设计、运行、管理提供参考,并指出在合理选择采暖方式与技术时,要因地制宜,综合考虑各种因素.     

太原地区节能建筑中利用太阳能采暖的评价

通过分析、理论计算认为：在太原地区节能建筑中有效利用太阳能采暖,不仅可以降低供热系统的初投资和维护管理费用,保证居住环境舒适,同时会取得较大的节能效果。     

采暖节能必须采取综合治理措施

采暖能耗是建筑能源消耗中的最大组成部分,目前我国北方城镇,采暖能耗占全国建筑总能耗的36%,且有不断增长的发展趋势,说明降低采暖能耗是当前建筑节能的重大课题.降低采暖能耗是个复杂的系统工程,改善建筑围护结构、提高供暖系统水平、完善计量收费制度是采暖节能的三个重要环节,缺一不可,采暖节能必须采取综合治理措施,才能收到预期的节能效果.     

北方农村节能建筑设计及能耗模拟

针对我国北方寒冷地区及严寒地区农村燃煤采暖产生的大气污染问题,以唐山地区气候特点为基础,设计了一套农村节能建筑,利用DeST软件对建筑的能耗、室温、湿度等进行了模拟分析,并分析了燃煤热水采暖炉、小型中央空调、燃气采暖壁挂炉等3种不同的采暖方式的经济性及污染物排放特性。结果表明,采用节能建筑方法设计的农村建筑采暖能耗比普通不节能建筑能耗低30%以上。从经济性分析得出,3种不同采暖方式中,小型中央空调运行费用最低,但初投资成本最高;其次,燃气采暖壁挂炉初投资成本较高,但是运行费用最低;燃煤采暖炉初投资最低,但运行费略高于燃气壁挂炉。10年内3种采暖方式的平均费用依次为:燃煤热水采暖炉、燃气采暖壁挂炉、小型中央空调。从环保特性分析得出,中央空调污染物排放最低,其次燃气采暖壁挂炉,燃煤采暖炉环保特性最差。综合经济性和环保特性,采用燃气采暖壁挂炉经济性与节能减排效果最佳。     

甘肃农村住房建筑节能技术探讨

本文针对甘肃农村住房的节能现状,从建筑规划设计、建筑维护、建筑材料、新能源利用、地方采暖技术等以上几个方面,对适合甘肃农村住房节能的节能技术进行研究与总结,将对甘肃农村住房建筑节能工作的开展提供很好的技术指导。     

严寒地区农村住宅围护结构保温改造分析

严寒地区多数农村住宅建筑围护结构热损失严重,造成其采暖能耗增加,强化建筑围护结构的保温性是提高建筑采暖效率的方式之一。以位于严寒地区的安达市某传统农宅为研究对象,采用EnergyPlus对该住宅围护结构的保温性能进行研究,并分析了建筑能耗情况,获得了建筑墙体、玻璃、屋顶等围护结构部位采用保温后的节能效率。研究结果表明：安达地区节能效率较好的墙体和屋顶保温材料为XPS保温板、玻璃窗结构形式为6mm+12mm+6mmLow-E低辐射玻璃;传统农宅采用建筑保温材料后,其节能率可达72.0%,从而降低了农村住宅采暖能耗,并可维持室内良好的热环境。     

居住建筑固定资产投资项目节能评估中综合能耗计算方法的分析与比较

结合工作实践,发现西安市居住建筑类项目存在不同评估单位计算的年综合能耗量数值差异很大的现象,经比较分析发现差异的主要原因是建筑物采暖耗能量评估计算依据的标准规范不一致。通过对比两种计算方法的内容与指标,认为《城镇供热管网设计规范》采暖热负荷推荐值与项目具体建筑物体形系数、热工性能参数等数值无关,对单体建筑物而言不具有针对性,不是唯一的。因此,建议以《严寒和寒冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》为节能评估计算依据,方符合国家推行固定资产投资项目节能评估与审查的目的。     

Energy efficient design of building: A review

Energy saving is a high-priority in developed countries. For this reason, energy-efficient measures are being increasingly implemented in all sectors. The residential sector is responsible for an important part of the energy consumption in the world. Most of this energy is used in heating, cooling, and artificial ventilation systems.With a view to developing energy-efficient structures, this article provides an overview of building design criteria that can reduce the energy demand for the heating and cooling of residential buildings. These criteria are based on the adoption of suitable parameters for building orientation, shape, envelope system, passive heating and cooling mechanisms, shading, and glazing. An analysis was made of previous studies that evaluated the influence of these parameters on the total energy demand and suggested the best design options. This study is useful for professionals who are responsible for decision-making during the design phase of energy-efficient residential buildings.     

新建住宅实际能耗状况的研究

以满足新的节能设计标准的住宅楼内的44户住户为研究对象,基于住宅采暖耗热量和用电量的数据采集和统计分析,掌握新建住宅楼在实际使用过程中的采暖、空调以及生活用电能耗状况,研究分析住宅建筑的能耗结构。结果表明新建住宅建筑的采暖能耗远未达到、节能标准的要求,其次生活用电的能耗也很大。进一步的问卷调查、测试、模拟计算以及对比分析表明,导致住宅高能耗的主要原因在于居住者不合理的采暖、空调和生活用电行为。因此,在住宅节能的研究工作中,应对建筑中的人行为状况予以足够的重视。     

Check and evaluation system on heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of china based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method

Heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China is organized and implemented in a large scale by local government in 15 provinces of North China with the unified guidance and control of central government. Firstly, this paper introduced the target of energy-saving reformation of existing residential buildings in North China and the importance of check and evaluation on this target, then pointed out the necessity of building up an evaluation system for energy-saving retrofit. According to the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), three-grade evaluation system was built up for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China. Also, based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method combined with life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, post-evaluation thought and successful degree evaluation method, a mathematical model was established. Finally, a set of scientific method for evaluating heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China systematically, scientifically, comprehensively and objectively was created.     

Evaluation on energy and thermal performance for residential envelopes in hot summer and cold winter zone of China

As a result of rapid economic growth in the last several decades, energy issue is becoming more and more important in today’s world because of a possible energy shortage in the future; the usage of residential electricity has increased rapidly in China and building energy efficiency is included as one of the 10 key programs targeting energy efficiency improvement in the 11th Five-Year Plan. In response to the growing concerns about energy conservation in residential buildings and its implications for the environment, systematic evaluation on energy and thermal Performance for residential envelops (EETP) is put forward to assess the energy efficiency of envelop designs and to calculate the energy consumption of cooling and heating systems. Hot summer and cold winter zone of China was selected for EETP analysis because of its rigorous climatic and huge energy consumption. The correlations between EETPs and electricity consumptions in cooling season, heating season, and the whole year were built in Shanghai, Changsha, Shaoguan and Chengdu, which represent A, B, C and D subzone of hot summer and cold winter zone in China, respectively. Illustrations indicate that the algorithm is simple and effective, energy and thermal performance of residential envelopes can be evaluated easily. The maximum allowable values of EETPs were determined when just meeting the compulsory indices of Standard JGJ134-2001, the corresponding allowable EETPs were also gained when achieving different energy-saving degrees on basis of it. EETP method can suggest possible ways to improve the energy efficiency for envelope designs of new building and retrofits of existing buildings and provide governments some useful information for the establishment of new policy on energy efficiency buildings. It has important meanings to carry out sustainable residential building designs with high thermal comfort and low energy consumption.     

既有居住建筑供热计量改造技术分析与能效评估

对枣庄市某小区供热计量改造项目进行了技术分析与能效评估,为其他节能改造项目提供参考,有助于推动既有居住建筑节能改造的推广。     

On the potential trade-offs between energy supply and end-use technologies for residential heating

In Sweden, where district heating accounts for a significant share of residential heating, it has been argued that improvements in end-use energy efficiency may be counter-productive since such measures reduce the potential of energy efficient combined heat and power production. In this paper we model how the potential trade-offs between energy supply and end-use technologies depend on climate policy and energy prices. The model optimizes a combination of energy efficiency measures, technologies and fuels for heat supply and district heating extensions over a 50 year period. We ask under what circumstances improved end-use efficiency may be cost-effective in buildings connected to district heating? The answer hinges on the available technologies for electricity production. In a scenario with no alternatives to basic condensing electricity production, high CO₂ prices result in very high electricity prices, high profitability of combined heat and power production, and little incentive to reduce heat demand in buildings with district heating. In contrast, in a scenario where electricity production alternatives with low CO₂ emissions are available, the electricity price will level out at high CO₂ prices. This gives heat prices that increase with the CO₂ price and make end-use efficiency cost-effective also in buildings with district heating.     

某节能住宅小区地下水源热泵系统应用的经济性及节能性分析

针对咸阳市某节能住宅小区供冷供热的需求,依据建筑节能规范指标要求,进行围护结构热工设计与计算。结合当地丰富的浅层地下水资源条件,确定了利用地下水源热泵系统对该住宅小区进行供冷供热方案。对系统经济性和节能性进行计算与分析,对比分析了建筑围护结构和空调系统对建筑节能的贡献率,指出了建筑节能集成效益的优势。     

Technology line and case analysis of heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in Northern heating areas of China

The building area in northern heating areas accounting for 70% of the total land area in China is 6,500,000,000 m². The average heating energy consumption in northern China is 100–200% times more than developed countries in the same latitude. This paper introduced firstly the heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit background of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China organized by mohurd and MOF, and then put forward the total principle and contents of retrofit. Through analyzing some retrofit cases in Germany, Poland and China, some technological experiences were summarized and finally a technology line suitable for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China which involved retrofit for heat metering and temperature regulation of heating systems, heat balance of heat source and network, and building envelope was described to provide a systematic, scientific, technological guide for the retrofit projects of 0.15 billion m² in “the Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period.