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In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the U.S. Supreme Court banned the death penalty for offenders under the age of 18 years. Central to Simmons's defense was new brain imaging evidence suggesting that the regions of the brain responsible for decision making and impulse control are not as well developed in adolescents as in adults, thereby rendering adolescents less culpable for the crimes they commit. Although these images were not explicitly cited in the Court's decision, they were hailed by anti-death penalty advocates as the wave of the future. However, legal advocates and scientists should be cautious in using cutting-edge neuroscience for criminal justice purposes for several reasons. First and foremost, no definitive link between brain structure and deviant behavior has been established. Furthermore, very little is known about the developmental threshold that separates juvenile decision-making ability from adultlike decision-making ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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A Cournand 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1977,198(4318):699-705
Scientist's norms (principally honesty, objectivity, tolerance, doubt of certitude, and unselfish engagement) are in danger of serious distortion unless broadened to apply to the relations between scientists and nonscientists. Also needing supplementation is an ethic of development appropriate to a fast-changing society and advanced as an approach to the more effective and humane regulation of cultural and technological development. Because of their genetic relationships the code of the scientist and the ethic of development are probably complementary and together may overcome the shortcomings of each taken separately. Taken together, furthermore, they indicate the possibility of a humane world order based on the cooperation of a community of scientists and its public. 相似文献
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Arndt Jamie; Cook Alison; Goldenberg Jamie L.; Cox Cathy R. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,92(1):12
Five studies examined the cognitive association between thoughts of cancer and thoughts of death and their implication for screening intentions. Study 1 found that explicit contemplation of cancer did not increase death-thought accessibility. In support of the hypothesis that this reflects suppression of death-related thoughts, Study 2 found that individuals who thought about cancer exhibited elevated death-thought accessibility under high cognitive load, and Study 3 demonstrated that subliminal primes of the word cancer led to increased death-thought accessibility. Study 4 revealed lower levels of death-thought accessibility when perceived vulnerability to cancer was high, once again suggesting suppression of death-related thoughts in response to conscious threats associated with cancer. Study 5 extended the analysis by finding that after cancer salience, high cognitive load, which presumably disrupts suppression of the association between cancer and death, decreased cancer-related self-exam intentions. Theoretical and practical implications for understanding terror management, priming and suppression, and responses to cancer are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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An in-depth survey of 144 English Canadian adults examined the motives behind, and other social psychological correlates of, attitudes toward capital punishment. The results suggested that for a substantial percentage of people the motive of retribution may be more important than deterence as a reason for favoring the death penalty. Other findings indicated that the more strongly people favored the death penalty, the more likely they were to score high on measures of authoritarianism, punitiveness, dogmatism, and prejudice. They were also more likely to be older and less educated. The hypothesis that people who felt threatened by crime would be more likely to favor capital punishment received equivocal support. Both theoretical and practical applications of the data are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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J Engle HJ Safi CC Miller MP Campbell SA Harlin GV Letsou KS Lloyd MD DB Root 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1999,29(1):150-156
PURPOSE: The relationship of the division of the diaphragm during thoracoabdominal aortic repair to prolonged ventilator support has not been studied. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether preservation of diaphragm integrity has a significant effect on postoperative ventilator duration and (2) to elucidate other pulmonary risk factors related to thoracoabdominal aortic surgery and to study the relationship of these factors to the intact diaphragm technique. METHODS:Between February 1991 and January 1997, we repaired 397 descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Descending thoracic aneurysms were not included in the study because their repair does not include the diaphragm. A total of 256 patients participated in this study. The diaphragm was divided in 150 patients and left intact in 106 patients. Examined as potential risk factors were patient demographics, history and physical findings, aneurysm extent, urgency of the procedure, acute dissection, cross-clamp time, homologous and autologous blood product consumption, and adjunctive operative techniques. FEV1 also was considered in the 197 patients for whom preoperative spirometry was available. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was defined as ventilator support for >72 hours. Data were analyzed by univariate contingency table and multiple logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02/y; P <.02), current smoking (OR, 2.6; P <.0008), total cross-clamp time (OR, 1.0/min; P <.008), units packed red blood cells transfused (OR, 1.06/unit; P <.008), and division of the diaphragm (OR, 2.03; P <.02) were significant, independent predictors of prolonged ventilation. Sixty-seven percent of patients (71 of 106) whose diaphragms were preserved were extubated in <72 hours compared with 52% of patients (78 of 150) who underwent diaphragm division (OR, 0.53; P <.02). CONCLUSION: Independently of well known pulmonary risk factors, an intact diaphragm during thoracoabdominal aortic repair results in a higher probability of early ventilator weaning. 相似文献
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Responds to the comments of M. P. Nichols (see record 1989-40699-001) on the work of the present authors (see record 1989-40685-001), asserting that therapists work toward understanding the correctness of the view explained by the client in a never-ending process that changes both therapist and client. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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刘欣洁 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2011,12(1)
论述了西方自由主义思潮的源起和旨趣,以及西方自由主义思潮对我国的影响,并对如何辩证地看待自由主义思潮对我国的影响做了阐述. 相似文献
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This article deals with a case that recently came before the U.S. Supreme Court. The issues involved whether attorneys provided effective assistance to a person convicted of murder when no mitigating evidence was presented (either strategically or by neglect) to the jury concerning the intellectual disabilities of their client during the death penalty phase of the trial. The Supreme Court had previously ruled that the death penalty for intellectually disabled individuals (mentally retarded) constituted cruel and unusual punishment. In this case the attorneys made a strategic decision not to present possibly mitigating evidence for the death penalty phase. The Supreme Court considered whether the appeals court abdicated its judicial review responsibilities. The results of psychological evaluations are presented, and the decisions of the Supreme Court are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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A case is presented in which autopsy findings (deep groove around the fetal waist and buttock), and gross and microscopic umbilical cord and placental examination (linear ulcer of umbilical cord histologically rimmed by fetal epidermal implants with evidence of remote bleeding) established the diagnosis of umbilical cord encirclement as a cause of intrauterine fetal death despite the lack of prenatal or postnatal obstetrical evidence. 相似文献
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Investigated whether the distortion in the concept of death shown by latency-age children reflects a general limitation in cognitive functioning or a specific expression of cognitive failure due to a defensive process against anxiety. 27 suicidal, aggressive, and normal 10–12 yr olds were administered the subtest of similarities from the WISC, a questionnaire to assess the concept of death, and a questionnaire to assess the concept of life. A distortion in the concept of death was defined as an attribution of life to the state of death. There was no significant correlation between the ability for abstract thinking and distortions in the concept of death, whereas there was a significantly positive correlation between the ability for abstract thinking and scores on the questionnaire about the concept of life. Suicidal Ss showed distortion in the death concept more frequently than the other group, but they showed no inferiority in their ability for abstract thinking. Results favor the assumption that distortions in the death concept are specific and, therefore, can be attributed to a defensive process. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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There is little or no available information on the effect of HIV discordancy in heterosexual relationships on different family members. A review of case notes was carried out on all families who had a child referred to the paediatric HIV service/family clinic at St Mary's Hospital between January 1991 and March 1996. The children had been exposed to HIV infection because they were born to HIV-positive women. There was HIV discordancy in more than one-fifth of the parents' relationships. In over 46% of the relationships, the HIV status of the natural or birth father was not known because he was either untested or unavailable. It is likely that not all of these men are infected and the number of discordant couples is greater. There were more discordant couples where the man and woman came from different ethnic groups. Consideration of the potential impact of discordancy on individual men, women and children is discussed. 相似文献
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The impact of consideration of issues and motivational orientation on group negotiation process and outcome. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Weingart Laurie R.; Bennett Rebecca J.; Brett Jeanne M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,78(3):504
Tested, in 2 studies, the effects of motivational orientation (cooperative vs individualistic) and issue consideration (simultaneous vs sequential) on the negotiation process and outcome quality attained by 4-person groups engaged in a multi-issue negotiation. Study 1 (n?=?84) showed that both a cooperative orientation and simultaneous issue consideration improved outcome quality. Simultaneous consideration of issues also increased the likelihood of reaching agreement. Study 2, focusing on the negotiation process, showed that cooperative groups were more trusting and engaged in less argumentation. Simultaneous issue-consideration groups exchanged more information and had greater insight into the other parties' priorities. A lag sequential analysis showed that groups with a cooperative orientation overcame the limits of discussing issues sequentially by engaging norms of reciprocity and mutuality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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This commentary highlights previous literature (see record 2005-03637-001) focusing on cultural and environmental explanations for the racial/ethnic group hierarchy of intelligence. Assumptions underlying definitions of intelligence, heritability/genetics, culture, and race are noted. Historical, contextual, and testing issues are clarified. Specific attention is given to studies supporting stereotype threat, effects of mediated learning experiences, and relative functionalism. Current test development practices are critiqued with respect to methods of validation and item development. Implications of the genetic vs. culture-only arguments are discussed with respect to the malleability of IQ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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几种典型双相不锈钢组织及性能特点及其对加工过程的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文选择几种典型的双相不锈钢:S32707、S32750、S32205、S31803,在其工件上取样,采取了不同的热处理、热加工和热穿孔以及适当调整化学成分等试验方法,比较和研究了组织和性能特点及其对加工过程的影响。结果表明:两相比例和σ相的析出情况与热穿孔温度和冷变形的退火、固溶处理温度密切相关,S32707的二次相的析出速度和析出量远超于其他双相不锈钢。适当降低Cr、N含量,提高Mo含量,合理控制加热速度,终乳(锻)温度,并注意回炉加热和圆管坯中心钻孔的影响,可提高热加工塑性,防止开裂。试验中的S32707成品无缝管满足相关标准的要求。 相似文献