植物红花对小鼠运动后血乳酸和运动机能的作用研究

红花是食药两用植物,过去时红花的研究主要集中在其抗血栓、活血化淤等药用价值上.为进一步扩展这一植物资源的应用范围,用红花提取液做小鼠实验,结果表明其具有显著减少小鼠运动引起的血乳酸升高、消除肌肉疲劳、增强耐力和抗缺氧的功效,因此有可能在功能食品,如运动员食品等领域得到应用.     

红花在食品工业中的应用现状与展望

为了充分发挥红花在食品工业中的作用,介绍了红花的营养保健功效,阐述了红花在保健酒、保健茶、红花花粉、红花油、红花色素和其它保健食品工业中的研究、开发与生产现状,同时分析了开发红花食品的有利条件和存在的问题,提出了红花食品的研究与开发策略。     

红花在运动饮料中的应用

以红花提取液配以电解质、维生素、糖、香料等研制的运动饮料经动物实验表明具有显著减少运动引起的血乳酸升高,消除运动引起的肌肉疲劳,增强耐力和抗缺氧的功效。     

低共熔溶剂提取沙棘果渣多酚的优化及其抗运动疲劳研究

采用超声辅助低共熔溶剂法对沙棘果渣多酚进行提取工艺研究，并探究其抗运动疲劳的作用。在单因素试验基础上，对工艺进一步优化，结果表明沙棘果渣多酚最佳提取工艺条件为：氯化胆碱-乳酸摩尔比1∶2、氯化胆碱-乳酸含水量30%、超声提取温度48℃、超声提取时间37 min、料液比1∶30 g/mL，在此条件下沙棘果渣多酚提取量为（73.68±0.13）mg/g。采用小鼠负重游泳模型并测定相关生化指标（BLA、LDH、BUN）及糖原含量（肝糖原、肌糖原）来探究沙棘果渣多酚的抗疲劳作用。结果表明沙棘果渣多酚显著提高小鼠负重游泳时间，其可以调节疲劳小鼠的BLA、LDH、BUN指标及其糖原（肝糖原、肌糖原）储备来抵御和缓解疲劳。所以，沙棘果渣多酚可以作为一种有效缓解运动后疲劳的食品功能性成分。     

红花红色素研究进展

从红花提取红色素是一种安全天然食用色素,可作为食品添加剂和化妆品染色剂等,在功能性食品和医药领域有非常广阔发展前景。该文综述红花红色素化学组成、分子结构、功效特性、提取及检测方法,探讨生产过程中酶法转化作用,为红花红色素研究开发提供依据。     

螺旋藻食用安全性的研究

为了解螺旋藻的食用安全性，对螺旋藻进行了食品安全性毒理学评价。结果：骨髓微核实验中３个试验组的微核细胞率与阴性对照组相比，Ｐ值均大于０．０５，无显著性差异；Ａｍｅｓ试验的致突变率小于２，为阴性；小鼠精子畸形试验证实螺旋藻不引起小鼠精子畸形。试验结果表明螺旋藻ＬＤ５０大于１００００ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ，属无毒，是安全的食品。     

红花红色素稳定性的研究

根据不同条件下红花红色素特征吸光度的变化,探讨了红花红色素的稳定性,其最大吸收波长在520 nm,在二甲基亚砜中有良好的溶解性,通过测量不同条件下(如温度、光照、p H、氧化还原剂、金属离子、食品添加剂等)其吸光度的波动,探究了其稳定性。结果表明:红花红色素对光较稳定,受食品添加剂如蔗糖等影响较小,对热敏感,在中性及偏酸性条件下不稳定,同时,在Zn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)金属离子溶液中稳定性较好,在含有Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)金属离子溶液中稳定性较差。     

玉木耳多糖对小鼠的抗疲劳作用

目的：以玉木耳多糖为原料，探寻其对小鼠的抗疲劳作用。方法：以雄性昆明小鼠为研究对象，在正常饮食中加入50~200 mg/kg的玉木耳多糖（Auricularia cornea Polysacchrides，AP），考察其对小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响。结果：AP对小鼠体重无显著影响，但AP100和AP200处理组可显著提升小鼠力竭游泳时间（P＜0.05）；在小鼠游泳运动30 min后，AP200处理组较对照组显著提升肝糖原和肌糖原的储备、抑制血清中乳酸和尿素氮的堆积（P＜0.05），还可以显著降低机体自由基水平、提高SOD和GSH-Px含量（P＜0.05）。结论：AP具有提高小鼠运动耐性，提升小鼠抗疲劳能力的作用。     

红景天运动食品研发及其抗高原运动疲劳研究

采用红景天为原料,制备一种富含红景天提取物的运动食品,预防并缓解高原运动性疲劳。研究结果发现,小鼠骨骼肌细胞中抗疲劳相关的细胞通路均被激活,其相关蛋白的表达水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),证实红景天提取物在细胞水平表现出抗疲劳功效;人类自愿者高原运动试验证实,试验组运动相关指标和疲劳相关生化指标均显著高于对照组人员(P0.05),并且未发生任何不良反应事件。证实红景天运动食品具有有效的抗高原疲劳功效,具有一定应用价值。     

副溶血性弧菌ATCC33847在五种食品中代谢产物的溶血活性及对小鼠脏器的毒性差异

研究副溶血性弧菌在食品中代谢产物的溶血活性及对小鼠脏器的损伤。将ATCC33847菌株接种于虾肉、牡蛎、淡水鱼肉、牛肉和蛋炒饭中培养,除菌过滤,以平板溶血法测定溶血活性,以不同剂量的上述滤液灌胃小鼠,测定脏器系数和生化指标。结果显示,染菌蛋炒饭滤液具有最高的溶血活性,但对小鼠脏器的损伤并不强于其它滤液;染菌虾肉和牡蛎肉滤液引起小鼠胃肠系数升高的能力显著高于(p0.05)其他滤液。染菌的五种食品滤液引起ALB、ALP、AST、ALT和BUN指标不同程度的改变(p0.05),其中,虾肉滤液对小鼠肝功能指标的影响强于其他滤液,具有更强的肝脏毒性,而牡蛎和鱼肉滤液表现出更强的肾脏毒性。揭示副溶血性弧菌可能在不同食品基质中会产生不同的毒力因子,对小鼠脏器造成不同的毒效应损伤。     

Selection of a Taxon-Specific Reference Gene for Qualitative and Quantitative PCR Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus tinctorius</Emphasis>

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is an emerging model plant for the transgenic modification of fatty acid composition and the production of pharmaceuticals, proteins, or enzymes. Safflower is also a traditional Chinese medicine and is often used as a fake saffron product. Reliable detection of an endogenous reference gene is indispensable for the supervision of genetically modified safflower. Such an endogenous reference gene can also be used to specifically identify safflower ingredient in complex mixtures such as medicine or food. In this study, we identified and validated the CTOS gene as an endogenous reference for safflower. Conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for detecting the CTOS gene sequence showed high interspecies specificity and intra-species stability. The lowest copy number detectable by conventional PCR was 10 haploid copies. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for the real-time PCR assay were estimated to be five and 40 haploid genome copies, respectively. Standard curves established for the real-time PCR assay exhibited good linearity (R ² > 0.99) between the cycle threshold (Ct) values and the initial template copies. The developed conventional and real-time PCR assays were validated in routine analysis of the safflower ingredient in commercial Chinese medicines. In conclusion, the developed quantitative PCR methods were sufficiently specific and sensitive to be used in safflower genomic DNA quantification and safflower ingredient identification.     

Sensorial and biological evaluation of an extruded product made from corn supplemented with soybean and safflower pastes

A puffed product was made by extruding corn flour supplemented with soybean and safflower pastes. Mixes with the following proportions of corn flour, soybean and safflower pastes: (i) 89:8:3, (ii) 83:11:6 and (iii) 80:17:3 were extruded. The corn flour, soybean and safflower pastes used had 6.6%, 45.9% and 32.9% protein content respectively. In addition, the soybean paste contained 11.78 units of inhibited trypsin/mg of sample, which means it was appropriate for human consumption. Sensory evaluation of extruded products showed that there were no significant differences in flavour, crunchiness and acceptance in the case of products 1 and 3, when compared with samples made from corn flour alone. Product 2 had lower scores, as it had a bitter taste because of the greater amount of safflower paste used. Biological testing showed that all the products containing soybean and safflower pastes were superior to the 100% corn diet in terms of food conversion, growth rate and weight gain.     

Characterization of Polypropylene and Polyester Meltblown Materials used for Food Oil Absorption

Meltblown polypropylene and polyester and paper towels were examined for food oil absorption capacity by weight difference method. Six food oils (coconut, corn, cottonseed, olive, safflower, and sunflower) were used to include a range of fatty acid compositions. Materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy to note physical characteristics that related to absorption. Polypropylene absorbed 33.4% of the oils compared to 25.1% for polyester and 24.2% for paper towels. This was noted by the large pore size and small diameter fibers forming great numbers of pockets which could include oil. Polypropylene material should be considered in microwavable packaging as means to decrease dietary fat.     

滇产红花的高效液相指纹图谱研究

采用高效液相色谱法建立中药材滇产红花的高效液相特征指纹图谱。使用美国安捷伦1100紫外检测高效液相色谱仪进行试验,采用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统2004A版”电脑软件处理试验数据,建立滇产红花的HPLC指纹图谱,并对25批滇产红花指纹图谱进行相似度评价。从云南大理和丽江等不同产地采集的25批样品共得到14个色谱共有峰,其基本特征一致,云南不同产地红花指纹图谱相似度有一定的差异。羟基红花黄色素A是红花中的黄酮类化合物,性质稳定,峰比较突出明显,且在色谱峰中间位置出峰,可以作为参照物。建立的高效液相(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)指纹图谱能够标示红花化学成分特征色谱图,为红花中药材的鉴别和研究提供了比较完善的信息。所建立的方法简便准确,经济便捷,重复性好,为红花药材的质量控制提供了一定的科学依据。     

Protective effect of dried safflower petal aqueous extract and its main constituent,carthamus yellow,against lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages

BACKGROUND: Safflower, whose botanic name is Carthamus tinctorius L., is a member of the family Compositae or Asteraceae. Carthamus yellow (CY) is the main constituent of safflower and is composed of safflomin A and safflomin B. Dried safflower petals are used in folk medicine and have been shown to invigorate blood circulation, break up blood stasis, and promote menstruation. In addition, dried safflower petals contain yellow dyes that are used to color food and cosmetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of dried safflower petals aqueous extracts (SFA) and CY on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation using RAW264.7 macrophages. RESULTS: Our data showed that treatment with SFA (1–1000 µg mL^?1) and CY (1–2000 µg mL^?1) does not cause cytotoxicity in cells. SFA and CY inhibited LPS‐stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) release, through attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expression. Further, SFA and CY suppressed the LPS‐induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor‐κB, which was associated with the inhibition of IκB‐α degradation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SFA and CY provide an anti‐inflammatory response through inhibiting the production of NO and PGE₂ by the downregulation of iNOS and COX‐2 gene expression. Thus safflower petals have the potential to provide a therapeutic approach to inflammation‐associated disorders. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Food colorants: anthocyanins

Interest in food colorants as shown by the number of patents has doubled in recent years with natural pigments outnumbering synthetics by five to one. The natural colorant area can be subdivided into anthocyanins, betalains, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, Monascus, hemes, quinones, biliproteins, safflower, turmeric, and miscellaneous. All involve different groups of chemical compounds which may be used directly as colorants, or may be chemically modified to produce different hues or increased stability. All usually involve a method of collection, extraction, purification, possibly stabilization, and formulation. A variety of hues can be obtained ranging from green through yellow, orange, red, blue, and violet, depending on the source of colorant. Similarly, water or oil-soluble formulations can be prepared depending on the type of colorant.     

不同分子量红花籽抗氧化肽稳定性研究

目的:研究不同分子量红花籽蛋白抗氧化肽活性的稳定性。方法:以脱壳红花籽粕为实验材料,经复合酶酶解分离制备抗氧化肽,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH）自由基、超氧阴离子自由基（superoxide anion radical,O₂?·）及羟自由基（hydroxyl free radicals,·OH）清除能力为指标,探讨温度、pH、食品原辅料、金属离子及模拟胃肠消化等环境因素对不同分子量红花籽抗氧化肽活性的影响。结果:红花籽蛋白酶解物<3 kDa（SSPH-Ⅰ）、3~5 kDa（SSPH-Ⅱ）较分离前活性显著增加（P<0.05）,SSPH-Ⅲ（5~10 kDa）和SSPH-Ⅳ（>10 kDa）较分离前活性显著降低（P<0.05）,选取活性显著增加组分研究发现SSPH-Ⅰ抗氧化活性更加稳定,能在60~121 ℃高温、pH6~8弱酸弱碱条件下保持活性,各自由基清除率维持率达到90%以上,10 g/100 mL NaCl和葡萄糖、0.2 g/100 mL柠檬酸对SSPH-Ⅰ抗氧化活性有增强协同作用,各自由基清除率维持率增加至105%左右,10 g/100 mL的蔗糖和0.2 g/100 mL的防腐剂对活性影响不大,添加Cu2+、Zn2+和K+金属离子对SSPH-Ⅰ抗氧化稳定性显著下降（P<0.05）,其影响顺序为:Cu2+>Zn2+>K+>Mg2+>Ca2+,经模拟胃肠消化后活性较稳定,维持率为80%。结论:筛选得到<3 kDa红花籽蛋白抗氧化肽组分活性较高且稳定,为其工业化生产及应用提供理论依据。     

Shrinking core model for extraction of phenylpropanoid amides of 5‐hydroxytriptamine from safflower seed meal

A shrinking core model for extraction of phenylpropanoid amides of 5‐hydroxytriptamine (PAHAs) from safflower seed meal by 60% ethanol solution is established based on Fick’s first law. The kinetic equation for extraction is obtained and proved to fit the data very well. The internal diffusion of dissolving PAHAs from extracted layer to the particle external surface through particle channels is determined to be the rate‐limiting step. The shrinking core model was proved applicable to the meal which reduction ratio of particles is from 35 to 80 meshes and suitable for applying to the prediction and analysis on the process of PAHAs extraction from safflower seed by ethanol. The effects of size of raw material on the extraction efficiency are evaluated by the mathematical model, which could be used to predict and analyse extraction process of PAHAs from safflower seed meal by ethanol and provide a basis for process design and choice of operating conditions.