冻融处理不同来源淀粉魔芋复合凝胶特性及其影响

为探究冻融处理不同来源淀粉对魔芋凝胶的影响,以6 种不同的市售淀粉,按不同淀粉与魔芋粉的质量比来制备冷冻复合凝胶。基于各种不同来源淀粉理化性质,综合分析复合凝胶的质构特性和持水性差异,通过相关性分析探究不同来源淀粉对魔芋凝胶的影响。结果表明,不同来源淀粉间直链淀粉含量、糊化特性以及淀粉凝胶的流变特性存在差异,添加不同来源淀粉均可以改善冷冻复合凝胶的凝胶品质,降低凝胶硬度的同时提高弹性,淀粉与魔芋质量比（2∶8）可提高复合凝胶的持水性。而不同来源淀粉的添加对凝胶品质影响存在差异性,其中小麦淀粉魔芋复合凝胶综合品质最优,与纯魔芋凝胶相比具有较好的弹性及内聚性。小麦淀粉与魔芋粉质量比为1∶9 时改善冷冻复合凝胶特性效果最佳。     

直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶3D打印适应性的影响

该研究探讨了直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶的三维打印适应性的影响。通过对淀粉凝胶的物理性质的探究,揭示了淀粉凝胶的打印性能、流变学性能和晶体结构之间的关系。结果表明,所有淀粉基凝胶均表现出剪切稀化和类固体特性。直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏附性和回复性有显著影响。直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例为2∶8的淀粉基凝胶打印效果最好,其硬度、黏附性和回复性分别为(43.5±0.6) g、(138.0±3.1) g·s和(0.102±0.003),而且其网络结构规则,热稳定性好,淀粉结晶有序。利用计算流体动力学对三维打印过程进行模拟,发现在支链淀粉中加入直链淀粉会增加凝胶的黏度,从而降低其打印速度,因此直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例为2∶8的淀粉基凝胶适于进行3D打印。该研究表明,可以通过调节凝胶中直链淀粉的比例提高淀粉基凝胶的三维打印适应性。     

玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

以草鱼鱼糜凝胶为研究对象,从凝胶质地特性(破断强度、凹陷度、压缩功、凝胶强度)和凝胶析水率2方面研究了添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,结果表明:添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉均可改善草鱼鱼糜凝胶的质构性质,2种淀粉的适宜添加量分别为10.8%和7.2%;2种淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善作用大小不同,在各自的适宜添加量条件下,红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善效果比玉米淀粉更明显。     

基于淀粉回生处理的淀粉凝胶食品品质评价研究

淀粉回生是多数淀粉凝胶食品生产过程必不可少的处理工艺，但贮藏期间淀粉凝胶会过度回生从而降低食品的食用价值。鉴于此，科学有效地利用淀粉回生对淀粉凝胶食品加工和食用品质改良具有重要意义。该文基于淀粉凝胶形成机理与回生机制，论述了回生处理对淀粉凝胶食品的理化性质、微观结构、消化性能及食用品质4个方面的影响规律，分析了其中潜在的机理，探讨了淀粉凝胶回生时间、温度等的变化与食品宏观品质之间的相关性。指出在不当的长期贮藏过程中，回生行为会导致淀粉凝胶食品不同程度的劣变，而适宜的短期回生与回生温度对淀粉凝胶制品特定的生产要求、品质指标、功能特性等有积极作用。对淀粉凝胶食品品质的评价研究可为淀粉回生选择调控、凝胶食品品质精准提升提供一定的思路与理论指导。     

不同淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为确定磷酸酯双淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,以鱼糜的凝胶强度、硬度、凝聚性、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性为测定指标,初步探究3种淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的影响。结果表明,添加3种淀粉均可以显著提高淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性,但是对淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝聚性和弹性影响不显著。3种淀粉中,磷酸酯双淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度影响最大,添加量为20%时,淡水鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度提高了70.75%;马铃薯淀粉对淡水鱼糜凝胶的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性影响最大,添加量为20%时,淡水鱼糜凝胶的硬度提高了71.77%,胶黏性增加至28.45N,咀嚼性提高了2.7倍。     

淀粉种类对兔肉肉糜凝胶品质的影响

以兔肉为原料制备兔肉肉糜凝胶,测定兔肉肉糜凝胶的持水性、凝胶强度、冻融损失、乳化稳定性等,研究不同种类的淀粉对兔肉肉糜凝胶品质特性的影响。结果表明:添加的4种淀粉均可以显著改善产品的持水性、凝胶强度、冻融损失,使产品有良好的乳化稳定性,显微结构图显示添加淀粉后凝胶的结构得到明显改善,网状结构更加致密有序。同时,淀粉的添加还能改善产品的感官品质。变性淀粉对肉糜凝胶品质的影响要优于天然淀粉。4种淀粉中玉米变性淀粉的效果最好。     

不同淀粉对肌纤维蛋白凝胶强度和微观结构的影响

将马铃薯、木薯、玉米和大米淀粉分别添加到肌原纤维蛋白溶液中,在不同温度下加热形成凝胶,利用质构仪和显微镜研究了不同淀粉对于肌纤维蛋白-淀粉复合凝胶的充填效应以及与加工温度的相关性。结果显示,蛋白-淀粉复合物(含有2%的蛋白质,0%～3%淀粉)在分别加热至60、70、80℃时形成的复合凝胶强度大多随淀粉浓度的增加而增加,且马铃薯木薯玉米大米淀粉,其中马铃薯和木薯淀粉在三种温度下均对复合凝胶强度有正面效应,玉米淀粉在60、70℃时既无正面也无反面效应,而大米淀粉在60、70℃时对复合凝胶有破坏效应。显微镜观察进一步证实了淀粉对于肌纤维蛋白-淀粉复合凝胶的充填效应与凝胶成胶时的淀粉糊化温度和颗粒大小具有相关性,淀粉颗粒越大,形成凝胶时的温度越接近或超过淀粉的糊化温度,淀粉对凝胶的支撑效应越好,所形成的复合凝胶的强度越大。本研究结果为进一步研究西式乳化肉制品中淀粉对凝胶机制的影响以及淀粉的利用和改造提供了一定的基础。     

单甘酯对小麦淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性的影响

为了提高小麦淀粉凝胶的冻融稳定性,研究了单硬脂酸甘油酯对小麦淀粉凝胶晶体结构、热力学特性及质构特性的影响。结果表明,X-射线衍射图显示样品中含有V-型结晶结构,说明单甘酯与淀粉结合形成了淀粉-单甘酯复合物;差示扫描量热仪测定显示,淀粉凝胶样品含有直链淀粉重结晶的熔融峰和淀粉-单甘酯复合物的熔融峰,复合物熔融焓显著小于淀粉凝胶熔融焓;经过5次冻融循环,小麦淀粉凝胶中淀粉分子发生了重结晶,淀粉凝胶的结晶度从15.37%增大至18.75%,而添加单甘酯形成复合物的淀粉凝胶结晶度从13.98%增大至17.35%;随着冻融循环增加,小麦淀粉凝胶中支链淀粉重结晶的熔融焓增加显著大于含复合物淀粉凝胶中支链淀粉重结晶的熔融焓增加,并且小麦淀粉凝胶硬度显著大于含复合物淀粉凝胶硬度。说明单甘酯与淀粉形成复合物能提高小麦淀粉凝胶的冻融稳定性。     

热稳定冰结构蛋白对小麦淀粉凝胶 冻融稳定性的影响

研究燕麦粉和女贞叶中热稳定冰结构蛋白(TSISP)对淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性的影响。应用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和质构仪分别研究燕麦粉、女贞叶TSISP对淀粉凝胶冻融后析水率、可冻结水含量、超微结构、硬度及弹性的影响。结果表明：冻融过程显著地增加淀粉凝胶析水率、可冻结水含量,严重地破坏淀粉凝胶超微结构、增加孔洞尺寸、减小孔洞均匀性,最后导致淀粉凝胶硬度明显增大,弹性明显减小;而燕麦粉和女贞叶中TSISP的添加显著地减小淀粉凝胶冻融后析水率和可冻结水含量,同时显著地改善淀粉凝胶超微结构,使得淀粉凝胶孔洞增大幅度明显得到抑制,孔洞均匀性更好,结果也对淀粉凝胶质构产生明显的改善效果,延缓硬度的增加和弹性的减小,使得冻融后淀粉凝胶的总体品质得以提高。     

亚麻籽胶对糯米淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性影响

为了解亚麻籽胶对糯米淀粉凝胶冻融稳定性的影响,利用差示扫描量热仪、X-射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电镜测定添加不同比例亚麻籽胶的糯米淀粉凝胶经过7次冻融循环后的热力学特性、结晶性、分子结构和微观结构。结果显示,亚麻籽胶能显著降低糯米淀粉凝胶的析水率;淀粉凝胶熔融焓/糊化焓降低显示糯米淀粉凝胶老化受抑制;随着亚麻籽胶添加量增大糯米淀粉凝胶相对结晶度降低,显示亚麻籽胶抑制了淀粉凝胶的重结晶;亚麻籽胶使淀粉凝胶羟基伸缩振动峰发生较大的位移,增强分子间氢键作用力,而没有生成新的基团;添加亚麻籽胶的淀粉凝胶微观结构表面光滑平整,凹洞较小,基质较紧密。说明亚麻籽胶能提高糯米淀粉凝胶的冻融稳定性。     

Gelatinization of Starch and Modified Starch

Gelatinization temperatures of starch and hydroxyethyl starch was determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy and viscography. The gelatinization temperature based on peak temperature of DSC is incorrect. Viscograph overestimates the gelatinization temperature. Hot stage microscopy based on visual observation gives the correct gelatinization temperature. DSC gives the heat of gelatinization which is helpful in estimating heat requirement during cooking of starch. Hydroxyethylation of starch reduces gelatinization temperature and heat of gelatinization for starch.     

糊化预处理对淀粉基木材胶特性的影响研究

研究了糊化预处理对淀粉胶剪切强度和低温储藏稳定性的影响。对比没有经过糊化预处理的淀粉胶,经过糊化预处理的淀粉胶的干强度提高了20.9%,湿强度提高了45.8%。耐低温稳定性实验证明糊化预处理可以增加淀粉胶通过冷藏-解冻循环的次数。动态时间扫描实验和XRD实验的结果证明了糊化预处理有利于削弱淀粉分子之间的氢键作用力,促进淀粉与单体之间发生接枝反应,致使接枝率提高了43.5%,接枝百分率提高了38.8%,显著提高了反应的接枝参数,从而改善了淀粉胶的粘结性能及结构稳定性。     

糊化条件对淀粉溶解度及性能的影响

考察了原淀粉和变性淀粉的取代度、糊化温度与时间和添加NaOH等糊化条件对淀粉溶解度的影响。并解析了溶解度与淀粉作用效果的关系。研究结果表明，糊化温度越高，淀粉的溶解度越大，糊化温度应在90~C以上。淀粉才能充分溶解；添加NaOH加速淀粉的糊化速度；变性淀粉的取代度和制备条件对其溶解度均有较大影响；延长糊化时间可提高阳离子淀粉的作用效果，而加碱糊化会降低阳离子淀粉的作用效果。     

小麦淀粉颗粒大小和糊化特性的相关性研究

本文探讨了小麦淀粉颗粒A型和B型直径的大小及颗粒形态对其糊化特性的影响.结果表明品种间A型淀粉颗粒直径越大,B型淀粉颗粒直径则越小;A型淀粉颗粒直径越大,淀粉则越难糊化;B型淀粉颗粒直径越大,淀粉则越易糊化;热力学参数顶点温度与热焓值间存在较大的正相关性.     

On the Possibility of Modifying the Gelatinization Properties of Starch by Lipid Surface Coating

The gelatinization properties of potato starch were modified by coating the surface of the starch granules with lipids by an aqueous dispersion of monoglyceride or an ethanol monoglyceride solution. The volumes of gels were smaller than those of the untreated starch. In the polarizing microscope it was observed that decreased disruption of starch granules in connection with gelatinization occurs with increasing amount of lipids present on the surface. The gelatinization enthalpy and the gelatinization temperature at a low water content measured by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) were not influenced by the lipid coating. A third endothermic transition, however, was observed for the lipid-coated starch. Freeze-drying, used in the preparation of the lipid-coated starch, was found to lower the gelatinization enthalpy as well as the gelatinization temperature.     

Reversibility of Salt Effects on the Thermal Stability of Potato Starch Granules

The reversibility of salt effects on the gelatinization of potato starch was investigated. Following the immersion of starch into sodium sulfate or sodium bromide solution, increase or decrease respectively in the structural stability of starch was noted. By washing salt-treated starch with water, the most retained salt was eliminated, and the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy resumed the values of the original control starch. Treating alternately with sodium sulfate and sodium bromide solution, the retained salt and gelatinization characteristics of starch changed reversibly depending on the kind of salt. The type of gelatinization behavior of starch in solutions containing different salts could be used to assess the magnitude of salt effects.     

Prediction of Degradability of Starch by Gelatinization Enthalpy as Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

It was investigated whether the degradability of starch could be predicted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Degradation of potato starch with a varying degree of gelatinization. of isolated starch of different origins, and of raw materials differing in origin and technological treatment was determined with α-amylase and bovine ruminal fluid. Gelatinization enthalpy and the gelatinization temperature of starch were determined by DSC. There was a good correlation between gelatinization enthalpy measured by DSC and degradation with α-amylase and ruminal fluid for potato starches with varying degrees of gelatinization and for isolated starch granules of different origins. For raw materials of different origins there was a good correlation between gelatinization enthalpy and degradation with α-amylase, whereas the correlation between gelatinization enthalpy and degradation with ruminal fluid was poor. There was a good correlation between gelatinization enthalpy and degradation with both α-amylase and ruminal fluid for (technologically treated) raw materials of one and the same origin. There was no relation between starch degradation and gelatinization temperature.     

改性玉米淀粉的物理化学研究

对天然玉米淀粉和五种化学改性玉米淀粉的糖化性质进行了比较。改性玉米淀粉包括下列五种,磷酸淀粉,交联磷酸淀粉,醋酸淀粉A,醋酸淀粉B和羟丙基淀粉。使用差热扫描量热计测定了糊化的热力学参数,同时用显微镜观察了糊化过程。研究表明,五种改性玉米淀粉的糊化热都比天然的玉米淀粉小,测量冷的淀粉糊的流动性质表明只有羟丙基玉米淀粉比天然玉米淀粉的帖度高。     

A Study on Degree of Starch Gelatinization in Cakes Baked in Three Different Ovens

The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of different baking ovens and different cake formulations on the degree of starch gelatinization during cake baking. Baking was performed in microwave, infrared–microwave combination, and conventional ovens. Starch gelatinization levels of fat free, 25% fat, and 25% Simplesse™-containing cake samples were examined using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Both DSC and RVA results showed that increasing baking time increased gelatinization level for all baking types significantly. It was also found that the effect of fat content on starch gelatinization was different depending on the type of baking. Addition of fat reduced the degree of starch gelatinization in conventional baking. However, fat enhanced the gelatinization in microwave and infrared–microwave combination ovens. Usage of Simplesse™ as a fat replacer decreased the starch gelatinization in all types of baking significantly. There was insufficient starch gelatinization in microwave-baked cakes in which the degree of gelatinization ranged from 55% to 78% depending on formulation. On the other hand, it ranged from 85% to 93% in conventionally baked cakes. Combining infrared with microwaves increased degree of starch gelatinization (70–90%).     

青香蕉微波干燥中淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的研究

明确微波干燥(Microwave drying,MD)过程中青香蕉水分迁移与其淀粉糊化行为的关系及其对淀粉消化特性的作用,以青香蕉片为研究对象,设计不同微波功率密度,研究青香蕉MD干燥特性、淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的变化.结果表明微波功率密度和MD时间对青香蕉中淀粉糊化行为和消化特性影响显著.当青香蕉含水率高于45％,在...