改性淀粉与乙烯基单体的接枝共聚反应

以过硫酸铵为引发剂研究了物理改性淀粉分别与醋酸乙烯酯和丙烯酸的接枝共聚反应。红外光谱验证了接枝共聚反应的发生。探讨了单体浓度，引发剂浓度，淀粉浓度，反应温度和反应时间等因素对接枝效率的影响。实验结果证明，淀粉与醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚反应的最佳条件是：单体浓度为3.90mol/L，引发剂浓为7.67mmol/L，反应温度为70℃，反应时间为3h；淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应的最佳条件是：单体浓度为2.50mol/L，引发剂浓度为3.0mmol/L，反应温度为60℃，反应时间为3h。     

玉米秸秆基高吸水性树脂的合成及其性能的研究

采用水溶液聚合法将丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基化铵(DAC)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)3种单体接枝到纤维素骨架中合成玉米秸秆基两性高吸水性树脂。研究单体用量、秸秆用量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和中和度对高吸水性树脂吸液率的影响。通过扫描电镜图、红外光谱图对其形貌进行表征。实验结果表明,在秸秆、AA、AM、DAC的质量分别为1、5、1和0.5g,引发剂用量占单体比率为1.2%,交联剂用量占单体总量比率为0.1%,中和度为75%,反应时间为3h,反应温度为60℃的合成条件下,制备的高吸水性树脂(SAR)吸液率达最大,其吸水率为235.9g/g,0.9%NaCl溶液的吸收率为31.3g/g。     

α-甲基丙烯酸接枝ABS树脂的研究

以过氧化二苯甲酰（BPO）为引发剂,在1,2－二氯乙烷溶液中进行了α－甲基丙烯酸接枝ABS树脂,经红外光谱分析表明,α－甲基丙烯酸已接枝到ABS树脂上,研究了单体浓度,引发剂浓度,反应时间和反应温度对接枝聚合物接枝率,凝胶率等的影响。根据实验结果,推测终止反应主要为接枝链间的偶合终止。     

桉木纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂的条件优化

实验采用部分析因设计探讨对桉木纸浆纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂的影响因素,并对主要影响因素进行L9(34)正交实验优化最佳制备条件。桉木纸浆纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂的主要显著影响因素按照影响程度排序为反应温度、引发剂用量、中和度及交联剂用量。桉木纸浆纤维素与丙烯酸及其钠盐接枝共聚的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度60℃,引发剂用量1.0%,中和度70%,交联剂用量0.05%,此条件下制备的高吸水树脂吸水倍率为521g/g。红外光谱图显示,丙烯酸已经成功的接枝到桉木纸浆纤维素分子上。     

淀粉与乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸乙酯的合成与应用研究

以玉米淀粉为接枝骨架,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯酸乙酯(EA)和乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)为接枝单体,进行接枝共聚,制备淀粉基木材胶粘剂.研究了反应时间、反应温度、引发剂用量以及两单体配比对淀粉与丙烯酸乙酯-乙酸乙烯酯接枝共聚反应的影响.结果表明,当引发荆浓度9.7×10-3mol/L、反应温度65℃、反应时间3h、VAc和EA体积比为6:4时,可得到较高的接枝效率和接枝率.     

甲基丙烯酸与木薯淀粉接技共聚反应研究

以硝酸铈铵为引发剂，以南方地区特有的木薯淀粉与部分中和的甲基丙烯酸接枝共聚。研究了单体转化率、淀粉接枝率和接枝效率与甲基丙烯酸浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度和时间、甲基丙烯酸中和度之间的关系。实验结果表明，单体浓度为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，引发剂浓度为１．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ反应温度为５０℃，反应时间２ｈ，中和度＞８０％时，单体转化率和接枝率较高，单体中和度对接枝反应影响显著。     

淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的性能研究

采用间歇法制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸的高吸水树脂,用红外光谱及XRD对共聚物结构进行了表征。在氧化淀粉的基础上探讨了引发剂用量、交联剂用量等反应条件的不同对吸水率、吸盐水率的影响并考察了交联剂用量对淀粉接枝率、接枝效率的影响。结果表明,引发剂用量占单体用量0.6%,交联剂用量占单体用量的0.8%,此时,树脂的吸水率最大,可达到每克树脂重量的562倍,吸盐水率可达到每克树脂重量的136倍,并且此时接枝效率可达98.28%。     

淀粉接枝系高吸水吸油树脂的合成

对淀粉与丙烯酸等接枝共聚制备高吸水吸油树脂进行了初步的研究,采用乳液聚合的方法,以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,以丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为单体,研究了单体配比,引发剂用量,淀粉与单体比,交联剂用量等对淀粉改性制备高吸水吸油树脂性能的影响因素.     

医用纱布与丙烯酸、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺混合单体接枝共聚的研究

以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,将丙烯酸(AA)和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)混合单体与医用纱布进行非均相接枝共聚,讨论了聚合温度和时间、引发剂浓度、单体浓度及配比对接枝共聚反应的影响,对接枝后的纱布进行保水性测试,发现在医用纱布上接枝含亲水性基团的丙烯酸和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺混合单体,可以改善纱布的吸湿保水性能.     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水性树脂

用硝酸铈铵作引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂及引发剂用量、中和度、反应温度以及反应时间等对吸水率的影响。得到的最佳反应条件为:交联剂和引发剂与丙烯酸的摩尔比分别为0.95×10-5和4.8×1-0 3,中和度71%,反应温度45℃,反应时间2 h。制得的高吸水树脂在室温下30 m in每克吸蒸馏水和自来水分别约为其自身质量的1000和200倍。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...