溶胶-凝胶法制备聚酰亚胺/SiO2杂化薄膜及性能研究

以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酸酐(6FDA)为二酐单体,4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)为二胺单体,采用无水溶胶-凝胶法制备聚酰亚胺(PI)/二氧化硅(SiO_2)杂化薄膜(PI-SiO_2)。将3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(APS)通过化学键合连接到PI分子链上,使SiO_2颗粒在PI基体中均匀分散。研究了PI-SiO_2杂化薄膜的光学性能和热学性能。随着SiO_2含量的增加,PI-SiO_2杂化薄膜的黄色指数明显降低。在SiO_2添加量为40%(wt,质量分数)条件下,制得的PI-SiO_2的玻璃化转变温度最高为314.7℃,热膨胀系数(CTE)为27.65×10-6/℃,具有较好的热性能。     

ITO/TiO2-xNx/NiO复合电极制备及其光电化学性能

以三乙胺为氮源,钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂TiO2,并用旋涂法制备ITO导电玻璃为基材的氮掺杂TiO2薄膜,经300℃、400℃、500℃处理制得ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜。采用XRD、XPS、SEM和UV-Vis吸收光谱等对样品进行表征,并进行光电化学性能测定,结果表明500℃处理制得的ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜具有最佳的光电催化性能。进一步采用化学沉积法在ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜表面上沉积多孔NiO薄膜,制得ITO/TiO2-xNx/NiO复合薄膜,研究表明该复合薄膜具有很好的光电致色特性及储放电性能,可应用于光电致变色和光电能量储存领域。     

蓖麻油-SiO2复合改性AZ91镁合金环氧有机涂层防腐性能研究

采用化学浸渍法在AZ91镁合金表面制备磷酸盐转化膜,继而进行环氧有机涂层制备,在环氧涂层中,分别添加了不同用量的纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)和蓖麻油。并对制得的蓖麻油-二氧化硅复合改性AZ91镁合金环氧有机涂层进行表征,考察了蓖麻油和纳米SiO_2加入量及两者共同改性对复合有机涂层防腐性能的影响。结果表明,在蓖麻油添加量为3%(wt,质量分数),纳米SiO_2用量为1%(wt,质量分数)条件下,两者共同改性的复合环氧有机涂层的腐蚀电位达到-0.732V,阻抗可达到220.5MΩ,对基底具有较好的防护作用。     

新型石墨烯-聚苯胺-银基电极复合材料的制备及性能研究

目的设计一个低成本条件下成熟高效制备石墨烯-聚苯胺-银基复合电极材料的工艺路线。方法研究石墨烯的制备工艺以及石墨烯与聚苯胺、银粒子的复合效果,将石墨烯与苯胺、银粒子通过原位聚合的方法制得石墨烯-聚苯胺-银复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换-红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、循环伏安法(CV)和恒电流充放电法(GCD)对石墨烯和石墨烯-聚苯胺-银复合材料的形貌、结构和电化学性能进行分析研究。结果 SEM、FT-IR、XRD等测试表明,聚苯胺类衍生物、石墨烯以及银粒子在整个复合材料中共存。结论 CV和GCD的测试结果表明复合材料有优良的电化学性能,比电容最高可达到293 F/g。     

复合电极中聚苯胺含量对超级电容器电化学性能的影响

采用原位复合法和界面聚合法分别制备了纤维状的聚苯胺/乙炔炭黑复合材料和聚苯胺,讨论了复合电极中聚苯胺含量对超级电容器电化学性能的影响。研究表明,复合电极材料中聚苯胺的含量不是影响其电化学性能的决定性因素。聚苯胺/乙炔炭黑复合电极(直径约200nm)在5mA/cm2和1mol/L的H2SO4溶液中首次充放电单电极比电容高达432F/g,该值比聚苯胺含量高的复合电极和直径相近纯聚苯胺电极的单极比电容值354和416F/g都高。     

P(St-co-AA)聚合物模板法制备中空SiO2微球研究

以无皂乳液聚合法制备的苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸(AA)阴离子型无规共聚物[P(St-co-AA)]微球为模板,不经过分离和离心、表面改性等任何后处理过程,采用溶胶-凝胶方法直接进行二氧化硅(SiO_2)包覆,成功制得中空SiO_2微球。探究了氨水用量、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)用量以及不同AA用量对中空SiO_2微球的影响,并对制得的SiO_2微球进行了表征。研究结果表明,制得的中空SiO_2微球分散性优异,体系中无SiO_2实心小粒子,粒径均一,表面形貌呈树莓状,微球壁厚可控制在5～30nm范围内。     

石墨烯-聚苯胺复合氨敏膜的制备及应用

以石墨烯和苯胺为原料,采用原位自组装技术制备了石墨烯-聚苯胺(PANI)复合氨敏膜。利用紫外-可见光谱、扫描电镜对薄膜结构、微观形貌进行了表征;测试了基于复合薄膜的氨气传感器的响应性能;分析了薄膜与氨气分子的作用机理,并研究了石墨烯掺杂量和制备工艺对薄膜性能的影响。结果表明,石墨烯-聚苯胺复合薄膜对氨气具有良好的响应,其气敏特性明显优于单一的石墨烯薄膜和石墨烯/聚苯胺分层薄膜,分析认为石墨烯不仅为苯胺聚合提供了基体(成核模板),增大复合薄膜的比表面积,同时对聚苯胺具有掺杂作用,在复合薄膜中形成了π-π共轭结构。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料修饰碳糊电极测定镉(Ⅱ)离子

采用原位聚合法制备石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行了表征;并将制得的石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料作为化学修饰剂制成石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料修饰碳糊电极,利用三电极体系循环伏安法,在NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液中测定镉离子(Cd~(2+))的电化学行为。结果表明:石墨烯/聚苯胺(GSs/PANI)复合材料提高了碳糊电极的电化学性能,使其对Cd~(2+)的电化学响应和选择性均得到提高。在石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料质量分数为0.5%,pH=10.75的NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液的最佳检测条件下,Cd~(2+)的响应电流与Cd~(2+)的浓度在1.0×10-8~2.0×10-5 mol·L-1的范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9939,检出限为2.246×10-8 mol·L-1。     

SiO_2/纤维素复合气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用纤维素为原料,氢氧化锂(LiOH)/尿素/水(H_2O)体系为溶剂,硅酸钠(Na_2SiO_3)为硅源,在纤维素凝胶骨架中原位合成纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2),制得SiO_2/纤维素复合气凝胶,并考察了SiO_2对其结构和性能的影响。结果表明,SiO_2/纤维素复合气凝胶不仅保持了纯纤维素气凝胶的骨架结构,同时SiO_2显著增加了气凝胶的比表面积,改善了力学性能,在SiO_2用量为47.27%(wt,质量分数)条件下,SiO_2/纤维素复合气凝胶的比表面积高达528m~2/g,压缩模量为6.18MPa。     

核壳结构WO_3/V_2O_5纳米线复合薄膜的制备及其电致变色性能研究

采用溶剂热法在氟掺杂的锡氧化物导电玻璃衬底上成功合成制备了长度为400~2000 nm,从基底(80 nm)到尖端(30 nm)锥状塔式WO_3纳米线薄膜,进而通过电化学沉积法在WO_3纳米线表面均匀沉积V_2O_5纳米颗粒,从而得到核壳结构WO_3/V_2O_5纳米线复合薄膜。运用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等手段对复合薄膜进行表征,并运用循环伏安法、计时电流法和紫外可见光谱分析研究了该复合薄膜的电化学性能和光学性能。结果表明,与单一的V_2O_5薄膜相比,该复合薄膜的电致变色性能获得了显著增强。具有更好的循环稳定性、更大的透射率调制幅度(776 nm为67%)和更高的着色效率(776nm为13.5 cm2/C)。该法制备WO_3/V_2O_5核壳纳米结构电致变色综合性能优良,有望在隐身材料和智能变色薄膜材料等领域得到广泛应用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.