蚁群算法求解多维0／1背包问题

0／1背包问题是一类典型的组合优化问题，并且是NP-完全的问题，研究它具有很重要的意义。本文针对多维0／1背包问题的特点，设计了二进制编码的有向图，使得蚁群算法可以应用到背包问题上。仿真结果表明，该蚁群算法在求解多维0／1背包问题上的是相当出色的。     

Solving two-dimensional cutting stock problem via a DNA computing algorithm

Two-dimensional cutting stock problem (TDCSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem in which a given set of two-dimensional small pieces with different shapes should be cut from a given main board so that the demand of each small piece is satisfied and the total waste is minimized. Since TDCSP is an NP-complete problem, it is unsolvable in polynomial time on electronic computers. However, using the structure of DNA molecules, DNA computing algorithms are capable to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time. In this paper, a DNA computing algorithm based on the sticker model is presented to find the optimal solution to TDCSP. It is proved that the time complexity of this algorithm on DNA computers is polynomial considering the number of small pieces and the length and width of the main board.

     

基于群体智能的0/1背包问题求解研究进展

0/1背包问题是运筹学中一个经典组合优化NP问题。在简要介绍0/1背包问题基础上,分析展望了0/1背包问题的应用前景。结合已有研究成果,总结并详细分析了蚁群算法、微粒群算法等群体智能算法在0/1背包问题求解方面具有的较好收敛速度、健壮性、稳定性、算法简单等优点。最后,针对群体智能算法在求解0/1背包问题过程中所出现的缺陷,提出了群体智能算法在0/1背包问题求解需要进一步解决的几个问题。     

遗传算法在旅行商问题的研究与应用

旅行商问题（TSP）是一类典型的非确定性多项式（NP）完全组合优化问题.针对基本遗传算法在求解这类问题时容易出现局部收敛现象,提出了改进,采用轮盘赌和优秀个体复制相结合的方法进行选择,对11个城市的旅行商问题进行研究,通过比较发现取得良好的收敛,该方法在解决很多NP完全组合优化问题上同样适用.     

Application of formal languages in polynomial transformations of instances between NP-complete problems

We propose the usage of formal languages for expressing instances of NP-complete problems for their application in polynomial transformations. The proposed approach, which consists of using formal language theory for polynomial transformations, is more robust, more practical, and faster to apply to real problems than the theory of polynomial transformations. In this paper we propose a methodology for transforming instances between NP-complete problems, which differs from Garey and Johnson’s. Unlike most transformations which are used for proving that a problem is NP-complete based on the NP-completeness of another problem, the proposed approach is intended for extrapolating some known characteristics, phenomena, or behaviors from a problem A to another problem B. This extrapolation could be useful for predicting the performance of an algorithm for solving B based on its known performance for problem A, or for taking an algorithm that solves A and adapting it to solve B.     

Generalized quadratic multiple knapsack problem and two solution approaches

The Quadratic Knapsack Problem (QKP) is one of the well-known combinatorial optimization problems. If more than one knapsack exists, then the problem is called a Quadratic Multiple Knapsack Problem (QMKP). Recently, knapsack problems with setups have been considered in the literature. In these studies, when an item is assigned to a knapsack, its setup cost for the class also has to be accounted for in the knapsack. In this study, the QMKP with setups is generalized taking into account the setup constraint, assignment conditions and the knapsack preferences of the items. The developed model is called Generalized Quadratic Multiple Knapsack Problem (G-QMKP). Since the G-QMKP is an NP-hard problem, two different meta-heuristic solution approaches are offered for solving the G-QMKP. The first is a genetic algorithm (GA), and the second is a hybrid solution approach which combines a feasible value based modified subgradient (F-MSG) algorithm and GA. The performances of the proposed solution approaches are shown by using randomly generated test instances. In addition, a case study is realized in a plastic injection molding manufacturing company. It is shown that the proposed hybrid solution approach can be successfully used for assigning jobs to machines in production with plastic injection, and good solutions can be obtained in a reasonable time for a large scale real-life problem.     

基于蜂群遗传算法的0-1背包问题

针对0-1背包问题,本文提出了基于蜂群遗传算法的优化求解方案。该算法包括两个种群,一个主要用于全局搜索,另一个主要用于局部搜索;每个个体采用二进制编码;采用最优个体交叉策略;对当前解的处理措施是将还未装入背包且性价比最好的物品装进背包,直至不能装为止;不符合约束条件的解采用诱变因子指导变异处理;遗传算子包括单点交叉算子、简单变异算子、主动进化算子和抑制算子。本算法充分发挥了遗传算法的群体搜索和全局收敛的特性,快速地并行搜索,有效地克服了经典遗传算法容易陷入局部最优问题。数值实验表明,该算法在求解0-1背包问题中取得了较好的效果,同样可以应用于其它的组合优化问题。     

Greedy algorithms for a class of knapsack problems with binary weights

In this article we identify a class of two-dimensional knapsack problems with binary weights and related three-criteria unconstrained combinatorial optimization problems that can be solved in polynomial time by greedy algorithms. Starting from the knapsack problem with two equality constraints we show that this problem can be solved efficiently by using an appropriate partitioning of the items with respect to their binary weights. Based on the results for this problem we derive an algorithm for the three-criteria unconstrained combinatorial optimization problem with two binary objectives that explores the connectedness of the set of efficient knapsacks with respect to a combinatorial definition of adjacency. Furthermore, we prove that our approach is asymptotically optimal and provide extensive computational experiments that shows that we can solve the three-criteria problem with up to one million items in less than half an hour. Finally, we derive an efficient algorithm for the two-dimensional knapsack problems with binary constraints that only takes into account the results we obtained for the unconstrained three-criteria problem with binary weights.     

On the computational complexity of combinatorial flexibility problems

The concept of flexibility – originated in the context of heat exchanger networks design – is associated with a substructure which allows the same optimal value on the substructure (for example an optimal flow) as in the whole structure, for all the costs in a given range of costs. In this work, we extend the concept of flexibility to general combinatorial optimization problems, and prove several computational complexity results in this new framework. Under some monotonicity conditions, we prove that a combinatorial optimization problem can be polynomially reduced to its associated flexibility problem. However, the minimum cut, maximum weighted matching and shortest path problems have NP-complete associated flexibility problems. In order to obtain polynomial flexibility problems, we have to restrict ourselves to combinatorial optimization problems on matroids.     

Solving the set cover problem on a supercomputer

Supercomputers, such as CRAY-1, CRAY X-MP, CYBER 205, ETA10, … etc, have been regularly used for solving numerical problems. It is very rare that supercomputers are used to solve combinatorial problems. In this paper, we present an efficient vectorized algorithm to solve the set cover problem, which was proved to be NP-complete, on a supercomputer, ETA10-Q108. This algorithm fully utilizes vector instructions. Experiments are performed both on ETA10-Q108 and VAX/8550 for comparison. It takes VAX/8550 1174.5 seconds to solve a set of problem instances while it takes ETA10-Q108 only 26.6 seconds to solve the same set of problems. For a problem instance involving 7000 elements in a set, it takes 47.74 seconds for the supercomputer to solve it. If VAX/8550 is used, it will need roughly 15 hours. Thus we conclude that it is quite feasible to solve the set cover problem by using supercomputers.     

Multiobjective combinatorial optimization problems with a cost and several bottleneck objective functions: An algorithm with reoptimization

This paper addresses multicriteria combinatorial optimization problems involving one cost and several bottleneck objective functions. An algorithm is developed which generates the minimal complete set of Pareto-optimal solutions. This algorithm runs in polynomial time as long as the single objective problem considering only the cost function can be solved polynomially. A reoptimization procedure is used to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. Applications are given. Computational results on randomly generated instances and planar grid graphs concerning the minimum cost spanning tree and the shortest path problem are presented.     

近乎最佳的Manhattan型Steiner树近似算法

求解最佳的Manhattan型Steiner树问题(minimum rectilinear Steiner tree,简记为MRST问题)是在VLSI布线、网络通信中所遇到的组合优化问题,同时也是一个NP-难解问题.该文给出对该问题的O(n²)时间复杂性的近似算法.该算法在最坏情况下的近似比严格小于3/2.计算机实验结果表明,所求得的支撑树的平均费用与最佳算法的平均费用仅相差0.8%.该算法稍加修改,可应用到三维或多维的Manhattan空间对Steiner问题求解,且易于在并行与分布式环境下编程实现     

基于有导向变异算子求解多维背包问题

多维背包问题(MKP)是经典的NP难的组合优化问题。引入有导向变异算子的进化算法GM-EA(Guided Mutation EA)来求解该问题,通过结合粒子群优化的方法改进郭涛算法,更好地利用种群中的全局信息,取得较好的效果。实验结果表明GM-EA是求解MKP有效的算法。     

求解QoS组播路由问题的改进型量子进化算法

QoS组播路由问题是一个非线性的组合优化问题,已证明了该问题是NP完全问题。提出一种将基于量子计算原理的量子进化算法用于此类问题求解的算法,该算法对基本的量子进化算法进行改进,采用进化方程对量子门进行调整,采用量子变异阻止未成熟收敛,使之更适合于QoS组播路由的求解。仿真结果显示,该算法能快速搜索并收敛到全局（近似）最优解,且随着网络规模的增大算法保持了良好的特性,在寻优速度上与解的质量上优于其他进化算法与基本的量子进化算法。     

Independence results about context-free languages and lower bounds

We show that for any axiomatizable, sound formal system F there exist instances of natural problems about context-free languages, lower bounds of computations and P versus NP that are not provable in F for any recursive representation of these problems. Most previous independence results in computer science have been proven for specific representations of the problems, by exploiting the ‘opaqueness’ of Turing machine names. Our results rely on the complexity of the logical structure of the problem and yield independence results which do not depend on the representations of problems. We show, for example, that there exists a nonregular context-free language L₀ such that for no cf-grammar G, L(G) = L₀, it is provable in F that “L(G) is not regular”. We also show, among other results about P and NP, that there exists a recursive oracle A such that NP^A ≠ P^A, and that this fact is not provable in F for any recursive representation of A.

The difference of what is and is not provable in F is well illustrated by questions about polynomial time isomorphisms (p-isomorphisms) of NP-complete sets. We show that for every NP-complete set, L, there is a representation of L by a nondeterministic polynomial time machine for which we can prove that L is NP-complete. Furthermore, if L is p-isomorphic to SAT, then this is also provable in F for some representation of L. On the other hand, if there exist NP-complete sets not p-isomorphic to SAT, then there exists an NP-complete set L for which, independent of its representation, there is no proof in F that L is or is not p-isomorphic to SAT.     

基于GC-GM的多序列比对穷举遗传算法

多序列比对问题是生物信息学中尚未解决的一个NP完全的组合优化问题。通过对重新组装的空位矩阵进行遗传操作来实现最优比对,设计了一个新型的基于GC-GM的多序列比对穷举遗传算法。从BAliBASE 比对数据库中选取了一些比对例子进行了模拟计算,并与Clustal-W算法进行了比较,实验表明该算法是有效的。     

背包问题的基因学习优化算法

背包问题是典型的NP完全问题，针对背包问题，给出一种新的基于基因学习思想的求解算法。基因学习算法是在PBIL算法与自私基因算法基础上提出的一种适应性和搜索能力更强的优化算法。试验取得较好的效果，表明该算法加快收敛速度和提高全局寻优能力。     

基于遗传算法的多用户检测技术分析

CDMA移动通信系统中的最优多用户检测问题是一个NP完备组合优化问题,遗传算法是求解这类问题的有效方法。通过分析CDMA系统多用户检测模型,对几种基于不同遗传算法的多用户检测方法的检测性能进行了实验仿真。仿真结果表明：基于多种群并行进化的分布式遗传算法更适合于多用户检测技术,具有较低的误码率和较强的抗远近效应能力。     

The complexity of analog computation

We ask if analog computers can solve NP-complete problems efficiently. Regarding this as unlikely, we formulate a strong version of Church's Thesis: that any analog computer can be simulated efficiently (in polynomial time) by a digital computer. From this assumption and the assumption that P ≠ NP we can draw conclusions about the operation of physical devices used for computation.An NP-complete problem, 3-sat, is reduced to the problem of checking whether a feasible point is a local optimum of an optimization problem. A mechanical device is proposed for the solution of this problem. It encodes variables as shaft angles and uses gears and smooth cams. If we grant Strong Church's Thesis, that P ≠ NP, and a certain “Downhill Principle” governing the physical behavior of the machine, we conclude that it cannot operate successfully while using only polynomial resources.We next prove Strong Church's Thesis for a class of analog computers described by well-behaved ordinary differential equations, which we can take as representing part of classical mechanics.We conclude with a comment on the recently discovered connection between spin glasses and combinatorial optimization.     

求解多背包问题的人工鱼群算法

多背包问题是出现在现实世界中许多领域的一个NP-hard组合优化问题。提出一种基于人工鱼觅食,追尾、聚群等行为的求解多背包问题的优化算法。针对多约束导致大量非可行解的产生而使算法性能劣化的问题,采用基于启发式规则的调整算子,使人工鱼始终在可行解域中寻优。数值实验结果表明,提出的算法能够快速搜索到最优解。算法对其他有约束组合优化问题也具有应用价值。