Note on axis-symmetric jet mixing of compressible dusty fluid

Summary Laminar jet mixing of a compressible dusty fluid issuing from a circular opening has been considered. Assuming that the jet mixing is under full expansion, the governing equations have been linearised and solved by successively using Hankel and Laplace transform techniques. Numerical computations of the integrals giving velocity, temperature and density of both the fluid and particle phase have been made to discuss results. The increase in the concentration of dust particles results in width of the jet is greater for compressible flow. The compressible dusty jet does not cool as fast as a compressible jet of clear fluid. The particle concentration decreases along the axial direction but increases towards the free jet boundary.     

多级冲压泵固液两相流冲蚀特性

基于离散相模型和标准k-ε湍流模型,对多级冲压泵首级和次级流场进行数值模拟。计算不同固相颗粒质量浓度时的外特性和过流部件冲蚀特性,分析颗粒体积分数分布、流场速度和颗粒运动轨迹,研究其对冲蚀特性的影响。结果表明:随着颗粒浓度的上升,冲压泵的单级扬程和效率线性衰减,当颗粒质量浓度为90 kg/m^3时,单级扬程下降6.89%,效率下降6.95%;叶轮和导叶的冲蚀率与颗粒质量浓度指数正相关,叶片与后盖板的连接处、导叶叶片转弯部分的磨损率最高;较高的颗粒浓度与冲击速度、更为频繁的颗粒冲击是造成上述区域较高的冲蚀率的主要原因。     

Modeling mass loading effects in industrial cyclones by a combined Eulerian–Lagrangian approach

Cyclone separation is studied by means of numerical simulations. While the gas flow is modeled by a modified Reynolds stress (RS) model, the behavior of the particles is pictured by a combined Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. A mono-disperse Eulerian particle phase is utilized to account for inter-particle collisions, while the effects of fractional separation and particle-wall collisions are considered by poly-disperse Lagrangian particles. The above particle models interact in two ways. On the one hand, the Lagrangian particles determine the local mean diameter of the substitute Eulerian particle class. On the other hand, especially in regions of high particle concentration, the Eulerian particle phase exerts an additional collisional force onto the Lagrangian particle trajectories. An industrial cyclone is chosen as a test case and the numerical results are evaluated with respect to pressure drop as well as to global and fractional separation efficiency. In this context the influence of the cyclone’s mass loading and wall roughness is highlighted. Simulations indicate that the separation efficiency improves with increasing mass loading until an excess loading is reached while at the same time the pressure drop is reduced. Furthermore, it can be shown that rough walls lead to a reduction of separation efficiency while simultaneously the pressure drop decreases. The simulations results are compared with both an analytic theory of Muschelknautz [Die Berechnung von Zykonabscheidern für Gase. Chem Ing Techn 44, (1+2):63–71, 1972] as well as with real plant measurements.     

FORMATION OF FILTER CAKES WITH PARTICLE PENETRATION AT THE FILTER SEPTUM

The mass of solid particles entering the formation is an important factor in industrial cake filtration operations. Predictions of the concentration at the filter septum require the ability to predict the mass transport of solid particles under variety of conditions.

This study analyzes cake formation, including particle penetration at the filter septum. In addition to the total instantaneous mass balance equation, mass balance equations for captured and suspended particles and the fluid phase are averaged along the cake thickness taking into account conditions at the surface and the septum. Capture mechanisms, such as surface straining, and internal cake erosion and particle capture are included in the analysis.

The results are ordinary differential equations in terms of thickness, concentration of suspended particles in the filtrate, average particle concentration, average porosity, and such operational parameters, as slurry concentration, injection rate, and volumetric solid fraction.

To test tbe validity of the analysis presented here, the numerical results are compared to results for a simplified case. The conclusions from the sensitivity analysis conducted in this study agree with earlier conclusions. Results show that the concentration of suspended particles in the filtrate increases rapidly and then decreases gradually until it reaches zero after 13 hours. This yields that after 13 hours we have a clear filtrate.     

Comparison of solid particle erosion predictions using the dense discrete phase and discrete element models

A numerical procedure involving the dense discrete phase model (DDPM) is used to calculate solid particle erosion. DDPM works in two mechanisms. First, the discrete particles are treated as a pseudofluid, and the interaction among particles is evaluated by solving the governing equations of the pseudofluid. Second, the equivalent pressure of the pseudofluid is applied to a single particle to reflect the blocking effect of high-concentration particles. The numerical procedure is well verified by comparison with the experimental data picked from a direct impact test. In addition, the DDPM predictions are compared with the discrete element model (DEM) predictions in detail. Both methods show that the predicted mass loss caused by sand per unit mass decreases with an increase in sand concentration. DDPM indirectly considers the influence of particle interactions on solid particle erosion, and the predicted erosion contours are more uniform and smoother than the DEM-predicted contours.     

波纹翅片管换热器表面粉尘沉积特性的实验研究

空调器室外换热器大多采用波纹翅片管,因使用过程中表面积灰而导致性能下降。本文通过搭建积灰可视化实验台来观测粉尘的分布特征并测定沉积量,研究波纹翅片管换热器表面的粉尘沉积特性。其中测试样件的翅片间距范围为1.6~3.2mm,喷粉浓度范围为80~280 kg/m~3,风速范围为1~3 m/s,喷粉时间为15~90 s。研究表明,粉尘主要沉积在换热器迎风面的翅片前缘处以及换热管的迎风面上;翅片间距小时易于粉尘沉积,翅片间距为1.6 mm样件上的单位面积粉尘沉积量较3.2 mm样件最多增加了52%;提高喷粉浓度会增加粉尘沉积,喷粉浓度为280 kg/m~3下的单位面积粉尘沉积量较80 kg/m~3最多增加了88.2%;高风速能够抑制粉尘沉积,风速为3 m/s下的单位面积粉尘沉积量较1 m/s最多下降了6.3%。     

The effects of temperature, volume fraction and vibration time on the thermo-physical properties of a carbon nanotube suspension (carbon nanofluid)

In this investigation, nanofluids of carbon nanotubes are prepared and the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of these fluids are measured using a thin layer technique as a function of time of ultrasonication, temperature, and volume fraction. It has been observed that after using the ultrasonic disrupter, the size of agglomerated particles and number of primary particles in a particle cluster was significantly decreased and that the thermal conductivity increased with elapsed ultrasonication time. The clustering of carbon nanotubes was also confirmed microscopically. The strong dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on temperature and volume fraction of nanofluids was attributed to Brownian motion and the interparticle potential, which influences the particle motion. The effect of temperature will become much more evident with an increase in the volume fraction and the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, as observed experimentally. The data obtained from this work have been compared with those of other studies and also with mathematical models at present proven for suspensions. Using a 2.5% volumetric concentration of carbon nanotubes resulted in a 20% increase in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid (ethylene glycol).The volumetric heat capacity also showed a pronounced increase with respect to that of the pure base fluid.     

Size-dependent gas sensing properties of indium oxide nanoparticle layers

In2O3 nanoparticle layers having an average size of 8, 11, 15, 21, and 29 nm have been deposited using a two-step method consisting of chemical capping and dip coating techniques. The gas sensing properties in terms of sensor response and response time of the nanoparticle layers towards ethanol have been studied as a function of ethanol concentration and operating temperature. It has been observed that the sensor response increases and the response time decreases with decreasing size in the size range of 5-15 nm. The increase in sensor response at smaller nanoparticle size has been explained in terms of the increase in surface area and particle size becoming comparable to the electron Debye length.     

溶剂热合成Sn掺杂的纳米ZnO光催化剂及其光催化性能

以苯甲醇为反应介质,Zn(OAC)2.2H2O和SnCl4.5H2O为原料,利用溶剂热的方法,在温和条件下制备了一系列不同Sn掺杂含量的纳米ZnO光催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)和光致发光(PL)谱技术对样品进行了表征,并在紫外光下对催化剂降解亚甲基蓝的光催化性能进行了评价.研究结果表明,合成的样品均具有较好的结晶性能.当Sn掺杂的质量分数为5%时得到分散性能最好且粒径分布均匀的20 nm左右的纳米粒子,但Sn含量的进一步增加导致样品分散性下降;PL的分析则表明,Sn的加入使荧光发射光谱主峰位置蓝移并对峰强度产生影响,当掺杂Sn的质量分数为5%时,由氧空位产生的荧光发射光谱谱峰的强度最弱.光催化降解亚甲基蓝测试表明,当Sn质量分数为5%时,活性最好,为纯ZnO的1.4倍左右,这主要是由于适量Sn的存在可以抑制光生电子与空穴的复合几率和改善催化剂的物理性能.     

Mass transfer correlation for phenol biodegradation in a fluidized bed bioreactor

Experiments have been carried out in a draft tube fluidized bed bioreactor to study biodegradation of synthetic wastewater containing phenol. The microorganism employed in the study Psuedomonas putida has been immobilized on solid support particles. Studies have been carried out at different feed concentrations of phenol, air flow rates and feed flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient for phenol transfer from bulk phase to the surface of the biofilm on the solid particle has been estimated from observed experimental data using the conservation equations. The mass transfer coefficient was found to be in the range of 0.0726 x 10(-5) to 0.2012 x 10(-5) m s(-1). It was found to increase with increase in feed concentration, air flow rate and feed flow rate. A dimensionless correlation has been developed for the mass transfer coefficient in terms of Sherwood, Reynolds and Schmidt numbers, and the same has been compared with correlations available in literature.     

Finite element analysis of combined heat and mass transfer in hydromagnetic micropolar flow along a stretching sheet

This paper presents a finite element solution of the problem of heat and mass transfer in a hydromagnetic flow of a micropolar fluid past a stretching sheet. The transformed equations for the flow regime are solved numerically by using finite element method. The effect of important parameters namely magnetic field parameter, material parameter, Eckert number and Schmidt number over velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration functions has been studied. It has been observed that the magnetic field parameter has the effect of reducing the velocity and increasing the microrotation, temperature and concentration while the micropolar parameter has the opposite effect on these functions except temperature function. Temperature increases with the increase in Eckert number and concentration decreases with the increase in Schmidt number.     

Eulerian–Lagrangian method for three-dimensional simulation of fluidized bed coal gasification

A comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model has been developed to simulate the coal gasification in a fluidized bed gasifier. The methodology is based on the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) model, which uses an Eulerian method for fluid phase and a discrete particle method for particle phase. Dense particulate flow, mass and heat transfer, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry between phases and within the fluid mixture are considered. The dynamics of the particle phase is calculated by solving a transport equation for the particle distribution function (PDF) f. Particle collisions and chemical reactions are solved on a grid cell with particle properties mapped from discrete particles to the grid. Solid mass consumed or produced in reactions changes the size of particles. Simulations were carried out in a coal gasifier with a height of 2.0 m and a diameter of 0.22 m at atmosphere. The calculated product gas compositions compare well with the experimental data. The formation of flow patterns, profiles of particle species and gas compositions, distributions of reaction rates and consumption of carbon mass were investigated under different operating conditions.     

Variation of physical and rheological properties of fly ash slurries with particle size and its effect on hydraulic transportation at high concentrations

In thermal power plants, fly ash is collected at the bottom of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hoppers and transported to common sump for further disposal to the ash pond by slurry pipelines. The fly ash from different fields of ESP hoppers vary widely in particle size as well as quantity. Depending on the sequence of evacuation, the overall particle size distribution (PSD) would vary with time which in turn would affect the head requirement in the high concentration slurry disposal (HCSD) system. Fly ash samples from different fields of ESP hoppers of a thermal power plant have been analyzed for their physical properties namely the PSD, specific gravity, settling characteristics, pH of the slurry, etc. and for rheological properties in the concentration range of 60–70% (by weight). The particle size (d_wm) of the fly ash samples decreases with the increase in ESP field, whereas the static settled concentration and specific density increase. The pH values of all samples are almost constant and nonreactive in nature. The rheological properties namely yield stress and Bingham viscosity of the fly ash slurries from different fields of ESP hoppers increase with increase in concentration. Further at any given concentration, these parameters exhibit a strong dependence on particle size. Using these properties and treating the distribution of particles across the pipe cross section as homogeneous in the concentration range of 60–70% (by weight), CFD computations are made to evaluate the head requirement in a HCSD pipeline. The head loss increases with increase in concentration for all fields of ESP hoppers. The present study also shows that head requirement varies significantly by mixing different proportion of fly ash from different ESP fields.     

Gastrointestinal Transit Time:— An in Vitro Analysis of the Various Parameters Controlling the Critical Flow Velocity of Particles in a Horizontal Tube

Abstract

The factors which affect the critical flow velocity (V_c) of particles of barium sulphate, bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, sulphadiazine and latex particles has been determined in a horizontal tube. These factors were particle size, particle density, fluid viscosity and tube diameter. V_c was found to increase with increasing particle diameter, particle density and tube diameter but decreases as viscosity of the flowing fluid. The results obtained were found to fit the models of Wicks, Durand and Wasp for the flow conditions of settled beds.     

纳米锡粉的制备及分散稳定性研究

为了使纳米锡粉在乙二醇水溶液中良好稳定地分散,通过直流电弧等离子体蒸发法制备平均粒径为106 nm的纳米锡粉,以十二烷基硫酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、聚乙二醇为分散剂研究纳米锡粉在乙二醇水溶液中的分散性能,分析分散时间、分散剂类型及含量对锡粉分散性能的影响。结果表明,不同分散剂的加入对锡粉颗粒在乙二醇水溶液中的分散稳定性都有所提高,随着超声时间的延长和分散剂浓度的增大,粉体的分散效果先增强后减弱;纳米锡粉在乙二醇水溶液中的最佳分散工艺是加入质量分数为3%的十二烷基硫酸钠,超声时间为60 min。     

Finite-element method for the effects of chemical reaction, variable viscosity, thermophoresis and heat generation/absorption on a boundary-layer hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a heat surface

Summary The effects of variable viscosity, thermophoresis and heat generation or absorption on hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a heat surface are presented here, taking into account the homogeneous chemical reaction of first order. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of temperature. The velocity profiles are compared with previously published works and are found to be in good agreement. The governing fundamental equations are approximated by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically by using the finite element method. The steady-state velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown graphically. It is observed that due to the presence of first-order chemical reaction the concentration decreases with increasing values of the chemical reaction parameter. The results also showed that the particle deposition rates were strongly influenced by thermophoresis and buoyancy force, particularly for opposing flow and hot surfaces. Numerical results for the skin-friction coefficient, wall heat transfer and particle deposition rate are obtained and reported graphically for various parametric conditions to show interesting aspects of the solution.     

Influence of model particle size and spatial resolution in coarse-graining DEM-CFD simulation

The discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for exploring the detailed behaviors of dense particle–fluid interaction problems such as fluidized beds. Coarse-graining models have been proposed to decrease the computational cost by increasing the model particle size. In this study, we examine the influence of the model particle size and the spatial resolution on the average size and number of bubbles in coarse-graining DEM-CFD calculations of bubbling fluidized beds. Calculation results indicate that the bubble size is scaled by the model particle size if parameters are following similarity laws defined in a particle scale, as well as the geometric similarity of the whole system is maintained. The usage of coarse spatial resolution increases the bubble size and decreases the number of bubbles. The countervailing influence of the model particle size and the spatial resolution in a practical coarse-graining scenario results in nearly the same bubble size.     

Structure,growth and morphology polyphenylene sulphide

The crystaIIinity, particle size and morphology of polyphenylene sulphide synthesized under various conditions have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that crystaIIinity decreased from 71 to 66% with increase of reaction time. The growth of particle size as well as total polymer mass followed a time dependence of the formX =X ₀ (1 -e ^–t ) The particle size distribution curve was noted to be sharp centring at 3 µn for short reaction time, high speed of stirring and also for low concentration of reactants. The particle morphology showed very strong dependence on various reaction parameters. Intricate sheaf-like morphology was noted for the particles at long reaction times or low stirring speeds while oblong platelet type two-dimensional morphology was noted when a low concentration of reactants was used.NCL communication No. 3674     

Heat and mass transfer in hot-particle-induced ignition of a liquid-fuel vapor entering the ambient air from the surface of fabric impregnated with the fuel

A study has been made of the regularities of heat and mass transfer in the ignition of a mixture of an oxidant and a liquid-fuel vapor entering the ambient air from the surface of a portion of fabric impregnated with a fire-hazardous fluid. The dependences of the ignition-delay time on the initial temperature of the particle and the volume fraction of the fluid in the fabric material have been established. Investigations have been performed for three popular fabrics (wool, silk, and linen) and three typical fire-hazardous fluids (gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel).     

Synthesis of cerium hydroxycarbonate powders via a hydrothermal technique

CeOHCO₃ powders have been directly synthesized using a hydrothermal process at temperatures as low as 160°C. The well-dispersed powders are obtained in a short period of reaction time during hydrothermal reaction via the hydrolysis of urea. For synthesizing CeOHCO₃, the concentration of urea is found to be a crucial determinant, which has significant effects on the morphology of the derived powders. When low urea concentrations are provided, the formed particles are rhomboidal platelets. On the other hand, the high urea concentrations cause the shape of the powders to become prismatic. Increasing the concentration of urea tends to increase the particle size as well as the aspect ratio of CeOHCO₃ powders. After further heating at 500°C, a phase transformation from orthorhombic CeOHCO₃ to cubic CeO₂ takes place. The crystallinity and size of CeO₂ strongly depend on the particle size of CeOHCO₃.