单头螺旋槽管管内强化传热机理分析及优化设计

针对一定范围在前人研究的基础上对单头螺旋槽管的传热和阻力特性实验关联式进行了分析整合,得到了0.03≤e/d≤0.045,0.45≤p/d≤0.65,2x104≤Re≤5x104范围内与实验曲线拟合较好的传热和阻力特性实验关联式.在相同的内径,换热面积、平均传热温差、压力损失、质量流量条件下,以单头螺旋槽管与光管换热量比值为最优化目标函数,利用复合形法在研究范围内对其进行了数学优化,得到了研究范围内使目标函数达到最优值时单头螺旋槽管的最佳结构参数.     

三螺旋折流板换热器多流路通道流动与传热数值模拟

为了增加大螺旋角下单位长度换热管上螺旋折流板数量提高换热,提出三螺旋折流板导流结构,对设置三螺旋折流板后壳程流体的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,重点考察了Reynolds数Re=1391～4174时的壳程压降及对流传热系数,与设置单螺旋折流板的对比结果表明：三螺旋折流板换热器壳程对流传热系数高27.9%,JF因子高13.67%,综合传热性能更好。在此基础上运用耗散理论分析了三螺旋折流板采取不同螺旋角时对换热效率的影响,发现由传热引起的耗散率随Reynolds数变化规律与壳程对流传热系数随Reynolds数的变化规律类似,相同流量条件下螺旋角为64.8°的换热器耗散率最小。另外,中心换热管与壳壁附近换热管的传热系数比较结果显示,中心管热交换量均低于壳壁附近换热管热交换量。     

三角翼纵向涡内扰管传热机理及数值模拟

基于Fluent软件对相同管径的光管、波纹管、横槽管和三角翼纵向涡内扰管的数值模型都分别采用k-e湍流模型,管内壁设定为等温边界条件,在Re=3×10~4~1.5×10~5范围内和不同流速下,对四种管内不同流速下的流体的温度场进行数值模拟,得出多组不同流速流体通过四种不同的管下的工况性能差异,通过对比多组工况的出口截面温度分布和管内流体迹线分布,结合传热机理分析比较得出三角翼内扰管和光管、波纹管、横槽管内流体的流动传热性能优劣和各自的适用场合。结果表明,纵向涡传热管和其他三种管道比较,传热性能明显提高,在Re=3×10~4~1.5×10~5的范围内,对流换热系数h较光管提高了90%以上,内置三角翼纵向涡的传热管出现大的纵向涡状的螺旋流,主流区和边界层充分混合,但压降较大。     

网纹内管双套管双管板安全型换热器的传热性能

以网纹内管型双套管双管板安全型换热器为研究对象,采用内外管接触面积当量法,将网纹内管与外管内壁的接触面积当量成对应接触面积的直槽管;借助计算流体力学（CFD）软件采用数值模拟的方法对内管为当量的直槽管换热器传热性能进行了研究,换热器管壳两侧的介质均为水,分别将空气和水两种介质填充至隔绝腔内,模拟不同入口流量条件下传热特性;引入接触修正系数,在传统传热系数经验公式的基础上,结合网纹管模型特点,获得网纹内管安全型换热器传热系数计算公式,并对不同工况下换热器的传热系数进行理论计算;建立网纹内管安全型换热器传热特性评价实验台。结果表明：内外管接触面积当量法在处理网纹内管安全型换热器传热特性时具有可行性,基于接触修正系数的传热系数工程经验公式计算结果可靠;数值模拟结果、理论计算结果及实验结果具有较好的吻合趋势;隔绝腔介质分别为水及空气时,网纹内管的传热效率比内管为光管分别提高约24%和40%。     

螺旋槽管降膜蒸发强化传热与结垢特性研究

降膜蒸发是海水淡化的一项主要技术。传热管是降膜蒸发器的核心部件。螺旋槽管是一种应用广泛的高效强化传热管,但在海水淡化中应用较少,缺乏相关的实验数据。为论证螺旋槽管用于海水淡化的可行性,首先在水平管降膜蒸发传热实验平台上,以自来水为工质,研究了螺旋槽管的强化传热特性,分析了喷淋密度、热通量、传热温差和蒸发温度对其传热的影响;然后借助低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)海水淡化中试装置,在海水淡化实际工况下,运行测试180 d,研究了螺旋槽管的结垢特性。在本实验中,螺旋槽管传热系数较光管平均提高35%左右;其结垢厚度小于光管,结垢疏松多孔,易于清除。     

光管和外螺纹管换热器的换热性能比较

介绍了螺纹管换热器的传热特性.对结构尺寸相同的光管和外螺纹管换热器在相同条件下进行换热实验,结果表明,外螺纹管换热器可比光管换热器提高总传热系数10%～17%.     

锅炉换热设备中螺旋槽管的数值模拟与结构参数优化

运用CFD技术对螺旋槽管进行了三维数值模拟,并将其与光管进行对比,验证了螺旋槽管式换热器的强化传热机理。通过Fluent软件后处理分析了槽深e和螺距P对螺旋槽管阻力性能和换热性能的影响,并利用评价准则对其强化传热性能进行评估,得出P/e=10.00,e/d i=0.0250时槽管的综合性能最佳。     

三螺旋折流板换热器多流路通道流动与传热数值模拟

为了增加大螺旋角下单位长度换热管上螺旋折流板数量提高换热,提出三螺旋折流板导流结构,对设置三螺旋折流板后壳程流体的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,重点考察了Reynolds数Re=1391~4174时的壳程压降及对流传热系数,与设置单螺旋折流板的对比结果表明:三螺旋折流板换热器壳程对流传热系数高27.9%,JF因子高13.67%,综合传热性能更好。在此基础上运用(火积)耗散理论分析了三螺旋折流板采取不同螺旋角时对换热效率的影响,发现由传热引起的(火积)耗散率随Reynolds数变化规律与壳程对流传热系数随Reynolds数的变化规律类似,相同流量条件下螺旋角为64.8°的换热器(火积)耗散率最小。另外,中心换热管与壳壁附近换热管的传热系数比较结果显示,中心管热交换量均低于壳壁附近换热管热交换量。     

进口轴向叶片旋流器与螺旋槽管的管内复合强化传热

对进口轴向叶片旋流器与左旋螺旋槽管、右旋螺旋槽管以及对称交叉螺旋槽管组成的管内复合强化传热进行了试验研究,给出了管内阻力和传热试验结果,得到了考虑复合攻角（旋向）因素在内的管内阻力和传热准则关联式,并对传热和流阻的综合热力性能进行了定量评价．试验表明：相同泵功和换热面积条件下,旋流器与螺旋槽管反向复合后的换热量可提高至光管换热量的1．9倍．     

固定管板换热器节能计算分析

结合在用固定管板换热器的运行参数，对相同构造的换热器在采用普通无缝钢管作换热管和采用螺旋槽管作换热管的情况下，分别计算换热器的传热系数，并对计算结果进行分析比较，表嚼采用螺旋槽管作换热管所起的强化传热作用对于固定管板换热器产生的节能效果明显，可以为企业带来较好的节能效益。     

Enhanced Heat Transfer Characteristics of Upward Flow Boiling of Kerosene in a Vertical Spirally Internally Ribbed Tube

Experiments of upward flow boiling of kerosene in a vertical spirally internally ribbed tube and a vertical smooth tube were conducted, respectively, in the present study. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an inner diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inner diameter of 11.6 mm) and an outer diameter of 22 mm. The smooth tube has an inner diameter of 15 mm and an outer diameter of 19 mm. The test tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with an available heated length of 2500 mm. At the outlet of the test section, the experimental pressure was 3 bars. The experimental heat flux ranged from 28.5 to 93.75 kW/m². The experimental mass flux was 410, 610, and 810 kg/m²s, respectively. Both local and average flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured in the test tubes. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics of the flow boiling of kerosene in the spirally internally ribbed tube are presented by comparing the experimental heat transfer coefficients with those obtained in the smooth tube. It shows that the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6 to 2 times greater than those in the smooth tube. The physical mechanisms of the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of flow boiling in the spirally internally ribbed tube are analyzed. According to the experimental data, an expression for the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of kerosene was found in terms of the Martinelli number for the spirally internally ribbed tube. The correlation is applicable to the design of heat exchange equipment, using the spirally internally ribbed tube as a heat transfer element under these test conditions.     

流体在粗糙管管内及管隙间湍流流动阻力与传热的数据关联

本文分析了流体在规整型粗糙强化管束的管内和管隙间的流动和传热特性,讨论了湍流流体在规整型粗糙壁面上和在光滑壁面上动量与热量传递的差别,推导出光滑管和粗糙管管内及管隙间湍流流动的流体摩擦阻力系数和传热准数方程的关联式,并能较好地关联螺旋槽管、螺旋低翅片管和缩放管管内与管隙间的流体阻力和传热的实验数据.     

非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内流动传热的场协同分析

建立了螺旋管内流动换热的物理数学模型,对均匀和非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内湍流传热进行了数值模拟。结果表明：当对螺旋管表面施加相同的加热功率时,均匀热流边界条件下湍流传热系数高于非均匀热流边界条件下的湍流传热系数,且均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内的场协同角低于非均匀热流边界条件;非均匀热流边界条件时,在相同的De下,曲率较小的螺旋管传热系数大,且曲率较小的螺旋管内场协同角较小;同时,随着管径的增大,螺旋管内的传热系数也随之下降,但螺旋管内的场协同角随之增大。     

Scaling of enhanced heat exchanger tubes

The performance of inner-fin and spirally indented heat exchanger tubes is compared with plain smooth tubes under severe scaling conditions. Artificially hardened water was recirculated through a heat exchanger which contained an enhanced tube and a plain tube in parallel and the decrease in heat transfer coefficient due to scale deposition followed with time. Inner-fin and spirally indented tubes maintained advantages in heat transfer coefficient over plain tubes of 10 to 100% after scaling. Asymptotic fouling resistances were larger for the inner fin tubes than for plain tubes, and smaller for the spirally indented tubes at velocities above 3 ft/sec.     

螺旋槽管槽深对定子水冷器传热与阻力特性的影响

螺旋槽管与折流栅组合的高效水冷器的传热和阻力特性与其管、壳程的结构因素密切相关,本文就螺旋槽管槽深对水冷器管、壳程传热与阻力特性的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明：壳程流速变化对水冷器传热系数的影响更加明显,即壳侧热阻相对较大,强化传热应以强化壳侧换热为主要目标;螺旋槽管槽深对水冷器传热系数的影响很大,应在实际工程设计中确保实际槽深符合设计要求;槽深越深,管壳程阻力也相应增加,即传热的强化是以阻力增加为代价.根据实验结果还得到了不同结构水冷器的管、壳程换热与阻力计算关联式.     

Study of Single Phase Flow Heat Transfer and Friction Pressure Drop in a Spiral Internally Ribbed Tube

The experimental results of single‐phase flow heat transfer and pressure drop experiments in the turbulent flow regime in a spirally ribbed tube and a smooth tube are presented in this paper. The ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. Both tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with a heated length of 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental Reynolds number is in the range of 10⁴–5 · 10⁴ for water and is in the range of 10⁴–2.2 · 10⁴ for kerosene. The experimental results of the ribbed tube are compared with those of the smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficients of the ribbed tube are 1.2–1.6 fold greater than those in the smooth tube and the pressure drop in the ribbed tube is also increased by a factor of 1.4–1.7 as compared with those in the smooth tube for water. The corresponding values for kerosene are 2–2.7 and 1.5–2, respectively. The heat‐transfer enhancement characteristics of the ribbed tube are assessed. This tube is especially suitable for augmenting single‐phase flow heat transfer of kerosene. Correlations for the heat transfer and the pressure drop for the spirally ribbed tube are proposed, according to the experimental data.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.