Kinetics of the carbothermal synthesis of Mo carbide catalyst supported on various semiconductor oxides

Molybdenum carbide synthesized by temperature-programmed carburization of MoO₃ supported on various semiconductor oxides (10 wt.% Mo) with a H₂/C₃H₈ mixture have been characterized and evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The carburization reaction appeared to be a 2-stage process involving formation of intermediate oxycarbide phase, which was further carburized to the metal carbide form. Both α-MoC_1 − x and β-MoC_1 − x phases were detected in all Mo carbide catalysts and MoO₃ was converted completely to molybdenum carbide during carburization. The carburization rate depended on the C₃H₈ composition in the feed and attained an optimum at a H₂:C₃H₈ ratio = 5 for all four supports (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, and ZrO₂). Carbide formation rate increased with Mo loading although it reached a ‘plateau’ at Mo loading beyond 15 wt.% Mo. The existence of a compensation effect and isokinetic relationship for both oxycarbide and carbide phases suggested that the conversion of Mo oxide to oxycarbide and oxycarbide to carbide phase was governed by the same topotactic mechanism. Mo carbide catalysts were evaluated for CO hydrogenation activity and Fischer-Tropsch specific reaction rate decreased in the order; MoC_1 − x/TiO₂ > MoC_1 − x/SiO₂ > MoC_1 − x/ZrO₂ > MoC_1 − x/Al₂O₃ parallel to the trend for Mo carbide production rate.     

An active iron catalyst containing sulfur for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

A precipitated iron catalyst containing sulfur for Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis was prepared by means of a novel method using a ferrous sulfate as precursor. Both fixed bed reactor (FBR) and continues stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR) were used to test long-term F-T reaction behaviors over the catalyst. A stability test (1600 h) in FBR showed that the catalyst was active even after 1500 h of time-on-stream with CO conversion of 78% and with C₅⁺ hydrocarbon selectivity of 72 wt% at 250 °C, 2.0 MPa, 2.0 NL/g-cat/h, and H₂/CO=2.0. The test (550 h) in STSR indicated that the catalyst exhibited relatively high activity with CO conversion of 70-76% and C₅⁺ selectivity of 83-86 wt% in hydrocarbon products under the conditions of 260 °C, 2.0 MPa, 2.0 NL/g-cat/h, and H₂/CO=0.67. The deactivation rate of the catalyst was low, accompanied by surprisingly low methane selectivity of 2.0-2.9 wt%. It is shown that a small amount of sulfur (existing as SO₄²⁻) may promote the catalyst by increasing activity and improving the heavier hydrocarbon selectivity. It is also comparable with other typical iron catalysts for F-T synthesis.     

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Catalyst activation of low alpha iron catalyst

Activation with three different gases (H₂, CO and synthesis gas) over an Fe100/K1.4/Si4.6/Cu2.0 catalyst was conducted to investigate the effects of pretreatment gas on Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) activity and selectivity. Catalyst slurry was withdrawn from the reactor at increasing time intervals of FTS for Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis. Activation with CO produced the highest syngas conversion while H₂ generated the lowest; syngas activation produced a slightly lower conversion than CO activation. CO activation transformed the majority of the iron into χ-Fe₅C₂ and Magnetite with only 12% -Fe_2.2C being detected. Unlike the CO activated catalyst, the syngas activated iron catalyst resulted in a lower amount of χ-Fe₅C₂ than -Fe_2.2C. The initial high (64%) content of -Fe_2.2C decreased gradually to below 30% while CO conversion decreased from 83% to 55%. During this period, χ-Fe₅C₂ increased from initial 10% to 33%. Magnetite changed little during the process while the form of carbides interchanged. Hydrogen activation yielded a low CO conversion of 50% and only 8% χ-Fe₅C₂ and 16% -Fe_2.2C was formed while Magnetite was as high as 75% after the FTS reaction rate became constant. Although activation gas type had a significant effect on syngas conversion, hydrogen, syngas and CO activations produced similar H₂ to CO usage ratio, hydrocarbon product distribution, olefin fraction, alpha value and CO₂ selectivity.     

费托合成催化剂失活动力学模型的研究进展

费托合成催化剂由于自身的化学性质在反应中不可避免会发生失活，为了保证生产的连续稳定，需要建立费托合成催化剂失活的动力学模型来预测催化剂的活性变化，并及时对失活的催化剂进行置换和再生。本文论述了费托合成失活动力学模型的研究进展，讨论了通用型失活动力学模型，根据机理建立的失活动力学模型的特点。通用型失活动力学模型与催化剂种类和失活原因没有直接关联，包括线性模型、简单幂律模型、通用幂律模型、韦伯分布模型、S型分布模型。根据机理建立的失活动力学模型则与催化剂种类和失活发生的机理相关，包括硫中毒失活模型、烧结失活模型、表面氧化失活模型等。通用型失活动力学模型准确性好、容易建立，但比较粗略，适用于费托合成的生产管理、过程模拟。根据机理建立的失活动力学模型建立过程复杂，只适用于特定催化剂，但能够从中研究催化剂的失活机理。费托合成失活动力学模型未来的发展趋势是融合两类模型，从失活机理的角度理解通用型失活动力学模型里参数的含义。     

Co基费托合成催化剂研究进展

概述了co基费托合成催化剂的制备方法,介绍了Co盐种类、浸渍方法、浸渍溶液的pH值、Co盐溶剂、金属Co负载量和干燥温度等制备条件对Co基催化剂活性的影响,介绍了Co基催化剂的改性方法。并在此基础上对Co基催化剂今后的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

还原条件对高温费托合成熔铁催化剂性能的影响

为了探索熔铁催化剂还原过程中物相变化及对高温费托反应性能的影响,采用SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、EDS（X射线能谱仪）、BET和原位XRD（X射线衍射）对催化剂进行了表征。并在类似工业条件（340℃、2.4MPa、H₂/CO比例为3.8）下,于固定床反应器上评价了费托反应性能。分析了不同升温过程、氢气分压、还原空速和还原时间对高温费托熔铁催化剂物相结构、晶粒尺寸、还原度等的影响。结果表明：起始升温速率影响显著,＞2.4℃/min时容易使催化剂局部温度过高进而还原速率过快,导致α-Fe晶粒快速长大并团聚。氢气分压影响还原度有转折点,＞70%时还原度变化趋势相同;对α-Fe晶粒尺寸的影响表现在低氢分压时更稳定,40h内40%H₂/Ar条件仅增加1nm。高还原空速（10000h^-1）使得还原催化剂表面孔道分布、孔径尺寸更均匀,还原效率及极限还原度更高;而低还原空速（1000~2000h^-1）则使得还原催化剂表/体相结构稳定,晶粒尺寸更稳定,费托合成反应活性高。还原时间在其他条件固定下有最佳值,420℃恒温还原到极限还原度后,α-Fe晶粒尺寸随还原时间延长继续缓慢增长。通过研究获得了适宜的还原条件为：还原升温速率0.4℃/min（200~350℃）~0.8℃/min（＜200℃）,空速5000h^-1,还原时间＜30h。     

负载型Co基F-T合成催化剂中贵金属助剂促进作用的研究进展

在负载型Co基催化剂中添加少量贵金属助剂能显著影响催化剂活性、选择性与稳定性。贵金属助剂的添加提高了Co活性组分的还原度与分散度,增加了催化剂表面的活性位数目,改变了催化剂的几何结构和电子结构,影响CO、H₂或中间产物的吸附活化行为,抑制催化剂积炭和金属Co小粒子的再氧化。综述贵金属助剂对催化剂活性中心性质、反应物的吸附活化行为和催化剂反应稳定性的影响。     

Highly effective cobalt catalyst for wax production in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a highly effective cobalt catalyst for wax production. The procedure for reducing the inactive cobalt oxide to the active cobalt catalyst was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The results showed that 300 ml/min H₂ at 350 °C for 16 h was suitable for reducing the inactive Co oxides to active metallic Co sites. In the case of the powder and pellet type cobalt catalysts with a reactant (H₂/CO = 2:1) flow rate of 15 g_cat min L⁻¹, catalyst deactivation occurred as a result of mass transfer limitations of the hydrocarbon and water produced on the catalyst. On the other hand, the pellet type cobalt catalyst with a reactant flow rate of 45 g_cat min L⁻¹ showed activity not only for liquid hydrocarbon (C₅₊) formation but also for gas product (CH₄ and CO₂) formation. In particular, the methane yield reached almost 20% due to heat transfer limitation in the catalyst. Considering the heat and mass transfer limitations in the cobalt catalyst, a Co-foam catalyst with an inner metallic foam frame and an outer cobalt catalyst was developed. SEM-EDS Co-mapping revealed the cobalt atoms to be distributed equally over the surface of the Co-foam catalyst. The Co-foam catalyst was highly selective toward liquid hydrocarbon production and the liquid hydrocarbon productivity at 203 °C was 52.5 ml  h⁻¹, which was higher than that by the Co-pellet. In addition, the chain length probability, α, by the Co-foam catalyst was 0.923 and wax formation was especially favored.     

Thermodynamic and experimental aspects of ‘supercritical’ Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The addition of a hydrocarbon, n-hexane, to the feed of the iron-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a fixed bed reactor operating at a total pressure of 60 or 90 bar is shown to be beneficial, i.e. resulting in a higher activity with only a slight increase in methane selectivity. The thermodynamic properties of pseudo-binary systems containing H₂:CO:n-hexane (2:1:y)-long chain hydrocarbon were investigated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The chain length of the long chain hydrocarbon is systematically varied to investigate the thermodynamic behaviour of the system in real waxes. It is concluded that supercritical conditions require pressures in excess of those applied in this study (and those reported in the literature). Thus, a supercritical phase is not formed. It is further shown that a three-phase system is likely to be present in the reactor under the typically applied reaction condition for the so-called ‘supercritical’ Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The reported beneficial effect of the added hydrocarbon to the feed of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis might be attributed to the change in the partial pressure of the reactants, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The addition of a hydrocarbon can further aid in obtaining primary products of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis due to increase in the liquid flow rate through the reactor.     

费托合成铁基催化剂浆态床反应性能的研究

为了获得工艺参数对铁基催化剂费托合成产品分布的影响规律,在浆态床反应器中考察了反应温度、反应压力、氢碳比、空速对铁基催化剂费托合成反应性能的影响。结果表明,温度升高时,催化剂活性、CO_2和CH_4选择性均升高,产物向轻组分分布;压力增大时,催化剂活性和CO_2选择性升高,CH_4选择性下降,产物向重组分分布;随氢碳比的增加,催化剂活性和CH_4选择性升高,CO_2选择性下降,C_(5+)呈下降趋势;随空速增加,催化剂的活性和CO_2选择性下降,CH_4选择性上升,C_(5+)向轻质烃分布。选择合适的工艺条件,可有效改善铁基催化剂的费托合成反应性能,控制碳链长度和产物的分布,提高费托合成反应的经济性。     

含镁添加剂的铁基费-托合成催化剂

采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥技术相结合的方法制备了一系列不同镁添加剂含量的微球状沉淀型Fe/Cu/K/Mg/SiO_2(Mg/Fe质量比0～0.11)催化剂.采用H_2/CO体积比为2的合成气在523 K、2.0 MPa、2 000 h~(-1)的条件下于固定床反应器上考察了这一系列催化剂的F-T合成(FTS)反应性能.结果表明,适量镁添加剂的加入可以提高催化剂FTS反应活性,增加稳定性,提高C_(5+)、总烃的时空产率和C_(5～11)汽油馏分段产物的选择性,降低CO_2的选择性,抑制铁基催化剂的水煤气变换(WGS)反应,但过高的Mg添加剂含量易使催化剂的稳定性变差,反应活性下降.结果表明,Mg/Fe=0.07的催化剂在该反应条件下,CO最高转化率达到90%,且具有良好的稳定性;在整个运行期间,有效烃(C_(5+)+C_(2～4)~=)选择性在83%左右,甲烷选择性维持在8%左右.     

Production of hydrocarbons in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with Fe-based catalyst: Investigations of primary kerosene yield and carbon mass balance

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of syngas was carried out using Fe-based catalysts in order to produce hydrocarbons (HCs) equivalent to kerosene, which is used as an alternative aviation fuel. The FTS was conducted in a downdraft continuous-flow-type fixed-bed reactor under a temperature of 533-573 K and a pressure of 3.0 MPa. The effects of reduction gases and time of the Fe-based catalyst, reaction temperature and the chemical species included in the Fe-based catalyst on the FTS were studied by focusing on primary kerosene yield and the carbon mass balance. The carbon mass balances in the study were almost 100%. In C6 + HCs, the selectivity of CO to the C11−C14 HCs equivalent to kerosene was found to be the second highest, the highest being its selectivity to C20 + HCs equivalent to wax. The amount of primary kerosene produced was maximum under the following conditions: the prepared Fe catalyst did not contain other chemical species, the feed ratio of the reduction gases H₂:CO:N₂ was 2:1:3, the catalyst reduction time was 8 h, and the FTS reaction temperature was 553 K.     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on ruthenium supported ETS-10 titanium silicate catalysts

Titanium silicate ETS-10 was found to be a suitable metal catalyst support, having high surface area, high ion exchange capacity and no acidic functions. In this work, ETS-10 was used as a support in preparing ruthenium supported catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Ru/METS-10 catalytic systems (M standing for Na or K) showed some important characteristics, as good metal dispersion and shape selectivity. Moreover, no side reactions due to acidic functions were evidenced; indeed readsorption of olefins on active metal centers was found to control the activity of the catalysts.In part presented at 10th IZC, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, July 1994.     

Effect of manganese on a potassium-promoted iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst

The effects of manganese promoter on the reduction–carburization behavior, surface basicity, bulk phase structure and their correlation with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performances have been emphatically studied over a series of spray-dried Fe–Mn–K catalysts with a wide range of Mn incorporation amount. The catalysts were characterized by means of H₂ and CO temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Mössbauer spectroscopy etc.. The results indicated that small amount of Mn promoter can promote the reduction of the catalyst in H₂. However, FeO phase formed during reduction is stabilized by MnO phase with the further increase of Mn content, making FeO phase difficult to be reduced in H₂. The addition of Mn promoter can stabilize the Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, and suppresses the reduction and carburization of the catalyst in syngas and CO. Mn promoter can also enhance the amount of the basic sites and weaken the strength of the basic sites, which possibly come from the reason that the Mn–K interaction is strengthened with the addition of Mn promoter. The change of surface basicity can modify the selectivity of hydrocarbons and olefins, and the change of bulk structure phase derived from the addition of Mn promoter will affect the catalyst activity and run stability. The synergetic effects of the two main factors result in an optimized amount of Mn promoter for the highest catalyst activity and heavy hydrocarbon selectivity in slurry FTS reaction of Fe–Mn–K catalysts.     

还原工艺对费托合成铁基催化剂反应性能的影响

为获得还原参数对铁基费托合成反应性能的影响规律,利用铁基催化剂,在固定床反应器中考察还原氢碳比、温度、空速和压力对催化剂物理性能以及费托合成反应性能的影响。结果表明,在不同的还原工艺下,还原后的铁基催化剂比表面积下降,平均孔径增大;还原氢碳比和还原压力的升高抑制了催化剂的活性,CH_4和CO_2的选择性及C_2~C_4含量升高,C_(5+)含量下降,烃分布向轻质烃分布;还原温度和还原空速的增加有利于提高催化剂活性,还原温度的提高促使烃分布向轻质烃分布,还原空速的提高对产品分布影响不大。     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on supported cobalt catalysts promoted by platinum and rhenium

An investigation of the CO hydrogenation of Pt- or Re-promoted 8.7 wt% Co/Al₂O₃ (1.0 wt% Pt or 1.0 wt% Re) has been carried out at two different conditions: 473 K, 5 bar, H₂/CO = 2 and 493 K, 1 bar, H₂/CO = 7.3. The addition of Pt or Re significantly increases the CO hydrogenation rate (based on weight of Co), but the selectivity was not changed by the presence of Pt or Re. The results show that the observed increases in the reaction rates are caused by increased reducibility and increased number of surface exposed Co-atoms. Steadystate isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) with carbon tracing was used to decouple the effects of the concentration of active surface intermediates and the average site reactivity of intermediates during steady-state CO hydrogenation. The SSITKA results show that the concentration of active surface intermediates leading to CH₄ increased as a result of the addition of a noble metal promoter. However, the average site activity was not significantly affected upon Re or Pt addition.     

不同氧化锰载体对费托钴基催化剂合成低碳烯烃的影响

制备不同的Co/MnO_x (Co/MnO、Co/MnO₂、Co/Mn₂O₃、Co/Mn₃O₄) 催化剂,并利用XRD、SEM、TEM、BET、TPR、DRIFTS、XPS表征手段分析催化剂的理化性质,比较不同氧化锰载体对催化性能的影响,考察催化剂对低碳烯烃(C₂⁼～C₄⁼)的选择性影响。结果表明催化剂Co/MnO和Co/Mn₃O₄更容易还原,并且CO的吸附量较大,有利于实现较高的CO转化率;Co/Mn₂O₃和Co/Mn₃O₄中CO桥式吸附更高,有利于生成更多的-CH₂-物种。综合考虑催化剂的活性和C₂⁼～C₄⁼选择性,Co/Mn₃O₄的费托合成(FTS)性能最好,其中C₂⁼～C₄⁼选择性为50.91%,烯烷比(O/P)为3.40。     

氧化物助剂对费托合成钴基催化剂的促进作用

氧化物助剂促进的钴基催化剂具有费托合成反应活性和长链烃选择性高等特点,是高选择性地获得馏分油的关键,具有良好的应用和研究价值。本文针对氧化物助剂对钴基催化剂的促进作用,综述了氧化物助剂对钴基催化剂的结构、稳定性以及费托合成反应性能的影响,详细分析了氧化物助剂对钴基催化剂的还原性能和分散度的影响, 同时介绍了影响氧化物助剂促进作用的因素,重点讨论了氧化物助剂的促进作用机理。并对如何更好地发挥氧化物助剂在钴基催化剂中的促进作用进行了展望：应加强氧化物助剂对钴基催化剂促进作用机理的基础研究,并且重视影响氧化物助剂促进作用的因素。     

干燥温度对Co/SiO2费托合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了钴负载质量分数15％的Co/SiO2催化剂,考察干燥温度对催化剂性能的影响.随着干燥温度升高,催化剂活性先增大后减小,但对产物选择性没有明显影响.BET、SEM、XRD和H2 - TPR测定结果表明,改变干燥温度可以影响钴在催化剂中的分布状态,从而使催化剂结构、晶粒度和还原性能发生相应变化,这些效应的叠...