脉冲激光导致水光学击穿阈值计算的简化模型

通过对自由电子密度速率方程的简化,得到了计算光学击穿阂值的解析式。将计算结果与波长分别在可见光和近红外波段,脉宽分别为纳秒、皮秒和飞秒的激光脉冲在纯净水和含有杂质的水中实验测量的击穿阈值做了比较,吻合较好。对于纳秒激光脉冲。在纯净水中多光子电离提供初始电子,随后雪崩电离很快在电离的过程中占主导地位。对于短脉冲,多光子电离作用显得尤为重要,并且在击穿的过程中复合损失和碰撞损失对击穿阈值的影响逐渐消失。     

Theory and simulation on the threshold of water breakdown inducedby focused ultrashort laser pulses

A comprehensive model is developed for focused pulse propagation in water. The model incorporates self-focusing, group velocity dispersion, and laser-induced breakdown in which an electron plasma is generated via cascade and multiphoton ionization processes. The laser-induced breakdown is studied first without considering self-focusing to give a breakdown threshold of the light intensity, which compares favorably with existing experimental results. The simple study also yields the threshold dependence on pulse duration and input spot size, thus providing a framework to view the results of numerical simulations of the full model. The simulations establish the breakdown threshold in input power and reveal qualitatively different behavior for picoand femto-second pulses. For longer pulses, the cascade process provides the breakdown mechanism, while for shorter pulses the cooperation between the self-focusing and the multiphoton plasma generation dominates the breakdown threshold     

飞秒脉冲的破坏阈值研究

在Stuart等人理论模型的基础上,综合考虑Ming等人对电子密度衰减机制的研究,对飞秒激光的破坏机制进行了分析。通过计算模拟,分析了多光子电离、雪崩电离、电子衰减等机制与被辐照介质中自由电子密度之间的关系。分析表明脉冲宽度越窄,多光子电离过程提供的自由电子比例越小,其对激光破坏的作用也越小,此时雪崩电离过程将提供绝大部分电子,起到主导的作用;而随着脉宽增大,多光子电离提供的自由电子比例也将增大,其作用逐渐增强。当考虑衰减机制的影响后,电子密度在脉冲后沿不是维持在一个稳定的值,而是在达到极大值后呈下降趋势。在研究电子密度的基础上,利用计算飞秒脉冲破坏阈值的模型,分析了不同的衰减因子对破坏阈值的影响,研究表明,考虑电子衰减机制模拟得到的破坏阈值比不考虑时有所提高。     

飞秒激光致双液滴光学击穿和等离子体分布研究

为了研究超短激光脉冲与双液滴相互作用过程中的光学击穿和等离子体分布,基于麦克斯韦方程组和电离速率方程,构建了飞秒激光与双液滴的瞬态耦合模型,使用有限元分析方法,对飞秒激光辐照微米量级双液滴的自由电子密度和光场分布进行了计算,得到了双液滴结构对液滴光学击穿和等离子体变化的影响。结果表明,第2个液滴的击穿阈值约为同等条件下单液滴击穿阈值的35%;等离子体的形态和击穿点的位置随双液滴间距发生变化,且在聚焦区域产生纳米等离子体射流;第2个液滴对激光能量的吸收随着双液滴间距的增加而减少;当分别使用满足击穿阈值的光强入射,双液滴吸收的能量约为单液滴的3%;第2个液滴对激光能量的吸收随光强增大而增大,能量吸收比例最终趋于0.01,仅为单液滴的1.5%。该研究为激光诱导水击穿和激光在大气中的传输提供了一定的参考。     

超快激光与生物含水组织相互作用

研究了超快脉冲激光与生物组织相互作用的机理 ,建立了生物软组织中激光诱导光学击穿模型 ;结果表明 ,对于纳秒或亚纳秒脉冲激光 ,强吸收介质的热电子发射对电子雪崩电离过程有很大影响 ,等离子体光学击穿阈值随生物组织吸收的增加而降低 ;在激光脉宽为亚皮秒量级时 ,多光子电离成为光学击穿的主要机制 ,介质的击穿阈值几乎与线性吸收系数无关。在达到光学击穿阈值时 ,激光能量沉积在厚度约 1μm的薄层之内 ;随着激光能量显著超过击穿阈值 ,有效的激光透过深度减小。     

紫外飞秒激光的脉宽测量方法

相对于近红外波段的飞秒激光脉冲，紫外波段的飞秒脉冲由于具有单光子能量高、聚焦特性好、电离率高和成丝阈值低等优点，在高功率密度光场的产生、等离子体光物理等领域有着越来越广阔的应用前景，成为激光技术的研究热点。随着紫外飞秒激光技术的发展，传统的脉宽测量方法不能满足需求。指出了紫外飞秒激光脉宽测量研究的主要进展，讨论了目前可用于紫外飞秒激光脉宽的测量方法，主要有双光子荧光测量法、互相关法、简并四波混频法、多光子电离法，介绍了相关测量原理与特点。在此基础上，对紫外飞秒激光脉宽测量技术研究前景进行了展望。     

Modeling of skin tissue ablation by nanosecond pulses from ultraviolet to near-infrared and comparison with experimental results

Comprehension of biological tissue ablation by short laser pulses in a broad optical spectrum is of fundamental importance to the understanding of laser-tissue interaction and advancing surgical applications of lasers. We report a new plasma ablation model in which the chromophore ionization pathway is incorporated to explain the skin tissue ablation by nanosecond laser pulses from ultraviolet to near-infrared. A rate equation is solved to examine the effects of chromophore, cascade, and multiphoton ionization on the optical breakdown of the tissue. The wavelength and spot size dependence of the breakdown thresholds have been measured and agreements have been found between the calculated and measured results.     

A first-order model for computation of laser-induced breakdownthresholds in ocular and aqueous media. I. Theory

An analytic, first-order model has been developed to calculate irradiance thresholds for laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in condensed media, including ocular and aqueous media. The model is derived from the simple rate equation formalism of Shen for cascade breakdown in solids and from the theory of multiphoton ionization in condensed media developed by Keldysh. Analytic expressions have been obtained for the irradiance thresholds corresponding to multiphoton breakdown, to cascade breakdown, and to initiation of cascade breakdown by multiphoton ionization of seed electrons (multiphoton initiation threshold). The model has been incorporated into a computer code and code results compared to experimentally measured irradiance thresholds for breakdown of ocular and aqueous media by nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond laser pulses in the visible and near-infrared. The code and comparison of code results to experiment have been documented in part II     

飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿的椭球体模型

基于飞秒激光脉冲在焦点区域的成形特征和速率方程,通过对自由电子密度速率方程中电子扩散速率和雪崩速率的修正,提出了适用于飞秒激光脉冲诱导水光学击穿的椭球体(ETS)模型.采用四阶朗格-库塔(Runge-Kutta)方法对该模型进行了脉宽为100 fs和300 fs情况下的数值模似.得到了光学击穿阈值以及击穿区域内不同时刻的电子分布,并且预测了焦点区域内不同位置处自由电子随时间的变化趋势.结果表明,用ETS模型计算出的水的击穿阈值较传统模型更好地与实验结果吻合.     

Laser-triggered dynamic breakdown of gases and laser-induced prebreakdown signals

Dynamic breakdown of Ne and Ar gases biased to the prebreakdown stage, with and without absorption of very short duration incident N2laser pulses, is studied. Effects of bias and incident laser intensity are seen to be complementary. Laser illumination of the interelectrode gap causes gas breakdown at the cathode to take place at a faster rate and at lower breakdown threshold bias than without the illumination. Breakdown pulse shape varies according to gas composition and bias, and is much different from simple nonbreakdown "prebreakdown" responses to the laser pulses. The prebreakdown signals are attributed to photon-enhanced ionization in the focal volume between the electrodes, while the laser-triggered breakdown pulses are attributed to photon-enhanced excitation and diffusion of such neutral atoms to the high field gradient region near the cathode, where cascade ionization collisional effects are amplified.     

超短脉冲强激光大气传输的非线性效应

超短脉冲强激光大气传输在光学遥感、电子对抗、以及人工放电等方面具有重要的应用．例如,利用超短脉冲强激光使得远距离处的大气局域电离,其所产生的紫外辐射可以为大气组分主动荧光光谱学研究提供光源。对短脉冲强激光在大气中的传输进行了理论分析,对超短脉冲强激光大气传输中的各种线性效应及非线性效应,诸如色散效应、非线性自聚焦效应、受激拉曼散射效应、多光子电离及隧道电离效应、电离引起的能量损耗效应、相对论聚焦、有质动力激发的等离子体尾波场等效应进行了讨论,给出了一组描述超短脉冲强激光大气传输的三维非线性传输方程,为此类问题的进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

超短脉冲强激光大气传输的非线性效应

超短脉冲强激光大气传输在光学遥感、电子对抗、以及人工放电等方面具有重要的应用, 例如, 利用超短脉冲强激光使得远距离处的大气局域电离, 其所产生的紫外辐射可以为大气组分主动荧光光谱学研究提供光源。对短脉冲强激光在大气中的传输进行了理论分析, 对超短脉冲强激光大气传输中的各种线性效应及非线性效应, 诸如色散效应、非线性自聚焦效应、受激拉曼散射效应、多光子电离及隧道电离效应、电离引起的能量损耗效应、相对论聚焦、有质动力激发的等离子体尾波场等效应进行了讨论, 给出了一组描述超短脉冲强激光大气传输的三维非线性传输方程, 为此类问题的进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

飞秒脉冲激光烧蚀金属的机理分析

为了深入理解超短脉冲激光烧蚀金属的机理,特别是烧蚀过程中靶面电子发射带来的影响,本文分析了飞秒脉冲激光烧蚀金属的机理,并在此基础上建立了一维热传导双温模型,模型考虑了电子热导率、热容、电子-晶格耦合系数等参数随温度的变化,以及表面热电子发射和多光子电离导致靶面的能量损失。选择波长为 800 nm,FWHM为100 fs,峰值功率密度为1.2×1017 W/m2 的高斯型单脉冲激光辐照铜靶进行数值模拟。并对计算数据进行分析,结果表明:多光子电离所导致的电子发射比热电子发射要强,但是热电子发射持续的时间长;多光子电离导致的电子发射带走的靶面能量比较大,在分析飞秒烧蚀过程中不可忽略。     

有限长激光脉冲在部分离化等离子体中的传播

为了研究有限长激光脉冲在部分离化等离子体中的传播特性,采用变分法推导出有限长激光脉冲在部分离化等离子体中的参量演化方程,分析了尾波场、相对论自聚焦和部分离化非线性极化强度的影响因素;通过分析焦斑半径和脉冲宽度满足的耦合方程,讨论了横向和纵向尾波场影响下的激光脉冲传播特性。结果表明,由于焦斑半径和脉冲宽度的耦合,激光脉冲在部分离化等离子体中传播必须满足一定条件;在部分离化等离子体中,考虑激光传播时脉冲宽度的变化是有必要的;对给定强度的激光脉冲,等离子体密度不变时,随着电离程度增大,尾波场会进一步增强激光脉冲的自聚焦,其中纵向尾波场比横向尾波场对激光脉冲的自聚焦作用更明显。这一结果对有限长激光脉冲电离诱导自注入及尾波场加速电子的方案具有理论指导意义。     

空气击穿过程中电子损耗对击穿阈值的影响

通过对高功率激光空气击穿的物理机理、电离机制的讨论,得到空气击穿过程中激光焦区内自由电子密度公式。考虑电子弹性碰撞损耗、电子复合损耗影响,给出了新的击穿阈值公式。该公式的计算结果同实验数据一致。     

超短脉冲激光对无机硅材料的损伤

通过控制作用于材料表面的激光能量和脉冲数量,实验研究了800nm,50fs,1kHz激光作用下融石英玻璃和硅片的破坏机制和损伤规律,计算了材料的损伤阈值与脉冲能量以及脉冲数量的依赖关系,并采用简化的理论模型计算了熔石英玻璃材料的损伤阈值与激光脉宽以及光子能量之间的依赖关系。对这两种无机硅材料在飞秒脉冲作用后的微区结构改变进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试,研究了其形貌特征。结果表明,硅片是由缺陷中的导带电子作为种子电子引发雪崩电离导致材料损伤,而熔石英玻璃是由多光子电离激发出导带电子引发雪崩电离导致材料损伤。     

The role of laser-induced primary defect formation in optical breakdown of NaCl

Rapid and efficient formation of primary defects (V_{k}-, F-, andH- centers, self-trapped excitons) influences the kinetic processes involved in laser-induced optical breakdown in alkali halides. These processes have been studied for the case of NaCl exposed to short (30 ps- 30 ns) laser pulses at thelambda = 532nm wavelength. Rapid defect formation acts as a drain on the free electrons and holes, produced by multiphoton absorption in the laser photon field. As a consequence, the rate of temperature increase of the lattice by free or "dressed" carrier absorption is reduced and thus the damage threshold is increased. This effect is offset by additional channels of energy deposition to the lattice which are provided by formation of and photon absorption by the generated primary defects. The net effect of the photochemical processes of primary defect formation was found to be a slight reduction in the damage threshold and a marked decrease of the free carrier densities required for damage to occur.     

Photon Acceleration of Laser-plasma Based on Compton Scattering

The one-dimensional electron density disturbance is studied by using the inelastic collision model of the relativity electron and photon group, the relativity theory, the momentum equation and the continuity equation, which is generated by a driving laser pulse and scattered laser pulse propagating through a tenuous plasma, and the electron density disturbance is closely associated with the incident laser and scattering laser. The electron plasma wave（EPW）is formed by the propagation of the electron density disturbance. Owing to the action of EPW, the increasing of the frequency of the photons in the incident laser pulses that there is a distance with the driving laser pulses is studied by using optical metric. The results show that it is possible that the photon will gain higher energy from the EPW when photon number is decreased and one-photon Compton scattering enters, the photon will be accelerated.     

Threshold Conditions for Terahertz Laser Discharge in Atmospheric Gases

In this study, we accurately measured the breakdown thresholds in four atmospheric gases using the high-power terahertz radiation of the Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL). The breakdown intensities of the 130-μm radiation in a form of 74-ps pulses were equal to 1.1–1.4 GW/cm². These data have been compared with calculations based on a phenomenological criterion for a breakdown and the classical theory of stochastic microwave heating of electrons. Presented are threshold conditions for a quasi-continuous plasma discharge that is maintained by means of a sequence of pulses of the NovoFEL. At a pulse repetition rate of 5.6 MHz, the discharge quenching thresholds are 15–60% lower than the breakdown thresholds depending on the amount of plasma emerging.     

飞秒激光器产生等离子体中电子剩余能量的研究

飞秒激光器的出现，使强场中的电离过程由最初的多光子电离和阈上电离，发展为以隧道电离（Tunneling Ionization,TI)或越过垫垒电离（Over-the-Barrier Ionization,OBI)为主要过程的光场感生电离（Optical-Field-Induced Ionization,OFI)。由于等离子参数对电子温度的可控制性，使基于OFI的X射线激光的等离子体特性在很大范围内具有可控制性。文中主要研究不同激光参数（泵浦激光的偏振特性，泵浦激光的波长，激光强度，电离能等）对等离子体中电子剩余能量的影响。