Fire Safety Code for Historic Structures

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) periodically updates each fire safety code and standard that it develops. Acknowledging the need for a document to prescribe fire safety for historic buildings, a complete and thorough rewrite of NFPA 914 was undertaken. The former recommended practice has now been issued as the Code for Fire Protection in Historic Structures. The 2001 edition identifies a process for analyzing fire safety needs in historic buildings, outlines generic approaches to dealing with specific provisions of other codes that may endanger historic integrity, and includes a performance-based approach to fire safety in historic buildings. This paper describes the background, revision process, and current proposed content NFPA 914.     

网格化在社会消防安全管理中的作用

近年来,随着人民生活水平的不断提高,社会经济的不断发展和进步,加快了人们日常的生活节奏,同时难免也会导致消防安全事故的发生.针对这种情况,消防部门也积极应对寻找突破口,进而探索出了一种新的管理模式,就是网格化管理.这种网格化消防安全管理模式,有效提高了消防安全管理效率和质量,从根源上解决了很多消防安全管理问题.文章结合近年来网格化消防管理模式为消防事业做出的突出贡献,具体分析了网格化在社会消防安全管理中的应用.     

谈高层建筑有效防火

着重分析了高层建筑火灾的一些特点以及形成原因,并针对存在的火灾隐患,提出了应对高层建筑火灾的具体措施,以达到有效预防高层火灾的目的,从而确保居民的人身财产安全。     

A Fire Safety Evaluation System for Prioritizing Fire Improvements in Old High-rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Fire safety in old high-rise buildings is of great concern to the general public as a result of several big fires occurred over the past 10 years. A fire safety evaluation system is essential for building engineers to quantify the fire safety level, to identify the measures to be improved and to schedule the corresponding improvements. Together with a scoring system with weighting factors derived for local buildings, this paper proposes a universal fire safety evaluation (FSE) checklist for fire safety level quantification and improvements prioritization in old high-rise buildings. In a survey, the fire safety levels of 122 old high-rise buildings in Hong Kong were quantified using the scoring system. The survey results showed that only less than 5% of the inspected samples reached the standard required for life safety. The FSE checklist was then applied to prioritize the improvement works of 10 selected buildings with the lowest scores.     

Developing a database for emergency evacuation model

Performance-based design (PBD) has been playing an important function in fire safety of buildings, and how to accurately simulate occupants’ behavior gains attention from fire engineers. With booming development of evacuation software, developing an extensive database for evacuation models is imperative and urgent. According to the literature, the whole process of evacuation includes several stages, such as pre-movement, action period, walking period, etc. In order to develop an evacuation model, data in these stages concerning pre-movement time, walking speed, occupant characteristics, actions and exit choice decisions are compiled in this paper. These data can be used as input parameters for evacuation models in PBD or in validating the evacuation models’ accuracy.     

对扩大防火分区适用条件的探讨

防火规范中某些放宽的条款常被不适当使用,如无限制的扩大防火分区,甚至不设置防火分区,严重降低了建筑物抵抗火灾的能力。笔者通过对一些典型场所的分析,对建筑设计防火规范中某些条款提出加强约束的建议。防火分区扩大的前提是要有相对应的条件以保证其安全性不被降低,防火分区扩大后产生应采用加强消防设施和提高装饰材料阻燃性能来弥补。对于步行街,不应仅仅考虑满足步行街条款的要求,同时也要执行防火分区的要求,两个条款要同时满足。     

高层建筑消防安全现状及预防措施探讨

结合高层建筑工程的实际情况,分析了高层建筑的消防难点和火灾特点,并针对高层建筑消防设计不合理、防范措施不到位、管理制度不健全等安全现状,提出了高层建筑消防安全的预防措施,以提高高层建筑的安全性。     

城市建筑火灾损失与防火安全水平的评价

城市建筑火灾损失的评价旨在对建筑物的各种存在状态和潜在的火灾危害进行一种理论分析和实际评价。对不同类型的建筑物和实际存在的防火安全度，提出了消防安全资金投入比例的一种理论计算方法。通过对几种火灾安全评估模型的分析，确定用表格数值的方法去评价我国现有的建筑防火安全水平，并以此为基础，讨论了城市防火安全评定的有关问题。     

徽派建筑的火灾风险性分析及改善措施

为研究我国徽派建筑的火灾风险及应对方法,选择 3处典型的徽派建筑作为研究对象,结合近年来我国文物建筑火灾形势、致灾原因以及徽派建筑中现存消防安全问题进行分析,从可燃物现状、防火间距、建筑防火、消防设施及救援能力等方面探究徽派建筑中存在的消防安全问题。选取江西某徽派建筑与其周边建筑作为研究对象,利用 FDS 建立火灾模型模拟火灾场景。提出可行性较大的相关改善措施与建议。     

基于Shapley-D-S的高层建筑火灾安全评价

针对高层建筑火灾安全评价指标不确定性、模糊性和非线性关系造成难以确定火灾安全等级的难题,提出基于Shapley-D-S的高层建筑火灾安全评价方法.首先从防火能力、电气设备、自动报警系统、自动灭火系统、疏散能力、管理能力6个维度构建评价指标体系;然后引入Shapley值通过非可加测度解决指标间非线性关系,得到指标权重;最...     

The behaviour and evacuation experiences of WTC 9/11 evacuees with self-designated mobility impairments

The increasing accessibility of buildings to people with disabilities requires that buildings are also designed and managed to provide accessible means of escape for all. In so doing, it is important to understand the capabilities of building occupants with disabilities to evacuate and their interaction with others. This is particularly important in high-rise buildings where occupants’ primary means of accessing upper floors, i.e. lifts, may not necessarily be the preferred route in a fire emergency.     

建筑工程消防安全管理的监督与激励机制

建筑工程消防安全管理(以下简称建筑消防管理)是贯彻落实“预防为主、防消结合”的消防工作方针的重要组成部分。现行建筑消防管理模式已不适应生产力发展水平和建筑消防技术进步的要求。本文以现代管理学的视角,对建筑消防管理改革中如何建立有效的监督制约机制和激励机制进行了初步研究。     

浅析在建工程存在的消防安全问题与对策

针对在建工程火灾事故多发的现状,探讨了目前在建工程存在的消防安全问题,从建立健全消防安全组织体系,加强行政执法力度,强化施工现场消防安全管理,加大消防安全教育培训等方面给出了工作对策,以期促进在建工程的消防安全建设。     

Assessing safety measures in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia

The incidence rate of fire in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia accounts for 69% of all building fires. A field assessment of current safety issues for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia is used to identify common safety deficiencies. The survey showed that most residents are ignorant many safety aspects in their homes. A safety audit checklist for assessing the effectiveness of safety measures in existing residential buildings is also presented. Based on these findings, a number of strategies for designers, local authorities, building owners and residents is suggested.     

高层建筑消防安全现状分析和火灾防控措施

近年来,我国经济水平大幅度提高,城市化进程日益加快,高层建筑日益增多,使我国消防部门不得不面对日益严峻的高层建筑火灾形势。提高高层建筑防火能力成为当前消防工作的主要课题。为了消除高层建筑内部所存在的火灾隐患,文章从当前高层建筑消防安全问题现状出发进行深入研究,并结合当前高层建筑火灾发生特点,为提高高层建筑防火管理工作水平、改变严峻的消防安全形势提出相关建议。笔者将对当前国家消防安全政策、高层建筑设计规范、科学使用消防设施和后期消防安全管理提出针对性建议,并从整体工作布局、疏散消防通道、自动报警系统等诸多方面出发,提出参考意见。     

Fire Risk Index for Historic Buildings

Fire protection engineers and preservation architects have long recognized the difficulty in applying building and fire codes to historic buildings. Small, older buildings of significant historic value need an efficient approach to performance-based evaluation. One technique that has gained acceptance is fire risk indexing. The Historic Fire Risk Index described in this paper uses a linear additive model of multiple attribute evaluation to produce a measure of relative fire risk. Weights are established to indicate the importance or significance of fire risk parameters. Then, for each specific historic structure, parameter grades, i.e., the amount or degree that a parameter is present, are determined from information collected in a detailed site survey. Fire risk is evaluated by the scalar product of the parameter weights and grades, producing a single numerical value representing the level of fire safety provided in the building. This is a more rational and more transparent method than the risk indexing systems currently published in model codes and standards.     

古建筑消防安全特性及防火对策研析

古建筑多为木质结构,并且年代久远,极易发生火灾,存在着特别重大的消防安全隐患。本文从古建筑的消防安全特性出发,探讨了如何运用现代的消防手段,并提出了新形势下古建筑防火对策和措施。     

Better safe than sorry - Emergency knowledge and preparedness in the German population

Emergency situations require immediate reaction in order to mitigate their negative effects. Being prepared for an emergency entails having preparedness measures present. The present study investigated the impact of socio-demographic and emergency factors (i.e., experience, risk perception, perceived and objective emergency knowledge) on fire and medical emergency related preparedness. A telephone survey was conducted in a representative German sample (N = 2225). Results revealed that both objective and perceived knowledge increased the likelihood not only for adopting preparedness measures but also for their consideration. The impact of socio-demographic variables on preparedness varied among the respective preparedness items with a greater impact of collective factors (e.g. people in the household, children, marital status) as compared to individual factors like age and gender. The need for safety trainings and their repetition is discussed.