基于NILM技术的家庭用户精确负荷建模方法

结合非侵入负荷监测NILM系统的负荷辨识流程,本文提出了一种基于NILM技术的家庭用户精确负荷建模方法。该方法应用NILM技术提取家庭主要设备负荷特性。然后通过模糊C聚类法实现家庭负荷模型归类,获得设备针对不同电价的转移灵敏度和自灵敏度用电特性,并在此基础上形成家庭负荷特性。通过电网公司分时电价环境下实测的家庭典型用电负荷数据验证可知,空调、洗衣机、热水器、电动汽车具有较大的弹性,其中洗衣机的自弹性和交叉弹性最大,在高电价时段可削减100%。该方法所获得的家庭负荷辨识的结果,可支持居民电价/激励等需求侧管理政策的制定,也可支持用户家庭用电设备状态监测服务等。     

基于AVR单片机和PID算法的水温控制器

文中介绍在水族箱加热棒HA168基础上扩展而成的温度实时控制系统.该系统以水温为主要参数,控制核心为高档8位单片机ATmega128,采用PID算法,更加合理地控制水温.单片机控制系统自动运行,并且能够与PC机进行通信和状态设定,上位机程序采用图形化编程语言LabVIEW编写.经过实际运行,能够较好地控制水温.该模块也可以应用于其他的温度控制场合.     

Heat Pump Water Heater Control

A control system is described for a heat pump water heater which uses the thermostat on an existing electric water heater to determine the need for water heating. The control system allows an installer to wire in an electric water heater with the heat pump using the same connections for supplying power to the water heater which would normally be used. This control system will also automatically turn off the heat pump when frost forms on the evaporator coil and will allow the electric elements in the tank to heat the water. The system is easy to install, provides reliable operation of a heat pump, does not create any unusual safety problems, and gives uninterrupted hot water service.     

Development of a Monte Carlo based aggregate model for residential electric water heater loads

A model for a residential electric water heater load is developed using an energy flow analysis of the water heater tank. An aggregate model for residential electric water heater loads is then developed using a rejection type Monte Carlo simulation technique. The resultant aggregate model is then used to assess the effectiveness of several demand-side management strategies using the water heater load profile presented in a previous analysis.     

Powerful talk

This paper discusses the challenges and benefits of Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) for the utilities and customer. BPL provides utilities with benefits beyond additional revenue. The same system that transmits Internet data can be used to remotely monitor household electricity usage, eliminating the need to send a technician out to inspect the household meter. The system can also provide detailed feedback on electricity usage in real time, which could potentially detect brownouts before they escalate into blackouts. For home and office broadband users, the ubiquity of power lines offer services that were not available to many in remote areas. For broadband users in the urban areas, additional choices mean competitive prices and better services     

基于需求响应的居民可控能效负荷优化

为解决居民生活用电需求不断增加,居民生活用电方式不合理造成能源浪费越来越严重的问题,从居民用户的可控能效负荷入手,对典型可控能效负荷空调、热水器和照明负荷进行分析,建立负荷能耗数学模型,根据其运行特性,结合居民用户用电习惯和分时电价,制定居民可控能效负荷优化策略;建立以居民用户用电成本和用电满意度为目标的优化模型。为提高和声搜索算法的求解速度与计算精度,对其参数进行动态调整,并与差分进化算法进行融合,应用于可控能效负荷的优化求解。算例结果表明了改进算法具有较好的收敛性和较高的准确性,验证了居民可控能效负荷优化策略的可行性,实现了从需求响应的角度对可控能效负荷进行优化管理的思想。     

住宅小区负荷群用电优化策略研究

针对一般住宅小区存在能耗高、缺少用电优化策略的实际情况,建立了可调整类负荷、不可调整类负荷、温控负荷的数学模型;根据可调整类负荷用电时间灵活的特点,提出了基于蚁群算法的住宅小区可调整类负荷群的用电优化策略;基于MATLAB平台,通过仿真分析了空调、电热水器的工作特性,并根据其工作特性分别提出了改变空调设定室温范围的空调群用电优化策略和改变水温设定值与预加热相结合的电热水器群用电优化策略;利用蒙特卡洛法进行模拟,得到了小区优化前后各类负荷曲线和总负荷曲线.模拟和仿真结果表明,所提出的住宅小区用电优化策略能够在对用户影响较小的情况下达到帮助用户节省电费和削峰填谷的目的 .     

高压加热器快速冷却技术的研究与应用

当高压加热器发生泄漏,机组被迫停运行进行故障抢修时,在原有热力系统设备的基础上,利用除氧器热水箱与高加标高的高度差,通过控制除氧器热水箱出水温度对高压加热器进行快速冷却。高压加热器快速冷却技术在华能南通电厂的实际应用表明,使用该技术可在较短的时间内降低加热器的金属温度,缩短加热器的冷却时间,使抢修工作提前进行,故障机组提前发电,经济效益十分显著。     

Design of high-pressure direct contact heater for promising power supply units: Experimental substantiation

The results of experimental studies of superheated steam condensation on feed water jets in a highpressure, direct-contact heat exchanger are presented. Direct contact feed water heater (DCFWH) can be used in a dual-flow diagram of a steam-power unit with ultrasupercritical steam parameters (35 MPa, 700/720°C). The direct contact feed water heater is included in the flow diagram of the II circuit in a promising power unit; it provides feed water heating to 340°C in all maintenance and emergency operation modes of the unit. The reliability of the high-pressure direct contact heater operation in this flow diagram is of major importance in relation to the danger of lead solidification in the tube space of the steam generator. Technical requirements to the design of the high-pressure direct contact heater for increasing the heat exchange efficiency are formulated based on the results of earlier studies with steam–water mixture as the heating medium. The results of studies of superheated steam condensation on jets presented in this study testify that feed water is additionally heated to the required temperature at the output of the installation. The influence of initial feed water parameters (outflow velocity and temperature) on the jet heating length is elucidated. The numerical approximation of the experimental data for determination of the jet heating length in the nominal and partial power unit loads is obtained. The results of the calculations are used to simplify the design of the water-supplying element for the direct contact feed water heater. The proposed design of direct contact feed water heater is characterized by simplicity and low metal intensity, which provides the installation reliability at the considered pressure level due to the minimum number of structural elements.     

基于改进DBSCAN-RNN的电力负荷建模及可调特征提取

针对面向能源消纳的电力负荷实时调控需求,以电热水器为例建立调控模型,提出一种改进DBSCAN-RNN算法的电力负荷可调特征提取与可调潜力挖掘方法。以改进DBSCAN聚类结果作为RNN输入获得一种深度学习新策略,基于改进DBSCAN-RNN进行电器群设定温度与天气温度、电器负荷功率的建模,考虑用户电器使用习惯,输出输入量对电器实际功率的影响因子以及电器可调功率与真实功率对应的状态方程参数。某市电热水器群实际数据结果表明所提方法可正确有效地获取海量电热水器群聚合负荷模型及其可调功率。     

快热式电热水器模拟控制技术

快热式电热水器的模拟控制技术,可以真正适应家用电器行业的需要,生产出一大批新的符合节能、环保、健康、生态的绿色新型产品。其核心技术是一种新型微型化的控制器,这个新型微型化控制器完全能在交流电源下工作,具备智能工作功能,能感知到外界工作条件的变化。如遇发热系统过温、加热器过载等故障,就会自动对控制加热器限流,甚至全部自动切断工作电流,确保快热式电热水器的安全。应用于中、高档淋浴器中,只要加上一个有限温55℃的LED显示屏和一个供电转换模块,就可以很方便组成一个全新的无级模拟控制系统。     

基于预切换状态的电热水器负荷群调控策略

风电消纳问题已成为我国风电进一步发展的瓶颈,以需求侧资源逆向匹配生产端的风电能源,是促进风电消纳的有效途径。本文以家用电热水器为研究对象,提出了一种新的需求响应调控策略:首先建立电热水器的热力学模型和动态调控模型;将电热水器在自然运行状态下1min之内将要开启或关闭的状态定义为预切换状态(pre-switching state,PSST);采取考虑PSST的分群策略,并基于T_se和C_se联合指标分别对开启群和关闭群中的电热水器进行优先级排序,生成负荷群优先序列;最后建立负荷群功率调整量优化模型。将调控策略应用于风电消纳场景并与其它策略进行对比,仿真结果表明,基于PSST的负荷群调控策略能够较好地跟踪风电响应目标,在有效减小响应误差的同时,能够均衡负荷群加热效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

加热器端差对汽轮机组回热系统损分布影响的通用计算模型

以基于熵分析法的回热系统损分布矩阵方程及汽水分布矩阵方程为基础,结合某台300MW汽轮机组回热系统,进行了数学推导与归纳,获得了加热器端差变化对回热系统损分布影响的通用计算模型。该模型只需要通过加热器出口水参数及上级加热器疏水参数的偏差值,即可准确快捷地计算出回热系统的损分布变化,且具有良好的适应性与通用性,同时也便于在线定量分析端差变化对回热系统损分布的影响。     

微波炉烧烤着色效果评价

文章讨论了家用微波炉着色均匀性的评价方法，并给出其量化指标，以此指导微波炉加热器的正确设计，达到满意的着色效果。     

基于NILE算法量化热水器参与需求响应的灵活性

居民电热水器(EWH)因其功耗与日负荷模式高度相关且占家庭负荷比重高等特点,在需求响应(DR)市场中极具潜力。识别住宅侧EWH集群的负荷模式及量化其参与DR的灵活性有助于电网运营商制定合理的调控策略。首先,对居民EWH不同时间类型下的负荷模式(用电事件的起止时间和用电时长)建立了概率统计模型。然后,提出了一种基于负荷印记和功率块极值的无训练过程的非侵入式负荷提取(NILE)算法,其可自动分离不同额定功率的EWH负荷。最后,建立了电价激励的DR模型以优化EWH的负荷模式,根据其在优化前后使用行为的变化情况量化其灵活性。此外,在真实数据集上验证了所提算法的有效性,并基于分离的负荷数据在不同情况下量化了EWH集群参与DR的灵活性。     

基于分时电价和需求响应的家庭微电网系统协同控制策略及其实现

家庭微电网是智能配电网的重要组成部分和主要建设内容,随着智能电网的不断发展,家庭居民用电将参与电网的优化调度运行。为了适应社会的这种需要,首先以家庭可调度负荷、电动汽车和家用蓄电池工作状态作为约束条件,以用户用电成本最低和净负荷曲线平坦度为优化目标,建立了家庭微电网系统优化调度模型。其次,结合空调和热水器的工作负荷特性,提出了一种基于分时电价和需求响应的家庭微电网系统协同控制策略。对以北京市某居民小区的典型家庭微电网系统为实例的分析结果表明,采用基于所提出的优化调度模型的家庭微电网系统,可以实现对分布式光伏发电、家用蓄电池、电动汽车、家庭负荷设备的优化调度和控制。     

融合分时电价的居民可控负荷优先级控制策略

在智能电网背景下,智能终端及智能家电大规模普及导致家庭用电量大幅增加,为应对电力负荷高峰逐年攀升,缓解电力供应趋紧的压力,合理利用用户侧大量可控负荷资源参与需求响应对电网的运行和发展有重要意义.提出基于智能家庭能量管理系统的融合分时电价的居民可控负荷优先级控制策略,对家庭中多类可控负荷(空调、热水器、电动汽车、洗衣机、...     

Temperature Stability Analysis of CMOS-SAW Devices by Embedded Heater Design

The design, finite element (FE) modeling, and electrical characterization of an embedded heater in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) are presented. The heater is used to analyze the temperature stability behavior of CMOS-surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. The heater employs n-well layer of standard CMOS technology to provide high efficiency resistive heating without physically perturbing the SAW architectures and performances. A detailed 3-D model and FE investigation is laid out to characterize the heat, current, temperature, and thermal energy distributions within the substrate and the piezoelectric material of interest ZnO. Electrical characterization based on Wheatstone configuration is presented to analyze the temperature stability of the sputtered ZnO and the CMOS-SAW delay lines. A temperature coefficient of frequency of $-hbox{48.815} hbox{ppm}/^{circ}hbox{C}$ for the fabricated SAW devices with operating frequency of 322.5 MHz is obtained. The experimental results show close agreement with the FE simulations. The results demonstrate that the embedded heater design can be used as a robust analytical tool to investigate temperature stability of CMOS-SAW devices and potentially be utilized as an on-chip element for chemical, biological, and temperature sensor applications.      

加热器端差对机组热经济性影响的通用计算模型

准确而快速地评价各级加热器端差的运行热经济性，对热力系统的设计、运行和检修具有十分重要的意义。文中以热力系统的热平衡方程、汽轮机功率方程和锅炉吸热量方程为基础，采用了将上述基本方程两端分别对加热器出口水焓求偏导的方法，并针对不同型式的加热器，找出了公式的规律性，得到了分析加热器端差运行热经济性的通用计算模型。推导过程中，定义了端差等效焓降和端差等效吸热量系数两个重要的概念。计算实例表明：该模型具有计算结果准确、使用方便简捷、通用性强等特点，尤其适用于机组运行经济性在线监测系统。     

Results of the development of a solar accumulation-type water heater made of polymer and composite materials

Results of the development and preliminary tests of a solar water heater completely made of polymer and composite materials are presented. The combination of a solar collector and storage tank into a united construction in combination with the application of modern fabrication technologies of bulk units made of polymer materials makes it possible to considerably decrease the expenses per area unit of the receiving surface of the heater with maintaining high-energy conversion characteristics of the solar energy into low-potential heat. This increases the competitiveness of such installations in comparison with conventional solar water heaters with separate solar collectors and a storage tank.