Deriving an equivalent circuit of transformers insulation for understanding the dielectric response measurements

Preventive diagnosis and maintenance of transformers have become more and more popular in recent times in order to improve the reliability of electric power systems. Dielectric testing techniques such as return voltage measurement (RVM) and polarization-depolarization current (PDC) measurement are being investigated as potential tools for condition assessment of transformer insulation. A better understanding and analysis of the dielectric test results are only possible with a clear understanding of the physical behavior of the insulation system in response to moisture and aging. A circuit model, which describes the dielectric behavior of the transformer's main insulation system, has been parameterized in this paper. The values of the parameters of the model have been identified from the dielectric tests. A correlation has been developed between the physical condition of the insulation and the equivalent model parameters that enable a clear and transparent interpretation of the dielectric test results.     

油纸绝缘频域介电谱的修正Cole-Cole模型特征参量提取及水分含量评估方法

为了应用频域介电谱技术实现变压器油纸绝缘水分含量的定量评估,在实验室中制备了不同水分含量的油纸绝缘样品,分析了水分含量对样品介电特性的影响规律,同时引入修正Cole-Cole模型提取了油纸绝缘频域介电特征参量,研究了水分含量对这些特征参量的影响规律。结果表明,水分含量的变化会对油浸绝缘纸板样品的频域介电特性产生较大影响,采用修正Cole-Cole模型提取的频域介电特征参量中,?弛豫时间常数??及直流电导率?dc会随着油浸绝缘纸板水分含量的增加分别明显变小和增大;对参量水分含量m.c.的初步拟合显示,??和?dc与m.c之间分别呈现指数和线性关系,可考虑作为定量评估油纸绝缘水分含量的特征参量。     

油纸绝缘变压器介质响应电路参数辨识的研究

基于介质响应理论的回复电压测量方法能够有效地无损诊断变压器的绝缘状态,评估变压器绝缘纸中的水分含量。其中回复电压初始斜率特征量与热老化有着密切的关系,因此它也是评估绝缘老化的重要特征量。本文阐述了回复电压初始斜率在辨识介质响应等值电路参数方面具有重要的作用,并建立了利用回复电压初始斜率特征量求解介质响应等值电路参数的数学模型,该模型为含有指数函数的非线性方程组。本文利用最小二乘方法建立了数学优化模型,并应用智能优化算法求解。研究结果表明本文建立的模型是可行的,为评估变压器老化和研究新的特征量提供了新思路。     

Research on Life Prediction of Oil-Paper Insulation Based on Dielectric Response

Abstract

The power transformer is an important part of the power grid. The aging of oil-paper insulation is affected by many factors such as temperature and moisture. In order to accurately evaluate the service life of transformer and ensure the stable operation in power system, a method for predicting the lifetime of oil-immersed pressboard under different temperatures and moisture content was proposed. This method is mainly realized by the chemical reaction kinetic equations and transformation factor. Firstly, the effect of temperature and moisture content on the frequency dielectric response of oil-paper insulation was studied by frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy method. The results show that the dielectric loss of oil-immersed pressboard increases with the increase of moisture content and temperature. The activation energy of oil-immersed pressboard also increases exponentially with the increase of moisture content. Then, we analyzed the trend of polymerization degree of insulation pressboard in aging process and calculated the insulation life and the remain lifetime by combining the cellulose degradation kinetic models and translation factor. When the moisture content of the oil-immersed at 70?°C, the life expectancy of oil-paper insulation is about 19.26?years.     

温度对油纸绝缘介电响应特性的影响

为了研究温度对变压器油纸绝缘介电响应测量结果的影响,以更准确地评估纸板微水含量和老化状态,设计了在不同温度下对变压器油浸绝缘纸板试品分别进行时域回复电压(RV)和频域谱(FDS)测量的实验,比较不同温度下油纸绝缘RV极化谱特征参数以及介质损耗因数tan、复电容实部C′、虚部C″的频域谱曲线变化,分析变化趋势及原因,研究温度对介电响应方法评估绝缘纸板微水含量及其老化状态的影响。结果显示,随着温度的升高,试品RV极化谱曲线峰值向较短充电时间方向偏移,峰值时间和峰值电压均减小;试品tan和C″频域谱曲线向高频方向偏移,最小值略微增大;C′变大,在较低频率尤其明显。因此,在用介电响应法评估纸板微水含量及老化状态必须考虑温度影响,否则将导致评估结果失实。     

温度对变压器用油纸绝缘老化的频域介质响应的试验研究

变压器是电网安全运行中最关键的设备之一,由内绝缘(油纸绝缘)问题引发的变压器故障占变压器事故重要部分。目前用于诊断变压器油纸绝缘状态的方法尚存在各自的不足之处,故研究通过无损的诊断方法获取表征油纸绝缘老化状态的特征量,为评估变压器油纸绝缘老化状态提供准确且有价值的参考,无疑具有重要意义。基于频域介质响应的频域谱法是一种诊断电力变压器绝缘老化状态的非破坏性方法,笔者首先通过模拟变压器实际生产流程,制作变压器油纸绝缘试品,并对油纸绝缘试品进行加速热老化试验,得到不同老化程度的油纸绝缘试品。通过频域谱测试并分析了温度对油纸绝缘试品的频域介电特征量变化规律,运用电介质极化理论对测试结果进行了分析,为频域谱技术用于实际变压器油纸绝缘老化状态的无损诊断提供技术积累。结果表明:测量温度对频域谱诊断油纸绝缘老化状态影响显著,采用频温平移因子可以将任意测量温度下的频域谱曲线归算到同一参考温度,解决了测量温度对FDS测试结果的影响。初步研究结果表明,经过频温修正后的FDS能用于不同温度下的变压器油纸绝缘老化的评估。     

老化和水分对电容性套管绝缘纸频域介电特性的影响

套管故障是引起变压器停运的主要原因之一,其中套管绝缘受潮引起的故障比例占据首位,而水分是引起油纸绝缘劣化的重要因素,因此研究不同水分对电容性套管绝缘介电特性的影响对于评估套管受潮状态具有重要意义。制备了不同初始水分质量分数的油纸电容型套管电容芯子试品,开展了实验室内油浸纸电容芯子的加速热老化试验,建立了介损特征区间积分模型,发现老化时间与油浸纸介损在特征区间的积分值符合线性规律,水分同介损在特征区间的积分宽度符合线性规律,表明油浸纸频域介电谱中的介损积分值可反映绝缘老化程度,为现场基于介损评估受潮下油纸套管的老化状态及受潮对绝缘老化的加速情况提供研究思路。     

Dielectric response of mineral oil impregnated cellulose and the impact of aging

Dielectric response is a non-invasive diagnostic method with a potential to give information about the status of the solid insulation in a power transformer. To investigate what conditions the method can and cannot reveal, frequency domain spectroscopy has been applied to oil-impregnated paper and pressboard with and without moisture and/or acids added, and to paper at various stages of aging. Water and carboxylic acids are important aging indicators. It is found that moisture is clearly detectable. Also low molecular weight carboxylic acids will affect the dielectric response in a way similar to moisture, but high concentrations are needed for a contribution comparable to that of moisture. It is difficult to tell moisture and acids apart from the responses obtained. High molecular weight carboxylic acids make little or no contribution to the dielectric response of the solid insulation in a paper/pressboard - oil system. It was also observed that keeping paper or pressboard at elevated temperatures had a conditioning effect on the response     

Drying of transformer insulation using zeolite

Power and distribution transformers are some of the most important components in the power network. The presence of moisture in a transformer deteriorates the transformer insulation by decreasing both the electrical and mechanical strength of the solid insulation. It is of great importance to pay attention to the moisture content of composite insulation systems in order to maintain low dielectric loss, high dielectric breakdown strength and low rates of degradation of the insulating system in HV equipment. In this paper, an approach to the said problem is presented. With the application of a synthetic hygroscopic mineral (molecular sieve zeolites) - a revolutionary, environment friendly, multipurpose mineral - a continuous drying process of the transformer oil during operation without the need for service interruption is achieved. A study of the effects of zeolite on the electrical and dielectric behaviour of the insulating liquid of the transformer is included in this paper.     

Moisture determination of the main insulation in a transformer by frequency‐domain spectroscopy

The presence of moisture in the oil–paper insulation in a transformer drastically accelerates the aging process of the insulation and reduces the service life of the transformer. To analyse the influence of moisture on the dielectric response of the oil–paper insulation and to precisely determine the moisture content of the transformer by frequency‐domain spectroscopy, the modified Cole–Cole model is introduced to fit the frequency versus dielectric responses of the oil–paper insulation samples with different moisture contents, and the influence of the variation in moisture content on the parameters in the modified Cole–Cole model is investigated. Results show that the modified Cole–Cole model parameters, including the α and β relaxation components as well as the DC and hopping conductivity components, can be used to effectively fit the frequency versus dielectric response curve of the oil–paper insulation. The characteristic parameters τ_α and τ_β in this model are found to be sensitive to changes in the moisture content. They can be used to quantitatively evaluate the moisture content in a transformer insulation system. A case study is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique in assessing the moisture content of onsite transformers. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

提取杂质后的老化油浸绝缘纸板介电响应特性研究

首先制备老化绝缘纸板样品,并制定了提取老化绝缘纸板水分及分解产物的方法,然后在去除油纸绝缘的杂质及变压器油后,分别针对不同老化状态的油浸纸板开展介电响应实验。分析排除杂质后的老化油浸绝缘纸板的介电响应特性,以及纸板自身老化与油纸绝缘老化对其绝缘状态的影响差异。结果表明:老化时间和激励电压对频域介电谱(FDS)的影响主要集中在中低频段,在高频段介质损耗因数(tanδ)较为稳定;温度变化会导致FDS曲线发生平移,在高频段,温度越高tanδ越小,在低频段,温度越高tanδ越大,且频率越低tanδ的增长趋势越明显。     

110 kV变压器油纸绝缘套管不均匀绝缘受潮劣化分析

利用频域介电谱方法对油纸绝缘变压器套管的受潮特性进行了系统研究。从频域介电谱基础理论,对均匀与不均匀受潮的油纸绝缘模型的介电响应特性进行了分析。同时对现场油纸绝缘套管的频域介电谱测试诊断与应用进行了相关研究。提出了一种油纸绝缘设备内受潮均匀度评估方法。综合考虑均匀受潮与不均匀受潮时的介电响应特征,即油纸绝缘不均匀受潮时,曲线有明显损耗峰、波动等特征。并针对现场变压器套管展开频域介电谱测试与解体理化分析,进一步验证了理论模型,为现场变压器套管受潮评估提供了一种可靠的方法。     

现场变压器油纸绝缘时频域介电特征量提取及状态评估

油浸式变压器的绝缘状态决定了变压器的运行寿命。为将时频域介电响应技术应用于变压器油纸绝缘状态的无损评估,对一台停运的500kV变压器进行了极化/去极化电流(PDC)与频域介电谱(FDS)测量。通过时域介电谱融合理论及FDS技术提取了反映变压器油纸绝缘状态变化的时域介电特征量与频域介电特征量,并分析了其变化规律。研究结果表明,时频域介电特征量对变压器油纸绝缘的老化情况较为敏感,可定性评估变压器的绝缘状况。     

Extraction of Frequency Domain Dielectric Characteristic Parameter of Oil-paper Insulation for Transformer Condition Assessment

In modern power transmission and distribution systems, power transformers are critical components and their electrical properties together with service lives are determined by the insulation property of oil-paper insulation. To better apply the frequency domain spectroscopy technique to assess transformer insulation condition, a series of experiments were performed under controlled laboratory conditions. First, this article presents the frequency domain dielectric response measurement results of oil-paper insulation samples under different moisture contents and aging states, and then the extracted frequency dielectric characteristic parameters determined from the imaginary part of relative permittivity (?_r′′) and dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ) curves are used to assess the moisture contents and aging states of oil-paper insulation. Finally, the quantitative relationships among dielectric characteristic parameters, moisture content, and degree of polymerization are also established. Results show that in the frequency range of 10^–3–10² Hz, ?_r′′ and tanδ obviously increase as the moisture content of oil-paper insulation rises, while ?_r′′ and tanδ are very sensitive to aging only in 10^–3–10^–1 Hz. Consequently, ?_r′′ and tanδ in different frequency ranges can be used to distinguish the influences of moisture content and aging state on frequency domain spectroscopy measurement results.     

Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers

The dryness and aging state of oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short- and long-term reliability of a power transformer, since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation aging rates. Today, the water content of the cellulose in an in-service transformer is determined indirectly via moisture measured from oil samples, according to IEC 60422. This report summarizes the work performed by Cigre Task Force 15.01.09, and presents conclusions regarding the state of the knowledge on the applicability of the current diagnostic techniques.     

电压响应方法在电力变压器状态评估中的应用

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power system.Its operating condition affects the reliability of power supply directly.Therefore,in order to guarantee transformer operation safely and reliably,it is necessary to assess condition of power transformer accurately.Return voltage method based on voltage response measurements is still a new non-intrusive diagnosis method for internal insulation aging of transformer.In this paper the technique and application of return voltage measurement and some results of voltage response measurements of several transformers was introduced.Voltage response measurements were performed on various transformers with different voltage grades,various operating periods,different moisture contents and aging degrees on site.Derived moisture contents from return voltage measurement were compared with the corresponding moisture contents obtained from the analysis of oil samples.Based on on-site experiments and theoretical analysis,the criteria for insulation state of transformer are proposed.Moisture condition of transformer insulation can be determined by using return dominant time constant,and a good correlation between aging degree and the return voltage initial slopes of the aged transformers.Field test performed on several transformers,its interpretation of results are also presented,which proves that return voltage measurements can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating moisture content in transformer insulation.     

油浸变压器绝缘降低的原因分析及其现场处理方法

对油浸变压器绝缘降低的原因进行了分析,重点分析了纸纤维素绝缘受潮和变压器油介质损耗增加的原因,介绍了绝缘降低后的现场处理方法.     

评估变压器油纸绝缘受潮的电压响应方法研究

回复电压法能有效诊断变压器油纸绝缘的状态,但测量时间过长,由此提出通过单次加压建立的极化在不同去极化时间段内的电压响应特性进行绝缘诊断的方法,省去多次加压的过程,节省了测量时间;实验研究了不同受潮状态的变压器油纸绝缘介质在不同去极化时间段的电压响应特性,结果表明,充电2000s后首次放电0.1s的电压响应初始斜率随绝缘受潮程度的增加而增大,可作为评估其受潮状态的特征量;同时通过频域分析仪测得介质的直流电导率,将其与根据首次放电初始斜率计算获得的极化电导率进行对比分析,进一步验证了该特征量的有效性。本文提出的测量方法为应用电压响应法现场快速诊断变压器油纸绝缘的受潮状态提供了一种新的研究思路。