含糖量对山葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵的影响

以东北高寒地区产的山葡萄酿造的山葡萄酒为研究对象,探究山葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中含糖量对其pH值、总酸、苹果酸-乳酸转化程度、总糖的影响。山葡萄酒中的葡萄糖含量对其pH值的升高、总酸的降低及苹果酸乳酸转化程度均有影响。在4个梯度葡萄糖含量的山葡萄酒中,含糖量为10.67 g/L的山葡萄酒其pH升高值（0.18）、总酸度降低值（6.05 g/L）最大,苹果酸乳酸转化程度最高。     

Inhibition of malolactic fermentation by a peptide produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic fermentation

The ability of Saccharomyces to inhibit Oenococcus oeni during the alcoholic fermentation by mechanisms other than SO(2) production was investigated. During fermentation in synthetic grape juice, S. cerevisiae strain RUBY.ferm inhibited the malolactic fermentation by O. oeni while strain EC1118 did not despite both strains producing similar amounts of SO(2). The bacterial inhibition exerted by RUBY.ferm was diminished when the wine was treated with proteases but not through the addition of nutrients. Wine fermented by RUBY.ferm was fractionated based on molecular weight and each fraction tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of O. oeni. The fraction containing compounds larger than 3 kDa was the sole inhibitory fraction. The inhibitory fraction was analyzed by SDS PAGE and showed a 5.9 kDa protein band present in wine fermented by RUBY.ferm that was not present in wine fermented by a non-antagonistic yeast, S. cerevisiae strain Saint Georges S101. The ability of the peptide to inhibit O. oeni seemed to be dependent on the presence of SO(2).     

苹果乳酸发酵生产葡萄酒

二次发酵-苹果乳酸发酵（MLF）在葡萄酒生产过程中起非常重要的作用.酿酒需要选择合适的酿酒酵母和细菌,乳酸菌接种方案以及工艺条件控制系统.本文介绍了MLF发酵过程的优缺点、效益和技术缺陷.讨论了启动和运行MLF的方法及葡萄酒生产过程中各种微生物之间的相互作用.微生物主要是指酵母菌属中的酿酒酵母和酒类酒球菌属中的酿酒细菌.     

苹果酸-乳酸发酵对军果酒风味的影响

介绍了苹果酸 -乳酸发酵 (简称MLF)的机理、苹果酒发酵过程中苹果酸 -乳酸发酵的控制及苹果酸-乳酸发酵对苹果酒风味的影响     

Evolution of the population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from grape to wine in a spontaneous fermentation

To determine the grape or winery origin of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae involved in spontaneous fermentation, musts were collected at different stages of wine-making process and fermented. First, grapes were collected in two different vineyards and crushed at the laboratory. Second, musts were collected after crushing and clarification in the cellar. Third, musts collected in the cellar were sterilized and inoculated with tartar deposit collected in the vats. The fourth fermentation was in the cellar. For the two vineyards, two hundred of S. cerevisiae clones were isolated for each of the four fermentations, driving to a library of 1600 clones. All the library was analysed by inter-delta PCR with a basic set of primers and about 20% of the library was further analysed by inter-delta PCR with an improved set of primers. Six, and more than 30 different PCR patterns were obtained from basic- and improved-PCR analysis, respectively. The amounts of each family were analysed at the different stages of wine making. Our study demonstrates that the two vineyards present different S. cerevisiae populations. Moreover the S. cerevisiae strains involved in spontaneous fermentation in the cellar originate partly from the vineyard and partly from the winery, in amounts varying with the must.     

响应面法优化黑枸杞-葡萄复合果酒发酵工艺的研究

以黑枸杞汁和葡萄汁为原料,考察酵母添加量、发酵温度和初始糖度对复合果酒的品质的影响。在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面法优化黑枸杞-葡萄复合果酒的发酵工艺参数。结果表明,黑枸杞汁与葡萄汁的最佳配比为7∶3（V/V）,最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度20 ℃、酵母添加量0.03%、初始糖度24%。在此条件下,发酵所得复合果酒酒精度为12.7%vol,感官评分为90分,果酒酒香浓厚,酒体澄清透明,呈酒红色。     

The effects of freezing and freeze-drying of Oenococcus oeni upon induction of malolactic fermentation in red wine

Summary The use of Oenococcus oeni starter cultures for the induction of malolactic fermentation (MLF) in wine permits control over the timing of the process and the quality of the wine. Successful inoculation of bacterial starter cultures into wine depends on the selection of suitable strains and on the preparation and conservation of those cultures. Medium for Leuconostoc oenos (MLO) is the best medium for easy and rapid growth of O. oeni cultures under laboratory controlled conditions for isolation and identification. However, this study showed that O. oeni cells inoculated in MLO failed to induce MLF in wine while cells grown in Medium of Preculture (MP) or wine, stored at −20 °C or freeze-dried retained the ability to induce MLF when inoculated in wine. Our results suggest that the use of freeze-dried cultures of O. oeni previously grown in MP is the best choice for industrial application.     

Use of a polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of the malolactic fermentation bacterium Oenococcus oeni (formerly Leuconostoc oenos) in grape juice and wine samples

A PCR method has been developed that enables rapid and direct identification of the malolactic bacterium Oenococcus oeni from grape must or wine samples. Two primers, based on unique, highly conserved regions within the 16S rRNA gene of O. oeni , were used to amplify a 995 bp fragment which is specific for O. oeni . Other species of bacteria from Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Acetobacter which may be found in grape must or wine were not detected using this technique. This diagnostic test is able to specifically detect in the order of 10³colony forming units per mL of O. oeni in a wine sample, and can be used for monitoring bacterial growth during malolactic fermentation.     

苹果酸-乳酸发酵细菌乙醇胁迫应答机制研究进展

由乳酸菌引起的苹果酸-乳酸发酵是生产优质葡萄酒的一个重要工艺过程。在这个过程中,乙醇是乳酸菌活性的主要抑制因子,特别是随着全球气候变暖带来的葡萄含糖量的增加,乙醇对乳酸菌的抑制作用越来越成为人们的研究热点。乙醇胁迫使得乳酸菌细胞结构发生变化,影响苹果酸-乳酸发酵的顺利进行。因此,乳酸菌在乙醇胁迫下的生长、代谢对葡萄酒生产是非常重要的。该文对苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中常见乳酸细菌在乙醇胁迫下的应答机制进行了阐述,为乳酸菌乙醇胁迫耐受性机制的研究和优良菌株的选育提供参考。     

活性多肽对黄酒发酵过程的影响

采用多肽黄酒酿造技术,酶法活性多肽生物发酵工艺酿制新型生物多肽黄酒。主要研究玉米肽不同浓度、不同添加时段对黄酒发酵过程的影响。结果表明:玉米肽能提高黄酒的酿造效率。在前发酵开始后第50小时段添加2.0 mg/mL浓度的玉米肽发酵周期可缩短2d,有助于促进菌体生长,提高发酵液中酒精含量,提高总糖利用率;后发酵添加玉米肽使其成为主要活性成分之一的新型生物黄酒,肽含量可达4.0 g/L以上,大大强化了黄酒保健养生功能,且品质更优良,市场发展潜力巨大。     

Nitrogen requirements of commercial wine yeast strains during fermentation of a synthetic grape must

Nitrogen deficiencies in grape musts are one of the main causes of stuck or sluggish wine fermentations. Currently, the most common method for dealing with nitrogen-deficient fermentations is adding supplementary nitrogen (usually ammonium phosphate). However, it is important to know the specific nitrogen requirement of each strain, to avoid excessive addition that can lead to microbial instability and ethyl carbamate accumulation. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of increasing nitrogen concentrations of three different nitrogen sources on growth and fermentation performance in four industrial wine yeast strains. This task was carried out using statistical modeling techniques. The strains PDM and RVA showed higher growth-rate and maximum population size and consumed nitrogen much more quickly than strains ARM and TTA. Likewise, the strains PDM and RVA were also the greatest nitrogen demanders. Thus, we can conclude that these differences in nitrogen demand positively correlated with higher growth rate and higher nitrogen uptake rate. The most direct effect of employing an adequate nitrogen concentration is the increase in biomass, which involves a higher fermentation rate. However, the impact of nitrogen on fermentation rate is not exclusively due to the increase in biomass because the strain TTA, which showed the worst growth behavior, had the best fermentation activity. Some strains may adapt a strategy whereby fewer cells with higher metabolic activity are produced. Regarding the nitrogen source used, all the strains showed the better and worse fermentation performance with arginine and ammonium, respectively.     

Indigenous wine killer yeasts and their application as a starter culture in wine fermentation

Wine yeast strains were isolated from seven fermentations of the red wines ‘Refošk’ and ‘Teran’, produced in the southwestern part of Slovenia. Among 613 isolated yeast strains, 22 expressed killer activity against the supersensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Killer strains were isolated at different stages of wine fermentation but did not dominate in any of them. Species identification was based on the combination of RFLP analysis of an amplified rDNA region and biochemical–physiological tests. Killer isolates were identified as S. cerevisiae, Pichia anomala, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia pijperi, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Candida rugosa. Electrophoretic karyotyping was used to differentiate strains of the same species. Fermentation properties of four S. cerevisiae strains that possessed stable killer activity were characterized in fermentations of Malvasia must by studying their population dynamics and chemical composition and by sensory analysis of the wines produced. In order to compare the results, spontaneous fermentations and fermentations induced by commercial yeast starters were performed concomitantly. The local killer strain S_S12/10 showed the best fermentation properties and produced wine with favourable characteristics.     

蓝莓酒发酵过程中主要成分变化规律研究

研究了蓝莓酒主发酵过程中总糖、总酸、挥发酸、花色苷、单宁、乙醇、甲醇、高级醇和酯等主要物质含量的变化。结果表明,蓝莓通过加糖9.6%发酵,原酒酒精度可达到11.8%(体积分数),总酸7.53g/L,pH2.95;花色苷含量逐渐减少,发酵结束后达0.615g/100g;单宁含量变化较小;挥发酸含量随着发酵时间的延长而逐渐上升,主发酵期间上升较快,但最终可控制在国标(≤1.2g/L)允许范围以内;甲醇在刚开始发酵时就存在,发酵前期略有上升,后略有下降,含量相对稳定;高级醇中的异丁醇和苯乙醇是蓝莓酒的主要香气成分,约占香气成分的60%以上,苯甲酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯是蓝莓酒香气的主要成分,在发酵过程中高级醇和酯都不断增加,发酵过程中还检测到一些未知成分。     

香蕉菠萝复合果酒双酵母发酵工艺的研究

以新鲜香蕉、菠萝汁为原料,利用葡萄酵母、安琪酵母、水蜜桃酵母、白梨酵母为发酵菌株,从发酵过程中的酒精含量、残糖含量、酵母量的情况选出最优菌株组合进行双酵母组合发酵实验,研究初始糖度、发酵温度、初始pH值、亚硫酸氢钠浓度对发酵的影响。结果表明白梨酵母(a)和安琪活性高酵母(b)以1∶3的比例发酵复合果酒质量较好,初始糖度为28%,亚硫酸氢钠为0.01%,发酵温度为12℃,pH值3.6。     

黄酒发酵过程的糖代谢研究

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对黄酒发酵过程糖组分的变化进行分析研究,更直观地了解发酵过程中的物质转变,并为掌握黄酒发酵过程的物质变化提供理论基础。     

Amino acids and biogenic amines in red varietal wines: the role of grape variety, malolactic fermentation and vintage

This work studies for the first time the amino acid and biogenic amine composition of Rioja red wines made with the red minority varieties Vitis vinífera cv. Monastel and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete, using Tempranillo as a reference variety. The role of malolactic fermentation and vintage on these compounds was also analysed, and discriminate analyses were applied to achieve a possible differentiation of the wines. Amino acid composition allowed a differentiation of wines according to grape variety. Monastel was characterised by the highest value in β-alanine and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete by its highest value in OH-proline. However, biogenic amines were no able to classify varietal wines. The malolactic fermentation had significant changes on the amino acid and biogenic amine content, and allowed distinguishing wines that underwent this process from wines without malolactic fermentation. No correlation was found between total amino acids and total biogenic amines after malolactic fermentation, suggesting that a higher initial concentration of amino acids in the medium did no affect the concentration of biogenic amines after malolactic fermentation. Vintage influenced the amino acid and biogenic amine pattern, obtaining a clear separation of wines by vintages. Monastel and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete wines showed a minor varietal character and were more influenced by the climatic conditions of each vintage than Tempranillo wines. All the wines showed histamine levels below the human physiological threshold and implemented regulations.     

几种红葡萄酿酒过程中花色苷组成与CIELab参数的相关分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了河北昌黎产区几个酿酒葡萄品种及其品系在葡萄酒酿造过程中的花色苷组成和含量,利用CIELab法分析了葡萄酒颜色参数及变化,采用相关性分析、主成分分析挖掘二者的相互关系。结果表明,发酵过程中同一品种不同品系葡萄酿造的葡萄酒之间花色苷种类相同,二甲花翠素类花色苷的含量远高于其他四类花色苷;不同类型花色苷影响不同的CIELab颜色参数,花色苷的B环修饰与红绿颜色参数a*显著正相关,花色苷的酰基化修饰与黄蓝颜色参数b*显著负相关,聚合花色苷与亮度L*显著负相关。红葡萄酒中花色苷的含量随酿造过程逐渐下降,且在主成分图上分布存在差异。