液压作动器驱动的风机叶片疲劳加载系统研究

设计了一套液压作动器驱动的风机叶片疲劳加载系统,根据动力源气压变化给出加载系统的工作流程.建立液控系统仿真模型,分析了动力源绝热指数对系统的影响程度.建立控制系统数学模型,采用主从式PID算法对作动器工况进行控制.仿真结果表明,加载系统动力源应尽可能处于绝热状态,两个作动器能同时实现任意振幅振动.以上证明了该系统具有驱动叶片进行疲劳加载试验的能力.     

风机叶片双轴液压作动器疲劳加载装置设计

设计了双轴液压作动器叶片疲劳加载装置。对翼面向和翼弦向运动耦合问题进行分析,设计加载装置的液压系统,按照工作周期能量守恒原则,进行作动器性能参数匹配,采用蓄能器作为辅助动力源,模糊自整定PID参数对作动器进行控制。试验结果表明:在翼面向振幅维持阶段,液压作动器加载装置能很好地捕捉叶片共振点,并逐步达到共振峰值且维持峰值变化率在试验要求的误差范围内(±5%),达到了较好的控制效果。     

基于电磁激振的风电叶片双向疲劳加载控制算法研究

针对双向疲劳加载导致的扰动大且叶片惯性大导致控制难度大、精度达不到要求等问题,提出一种基于电磁力驱动的风电叶片双轴疲劳加载新方法。在对该疲劳加载方法研究的基础上,将具有可调增益的模型参考自适应控制算法应用于风电叶片电磁双轴疲劳加载系统。该算法可根据电磁疲劳加载系统的内部频率变化不断地跟踪参考模型的输出。结合先前研究成果,建立风电叶片电磁力驱动的双轴疲劳加载模型试验平台,在现场试验对自适应算法的控制效果进行验证。结果表明：在挥舞方向,可调增益的模型参考自适应控制算法平均跟踪误差在10%以内,摆振方向为7%以内;相较于传统PID算法,该算法具有更好的跟踪能力、鲁棒性、抗扰动能力,控制性能得到了很大的提升。     

电液疲劳试验系统加载策略研究

为更好地复现实际工程中物体所受的各种复杂载荷,提出一种基于相位控制的双激振器电液疲劳试验系统:应用流体动力学和系统动力学理论建立激振器与疲劳试验系统数学模型,非线性分析激振器激励-响应特性,拟定疲劳试验系统加载策略;最后搭建试验平台,验证理论分析的准确性及加载策略的可行性。研究结果表明:实测激振器输出力波形与仿真分析结果基本一致,所拟的3种加载模式可达预期目标,即疲劳试验系统能输出不同频率和极值的拉-压交变力、交变力矩和交变力偶矩满足试验需要。     

风电叶片疲劳试验两点惯性激振同步控制技术

为消除风电叶片疲劳试验过程中两激振器间的耦合影响,提高两激振器的同步控制性能,设计虚拟主轴并行同步控制策略。应用模糊PI控制算法设计相位控制器,并搭建风电叶片两点惯性激振同步控制试验平台,验证该算法的同步控制效果。结果表明:在非同步控制状态下,两激振器间存在耦合效应,导致相位差存在较大波动,难以实现两激振器联合激振,叶片振幅紊乱,不满足叶片疲劳试验的要求;在同步控制状态下,实现了两激振器良好的同步控制效果,叶片振幅稳定,相位差值为±1.5°。     

风电叶片部件疲劳试验机跟随控制策略研究

针对风电叶片部件疲劳试验过程中实际载荷与期望载荷跟随效果差的问题,提出一种超前自校正与改进线性自抗扰(LADRC)相结合的同步控制策略。该方法通过对实际载荷进行自校正补偿与系统误差以及外部扰动一起输入到改进线性自抗扰控制器,从而实现加载力和频率的有效控制。对疲劳试验机油电液伺服系统控制算法进行仿真分析,并通过搭建现场试验平台对同步控制策略进行有效性验证。仿真及试验结果表明：在较大载荷疲劳试验过程中,该控制策略显著提升系统的快速响应性和抗干扰能力,载荷误差控制在1%以内,相对于传统ADRC控制算法同步误差减小了56.14%,有效实现了风电叶片部件疲劳试验载荷的精确控制。     

双驱动交互控制技术

在某些飞机起落架结构疲劳试验中,需要在不同受力情况下进行循环载荷加载疲劳试验。为了加载精确、降低成本、减少人力物力消耗,采用随动加载方式进行加载,即对加载设备使用位移定位控制,通过改变加载设备位置间接对试验件进行载荷加载,从而完成不同状态的载荷试验。以往位移控制一般使用伺服控制液压加载设备,控制信号易受外界干扰,存在定位不准确、加载器抖动等,从而导致位移定位存在误差,试验加载精度不够。为了解决这一问题,引入电驱动控制系统,该系统响应快、精度高,无液压油中间介质,性能稳定,多执行器同步性高。经过理论分析与研究并通过验证试验,使用液压驱动与电驱动交互控制技术完成试验加载控制,提高了试验加载精度,满足了起落架疲劳试验需求。试验结果表明,该技术可应用于一些特殊的飞机起落架结构强度疲劳试验。     

轴承变载荷压力试验机液压加载系统设计

针对现有轴承寿命强化试验加载系统存在的缺陷,设计可实现动态变载荷循环加载的液压加载系统.该系统采用一数字式微小流量阀实现匀速加载,详细介绍该微小流量阀的工作原理.分析相应加载方法并给出加载实例.试验结果表明:在保持接触疲劳失效机理一致的前提下,该轴承变载荷液压加载系统使试验时间有效缩短,试验成本降低,产品的开发周期缩短.     

液压加载式变速器疲劳试验台测控系统设计

变速器新产品在开发过程中,需要进行一定的载荷循环次加载疲劳寿命试验,以验证内部齿轮、轴、轴承、箱体等零部件以及整体系统的可靠性,液压加载式变速器疲劳寿命试验台是其中重要的试验设备。变速器疲劳寿命试验过程中,扭矩负载一般采用调节液压加载器中的压力进行控制,但温度、机械结构状态等因素会导致扭矩的波动,因此需要对液压加载器中的压力进行实时调节,确保试验扭矩的稳定性。通过试验扭矩PID控制方法和试验系统自动流程控制方法的研究,开发了一套可实现变速器疲劳试验所需的转速转矩自适应控制、试验流程自动控制、试验数据自动采集存储等功能为一体的自动化程度较高的测控系统。疲劳寿命试验结果表明,该测控系统可使液压加载式变速器疲劳寿命试验台具有较高的测控精度及自动化水平,具有广阔的应用前景。     

全机结构试验起落架位移补偿加载技术研究

在全机结构试验中,通常采用起落架三点悬挂方式支持飞机,常规的支持装置为"撬杠-立柱"模式,该装置同时具备起落架垂向加载功能。在考核起落架连接区结构时,起落架在航向和侧向载荷作用下会产生一定变形,由于常规"撬杠-立柱"的撬杠支撑点固定,变形会引起垂向加载力线偏差,导致加载不准确。采用平面随动原理,将常规的撬杠固定支撑点改进为滚珠式随动平台,依靠随动平台的被动移动补偿起落架变形,减小垂向加载力线偏差。通过理论分析和试验验证,改进后的"随动撬杠-立柱"支持装置能够明显降低垂向加载误差,提高加载精度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.