R404A在低温空气源热泵中替代传统工质的性能研究

基于制冷剂物性软件Cool Pack,通过计算对R404A、R22、R407C、R410A在螺杆式单级压缩热泵系统理论循环中的制热量、排气温度、压缩比、压缩机功耗、COP、质量流量进行了对比分析,系统工况设定为冷凝温度50℃,蒸发温度在-40~10℃范围内变化。计算结果表明:R404A作为低温空气源热泵系统的工质具有稳定的低温适应性。     

水平内螺纹铜管内R404A的冷凝压降特性

对R404A在内螺纹铜管内冷凝压降进行了实验研究。为了给R404A在小管径换热器中应用的可行性提供依据,研究缩小管径带来压降上升的特性,设置了不同的影响因素来研究R404A在内螺纹铜管中的冷凝压降特性。实验工况为:饱和温度35～45℃,质流密度200～900 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度10 kW/m~2,入口干度0.1～0.9,内螺纹铜管管径分别为5、7和9.52 mm。实验结果表明:饱和温度对冷凝压降的影响主要集中在较高的质流密度区间,压降随饱和温度的升高而降低;压降随质流密度的增大而上升,随管径的减小而增大;随着干度值的降低,冷凝压降从一个峰值开始逐渐下降,其中5 mm管的压降下降速率最大;通过对比相对传热系数得出3种内螺纹管中,5 mm管的综合性能更好。     

R404A在5 mm小管径内冷凝换热特性研究

搭建了一个单管冷凝换热特性测试实验系统,研究不同工况下R404A在5 mm小管径管内的冷凝换热系数变化。根据实验数据,建立了R404A在小管径内的冷凝换热模型,并通过偏差验证来论证新换热模型的可靠性。结果表明:R404A在小管径内冷凝换热系数随冷凝饱和温度的上升而降低,随质量流速和干度的上升而上升,随热流密度的变化没有明显改变;当质量流速较大时,冷凝换热系数随着干度的增加,增大的趋势会更为明显,当干度较大时,冷凝换热系数随质量流速的增加,增加的幅度也更大;新关联式可以较好地预测R404A在5 mm内螺纹管的冷凝换热系数,且偏差最大为±20%。     

R410A制冷剂并联涡旋式空气源冷水(热泵)机组设计

设计开发以R410A为制冷剂的并联涡旋式空气源冷水(热泵)机组,以解决目前并联冷水(热泵)机组节能方面的问题。介绍该设备的工作原理和结构,给出主要部件的设计性能指标。并测试了不同蒸发温度及不同冷凝温度下COP数值,通过对IPLV值的比较,为节能空调系统优化设计提供参考。     

5 mm微肋管内R404A流动沸腾换热特性研究

通过实验研究了R404A在5 mm微肋管内的流动沸腾换热特性。热流密度为5～25 kW/m~2、质量流速为200～500 kg/(m~2·s)、饱和温度为-5～5℃、干度为0.1～0.9。结果表明:提高饱和温度可以提高换热系数,在0.1～0.3低干度区提升作用较为明显,在0.3～0.6中干度区提升作用逐渐降低;随着质量流速的增大,换热系数呈上升趋势,其对换热系数的影响主要体现在中干度区;热流密度的增大也能够有效提升换热系数,同时使换热系数的峰值提前出现,加速干涸现象的发生。针对本实验数据,修正后的Gungor模型预测精度较高,修正系数为1.372,统计得出平均绝对偏差仅9.30%,高达98.18%的数据偏差度小于±30%。     

焓差实验室能力提高的改造与实践

介绍了盘管风机焓差实验室的构造原理,对测试盘管风机供热量时发生的与实验条件不符合标准的情况进行数据分析,在相应分析的基础上找出修改方法,并在实践中检验效果,对保证风机盘管焓差实验室检测的准确以及提高实验室人员的水平具有一定的现实意义.     

油浓度对小管径水平内螺纹管内R404A冷凝换热影响的实验研究

研究了强制对流条件下水平内螺纹管内R404A气液两相流冷凝换热特性,主要讨论油浓度对外径为5 mm的内螺纹管内R404A冷凝换热的影响。实验中油浓度变化范围为0~5%,设置入口平均饱和冷凝温度为40℃,质量流密度变化范围为200~400 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度变化范围为5~45 kW/m~2。实验研究表明:油的出现恶化了换热,在油浓度为1%以下时恶化作用可以忽略,但随着油浓度的增加换热恶化作用越来越明显;对于纯R404A和油浓度为1%的R404A-油混合物,冷凝换热系数随着制冷剂蒸汽干度的降低而逐渐减小;对于油浓度为3%和5%的R404A-油混合物,随着制冷剂蒸汽干度的下降,冷凝换热系数先增加然后逐渐减小,在干度为0.7~0.75之间呈现出一个冷凝换热系数的峰值。同一质量流密度下,换热系数惩罚因子会随着干度的增加而减小,即干度越大,换热恶化作用越大;当质量流密度从200 kg/(m~2·s)增加到400 kg/(m~2·s)时,同一油浓度下油对换热系数的恶化作用相对变小。     

多联机焓差实验室制冷量测试不确定度分析

以多联机焓差实验室为基础开展其制冷量测试的不确定度研究,通过多联机制冷量计算模型传递给测试结果的不确定度,分析各原始参数不确定度分量、传递关系及其相关性,为搭建高效节能的多联机焓差法试验台提供依据.实验结果表明:多联机总制冷量不确定度与各单室不确定度相比,按总制冷量计算得到的相对误差较各单室偏低约36％.而多联机相同型...     

混合工质R134a/R23替代R22的可行性研究

叙述了基于新型环保型混合制冷剂R134a/R23替代制冷剂R22的问题,以及通过REFPROP7.5,对混合工质R134a/R23从物性和热力学特性进行的理论计算分析,指出,由质量分数为70%的R134a和质量分数为30%的R23组成的混合制冷剂与R22性能最为接近,在变工况运行条件下,其COP值比R22高8%左右,其冷凝压力比同条件下用R22作为循环工质低21%～36%,理论上完全具有替代R22的可能性。     

Determination of optimum working conditions R22 and R404A refrigerant mixtures in heat-pumps using Taguchi method

In this study, refrigerants R22 and R404A five of their binary mixtures which contain about 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% mass fractions of R404A were tested. It is investigated experimentally the effects of gas mixture rate, evaporator air inlet temperature (from 24 to 32 °C), evaporator air mass flow rate (from 0.58 to 0.74 kg/s), condenser air inlet temperature (from 22 to 34 °C) and condenser air mass flow rate (from 0.57 to 0.73 kg/s) on the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency values of vapor compression heat-pump systems. To determine the effect of the chosen parameters on the system and optimum working conditions, an experimental design method suggested by Genichi Taguchi was used. In this study, it was observed that the most effective parameters are found to be the condenser air inlet temperature for COP and exergetic efficiency.     

Performance evaluation of R404A and R507A refrigerant mixtures in an experimental double-stage vapour compression plant

As a result of the ban of the CFC fluids in 2000 and the future limitation of HCFC fluids, which manufacture limit is the year 2010, refrigerant producers have been working to develop different mixtures, mainly based on HFC fluids, which emulate the properties of the former refrigerants used in refrigeration plants. At the moment, the HFC-404A and the HFC-507A are the more widely used fluids in Europe as replacement of the CFC-502 in plants operating at low temperatures. This work presents the experimental evaluation, from an energy point of view, of both refrigerants in the same refrigeration plant, which corresponds to a double-stage vapour compression plant driven by a compound compressor. The characterization was made for an evaporating temperature range between −36 and −20 °C for a constant condensing temperature of 40 °C.     

Performance simulation of refrigerated display cabinets operating with refrigerants R22 and R404A

This paper describes the analysis and performance comparison of a display cabinet system using refrigerant R404A and its substitute refrigerant R22. The model of the display cabinet is developed at steady state and integrated from three main component sub-models, air-cooling finned-tube evaporator, air curtain and display cabinet body. The evaporator model is built up based on the distributed method, which can simulate the heat exchangers with different circuit structures. The frost effect on the performance of the evaporator is included in the model. The correlations for the heat transfer and pressure drop calculations of both air and refrigerant sides are purposely selected in the evaporator model. In addition, the evaporator model has been validated with experimental results at steady states from published literature. Several correlated functions from the detailed numerical solution are used for the model of the air curtain. Some simplifications are also utilized for the model of display cabinet body. The performance simulation and comparison of the display cabinet using refrigerants R404A and R22 are carried out at different indoor ambient conditions especially at varied ambient air humidity to mimic the actual indoor space conditions in super stores. Some significant results such as the comparison of cooling load requirement for different refrigerant display cases have been obtained from the simulation, which can significantly contribute to the optimal cabinet design and operating analysis.     

Thermal modeling of a shell and tube type evaporator with R404A

In this study, the two‐phase heat‐transfer coefficient of R404A inside horizontal tubes is analyzed through the evaporator's overall heat‐transfer coefficient, obtained using the effectiveness—Number of Transfer Units thermal design approach. This method constitutes an approximation that can be used in the evaporator's thermal design with an attempt to break some of the initial assumptions established in the heat exchanger thermal design method development. For the analysis, an experimental refrigeration system that is commercially available is built up with a shell and tube evaporator. All the experiments are performed at different evaporator pressures (270, 570 kPa), evaporator temperatures (?20, 0°C) and cooling water temperatures (20, 40°C). For these parameters, overall heat‐transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is found in the range of 0.05–0.35 kW °C^?1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

房间空调器环境试验室的设计与试验研究

根据GB/T 7725—2004及日本JIS B 8615 2—1999的技术要求,研制了一套0~12.5 k W空调器环境试验室.试验室由外室和真实民居结构的内室构成,外室由空气处理机组模拟各种环境工况,内室配置温度、湿度等传感器,测量了空调器营造的室内环境温湿度等参数,并分析了室内温度场的均匀性.试验室可用于开发新型空调器,客观评价空调器所营造环境的舒适性,并为环境舒适性的主观评价提供条件.进行了各种工况试验,试验结果表明:环境干球温度控制精度小于1℃,相对湿度控制精度小于5%,均满足工况控制要求;同时获得了空调房间内的温度场分布.     

Exergetic performance assessment of a variable‐speed R404a refrigeration system

The goal of this study is to carry out exergy analyses for an experimental variable‐speed refrigeration system working with R404a in order to determine irreversibility rates and exergetic efficiencies of system components and the overall system. For this aim, an experimental refrigeration system was designed with a frequency inverter mounted on compressor electric motor. Controlling the rotational speed of the compressor with a frequency inverter is one of the best methods to vary the capacity of the refrigeration system. The experiments were made for different compressor electric motor frequencies. The results showed that at low‐frequency values, irreversibility rates of the system decreased and exergetic efficiencies were increased. In addition, the major irreversibility occurs in the compressor by 61.47–61.83% followed by condenser by 17.00–16.52%, evaporator by 12.39–13.73% and expansion valve by 6.24–6.76% for different compressor frequencies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance evaluation of heat exchanger using alternative refrigerant R407C

R22 (HCFC22) has been widely used as the refrigerant in air conditioners. According to the Montreal protocol for ozone layer protection, the total production of HCFCs has been capped since the beginning of 1996. Zeotropic refrigerant mixture R407C and nearly azeotropic refrigerant mixture R410A have been selected as alternatives to R22. We examined refrigerant passages in heat exchangers used in heat pump‐type room air conditioners using zeotropic refrigerant R407C through simulation, and obtained the following conclusions. In an indoor heat exchanger, a counter flow configuration when operating as a condenser has higher temperature efficiency. When an outdoor heat exchanger operates as an evaporator, a configuration that suppresses the temperature glide by partially reducing the refrigerant passage not only produces high efficiency, but also reduces the frost formation on fins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 626–638, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10064