石家庄市131株食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因的分布

目的研究石家庄市食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因的分布及毒力活性,了解蜡样芽胞杆菌的潜在威胁。方法采用PCR方法,对食品风险监测中分离到的131株蜡样芽胞杆菌进行肠毒素、呕吐毒素9种毒力基因扩增检测,用血平板检测的方法分析蜡样芽胞杆菌的毒力。结果毒力基因携带率较高,至少携带一个毒力基因的菌株达到检出菌总数的99.2%(130/131),溶血素BL基因(hbl ACD)和肠毒素FM基因(ent FM)是石家庄市食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌的主要毒力基因;检出的蜡样芽胞杆菌均产生溶血素BL,检出率为100%。结论腹泻型肠毒素在食品中的分布比较广泛,检出的蜡样芽胞杆菌均具有溶血素,对进食者存在潜在的危险性,今后应加强监控蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染,预防和控制蜡样芽胞杆菌食源性疾病的发生。     

即食米面制品中蜡样芽胞杆菌分离鉴定及毒力基因研究

为探究即食米面制品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染状况及食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌中毒力基因的分布规律,以餐饮服务场所采集245份即食米面制品为蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染调查材料,通过国标法及持家基因分离鉴定得到49株蜡样芽胞杆菌阳性株,并对其进行13种毒力基因的PCR检测。结果表明:蜡样芽胞杆菌的平均检出率为10.61%(26/245),阳性检出样品主要为盒饭及米饭,其蜡样芽胞杆菌平均检出水平为3032 CFU/g,其中以盒饭的检出程度最高。49株分离菌株均检出两种或两种以上的毒力基因,非溶血性肠毒素基因nhe和entFM检出率最高,分别达到100%及91.84%,是分离菌株的主要毒力基因;溶血素基因hblA、hblC、hblD检出率分别为20.41%、38.78%和40.82%。同时携带nhe三个基因又携带hblA、hblC和hblD基因的强毒株有7株,占14.29%,且这7株菌均含有entFM基因。呕吐型毒力基因ces、cer、EM1仅2株检出,检出率为4.08%。本研究对即食米面制品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的监控、预警及爆发引起食物中毒后追踪其感染源和传播途径及构建基因指纹图谱库和分子溯源平台具有指导意义。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉及婴幼儿米粉中的蜡样芽胞杆菌流行情况、耐药性及分子特征研究

目的 了解流通环节市售婴幼儿配方乳粉和婴幼儿米粉中的蜡样芽胞杆菌流行情况、抗生素耐药性和毒力基因等分子特征。方法 采用GB 4789.14—2014《食品卫生微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》对样品中的蜡样芽胞杆菌进行检测与生化鉴定。进一步通过抗生素敏感实验和全基因组测序对11株代表性分离株进行研究,获得耐药表型及耐药、毒力基因等分子特征信息。结果 婴幼儿配方乳粉和婴幼儿米粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌的检出率分别为11.97%（56/468）和20.74%（28/135）。11株代表性蜡样芽胞杆菌均为多重耐药菌株,全基因组测序结果发现11株分离株共携带8个耐药基因和14个毒力基因,其中主要携带磷霉素、β-内酰胺类抗生素抗性基因,以及肠毒素基因（hbl和nhe）,另发现1株携带ces基因簇蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株。11株分离株具有遗传多样性,11株分离株分属10个ST型。结论 婴幼儿配方乳粉和婴幼儿米粉中的蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率较低,但代表菌株的耐药谱和遗传特征具有多样性,应进一步加强监测及采取有效措施进行控制,以保障相关食品的安全性。     

婴幼儿奶粉和米粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌及其毒素、毒力基因的调查研究

了解婴幼儿奶粉及米粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况及其毒素、毒力基因的携带特点。方法 采用稀释培养计数(MPN计数)法分离蜡样芽胞杆菌,采用PCR技术检测10种蜡样芽胞杆菌的腹泻毒素及呕吐毒素基因,在流动相A为0.1%甲酸-乙腈溶液,流动相 B为0.1%甲酸-0.2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液条件下,用Acquity BEH300 C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)对样品进行分离,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测样品中的呕吐毒素(cereulide)。结果 本研究共监测39份样品,28份检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率为71.79%(28/39)；2份检出呕吐毒素,检出率为5.13%(2/39)。检出的蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株大多属于携带复合型毒素的菌株,均携带3种以上的腹泻毒素基因,非溶血性的肠毒素 nhe基因(nheA、nheB 和nheC)和肠毒素FM基因(entFM)为主要的毒力基因,其中nheABC 基因携带率为100%,entFM基因携带率为35.71%(10/28),cytK基因是检测到的最少的一种毒力基因。结论 应加强婴幼儿奶粉及米粉中的蜡样芽胞杆菌污染监测及其毒力基因致病性研究,以科学评估蜡样芽胞杆菌对婴幼儿食品可能构成的食品安全风险。     

我国市售婴儿配方乳粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染及其毒力基因调查

目的了解国内市售婴儿配方乳粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染及毒力基因分布情况。方法采用MPN法定量检测婴儿配方乳粉中的蜡样芽胞杆菌,在对分离菌株正确鉴定的基础上,开展腹泻型和呕吐型毒素产生相关毒力基因的分布研究。结果 135份婴儿配方乳粉中有57份检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率为42.22%。平均污染水平为7.14 MPN/g。国产产品蜡样芽胞杆菌污染较进口产品重,网售产品较超市销售产品重,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共发现24种蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因携带模式,其中nhe基因携带率最高,达92.98%(53/57),其次为ent FM基因(71.93%),70.18%(40/57)的菌株同时携带nhe和ent FM基因。亚型分型结果显示nhe A、nhe B和nhe C基因的携带率分别为88.72%、88.72%和49.12%。溶血素BL基因携带率分别为hbl A 24.56%、hbl C 22.81%和hbl D 17.54%,cyt K基因携带率为22.81%。有8株菌既携带nhe的3个基因又携带hbl的3个基因。结论我国市售婴儿配方乳粉蜡样芽胞杆菌污染较重,分离到的蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株普遍携带毒力基因,建议加强对婴儿配方乳粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染的监管,并开展膳食暴露该菌对婴儿健康影响的风险评估,为制定婴儿配方乳粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌的限量标准提供依据。     

我国食源性蜡样芽孢杆菌毒力基因和药物敏感性研究

目的 了解我国不同地区食源性蜡样芽孢杆菌的毒力基因携带特点及其对抗生素的敏感性,为食源性食物中毒的防治提供参考依据.方法 采用PCR方法对2011年我国不同地区收集的238株食源性蜡样芽孢杆菌10种毒力基因进行检测;采用微量肉汤稀释法测定其抗生素敏感性.结果 溶血素BL基因、肠毒素T基因和细孢毒素K基因是我国食源性蜡样芽孢杆菌的主要毒力基因,至少携带一个毒力基因的菌株达到检出菌总数的87.4％;蜡样芽孢杆菌对庆大霉素、万古霉素、环丙沙星、复方新诺明的敏感率为100％,对红霉素、四环素、氯霉素、克林霉素的敏感率分别为88.8％、90.2％、99.6％、87.1％,对氨苄西林和头孢噻肟的敏感率仅为0.4％和5.4％.结论 我国食源性蜡样芽孢杆菌毒力基因携带率较高,对食品安全和公共健康构成潜在的威胁;蜡样芽孢杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟的敏感性差,不应作为经验用药和预防用药.     

温州地区蜡样芽胞杆菌分型特征研究

目的了解温州地区不同来源蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因分布、生化分型和多位点序列分型(MLST)特征。方法参照GB 4789.14—2014对127株蜡样芽胞杆菌进行鉴定和生化分型,同时采用PCR方法检测10种毒力基因,并进行MLST基因分型。结果 127株蜡样芽胞杆菌同时携带Nhe A、Nhe B、Nhe C基因的菌株占94.5%(120/127),而同时携带hbl A、hbl C、hbl D基因的占9.4%(12/127),携带ces基因的占7.9%(10/127);127株菌株除10株不能进行生化分型外,其余117株分为2型(0.8%,1/127)、5型(3.9%,5/127)、8型(1.6%,2/127)、9型(63.8%,81/127)和10型(22.0%,28/127);通过MLST分析,72株菌株共分为28个ST序列型,ST26(18.1%,13/72)、ST144(15.3%,11/72)、ST92(6.9%,5/72)和ST164(6.9%,5/72)为常见ST型别。28个ST型聚类分析显示温州地区蜡样芽胞杆菌分为4个序列群和13个单态群。结论温州地区蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因携带率较高,遗传关系具有多样性。     

成都市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况与毒力基因分析

目的研究成都市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因携带及对抗生素的耐药情况。方法 2014—2016年,在成都市农贸市场和路边摊点共采集食品样品330份,按照GB 4789.14—2014《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》分离疑似菌株,应用管家基因和16S rDNA测序鉴定蜡样芽胞杆菌,并针对分离菌株携带的毒力基因及对抗生素的耐药性进行检测。结果 2014—2016年,蜡样芽胞杆菌总检出率为17.6%(58/330),不同类型食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=29.683,P0.01),不同年份的食品样品蜡样芽胞杆菌的分离率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=5.835,P0.05)。米面制品、即食凉拌类和腌卤制品是蜡样芽胞杆菌的主要污染食品。腹泻型毒素基因(hbl,nhe,bceT,cytK,entFM)的检出率远高于呕吐型毒素基因(ces和cer)。分离菌株对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为29.3%(17/58)、24.1%(14/58)和22.4%(13/58)。结论成都市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌分离菌株携带毒力基因类型多样,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高,对食品安全具有潜在威胁。     

2014—2019年岳阳市食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌溶血素hblA与磷脂酶C plc基因特征分析

目的 了解湖南省岳阳市2014－2019年食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株病原学特征,并为蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒事件的科学防控提供依据。方法 对2014—2019年分离自湖南省岳阳市城区餐饮门店的26株蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株的致病毒力因子溶血素BL的hblA基因和磷脂酶C的plc基因进行序列扩增和测序,并使用Seqman和MEGA X软件对蜡样芽胞杆菌的hblA和plc基因进行遗传进化分析。结果 从岳阳市分离到的蜡样芽胞杆菌hblA、plc毒力基因的同源性与GenBank中的蜡样芽胞杆菌群相比均大于93.0%。结论 岳阳市分离的蜡样芽胞杆菌的hblA和plc基因与GenBank中的蜡样芽胞杆菌群的同源性高,具有一定的亲缘关系。本研究为进一步了解和科学防控蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒事件奠定了研究基础。     

海口市5类食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌药敏和毒力基因检测及分子分型研究

目的 了解海口市5类食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况、毒力基因携带类型、药物敏感特点和分子分型特征。方法 参照GB 4789.14—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》对海南粉、海南粉配料、奶粉类、快餐类和糕点类5类食品进行分离鉴定蜡样芽胞杆菌,并应用普通聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行菌群特异性基因groEL和10种毒力基因检测;采用微量肉汤稀释(MIC)法检测菌株对抗生素的敏感性;应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术对菌株进行分子分型。结果 626份不同食品样品中有197份检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率为31.5%,其中海南粉检出率最高,为63.1%(140/222)。所有菌株均至少携带1种毒力基因,entFM基因携带率最高,为99.0%(195/197),ces基因携带率最低,为2.5%(5/197);同时携带nheA、nheB和nheC基因的菌株占88.8%(175/197),同时携带hblA、hblC和hblD基因的菌株占13.7%(27/197)。所有菌株对庆大霉素和氯霉素的敏感率均为100.0%(197/197),对万古霉素和环丙沙星敏感率分别为99.5%(196/197)和92.9%(183/197),对青霉素和复方新诺明的耐药率分别为100.0%(197/197)和90.9%(179/197)。PFGE分型结果显示,所有菌株可分为30个簇,117种带型。结论 海口市5类食品均存在蜡样芽胞杆菌污染,其中海南粉污染较重,对食品安全构成潜在的威胁;可依据菌株的毒力基因、分子分型和抗生素敏感性特点进行针对性防控和重点监管。     

Toxin genes profiles and toxin production ability of Bacillus cereus isolated from clinical and food samples

Bacillus cereus can cause diarrheal and emetic type of food poisoning but little study has been done on the main toxins of food poisoning caused by B. cereus in Korea. The objective of this study is to characterize the toxin gene profiles and toxin-producing ability of 120 B. cereus isolates from clinical and food samples in Korea. The detection rate of nheABC, hblCDA, entFM, and cytK enterotoxin gene among all B. cereus strains was 94.2, 90.0, 65.8, and 52.5%, respectively. The ces gene encoding emetic toxin was not detected in all strains. Bacillus cereus strains carried at least 1 of the 8 enterotoxin genes were classified into 12 groups according to the presence or absence of 8 virulence genes. The 3 major patterns, I (nheABC, hblCDA, entFM, and cytK gene), II (nheABC, hblCDA and entFM gene), and VI (nheABC and hblCDA gene), accounted for 79.2% of all strains (95 out of 120 B. cereus isolates). Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and hemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxins were produced by 107 and 100 strains, respectively. Our finding revealed that NHE and HBL enterotoxins encoded by nhe and hbl genes were the major toxins among B. cereus tested in this study and enterotoxic type of B. cereus was predominant in Korea.     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离及携带毒力基因的检测

为了确定成都市食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌所携带的毒力基因情况,本实验对市售食品共采样130份,通过菌落在MYP培养基上形态特征对蜡样芽孢杆菌进行初步分离,再利用16Sr RNA测序结果进行比对分析,并检测分离菌株携带的管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL进一步确认,最后检测分离菌株携带毒力基因情况。结果表明130份样品中共检出23株蜡样芽孢杆菌,检出率为17.7%;23株分离菌株中,蜡样芽孢杆菌的4个管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL检出率为100%,毒力基因的检测结果表明,nhe B和ent FM在16株分离菌株中检出,检出率为69.6%;nhe A和nhe C在14株分离菌株中检出,检出率为60.9%;hbl D在11株分离菌株中检出,检出率为47.8%;cyt K在10株分离菌株中检出,检出率为43.5%;bce T在9株分离菌株中检出,检出率为39.1%;hbl A和hbl C在8株分离菌株中检出,检出率为34.8%;cer和ces在2株分离菌株中检出,检出率为8.7%;未发现分离菌株携带hbl B和Hly基因。研究结果表明市售食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌毒力基因携带率较高,对食品安全具有潜在威胁,应当引起有关部门注意。     

Establishment of a novel multiplex PCR assay and detection of toxigenic strains of the species in the Bacillus cereus group

Five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus have been characterized. To amplify all of the enterotoxin and emetic-specific sequences of the species in the B. cereus group, a multiplex PCR with 12 primer pairs was established. In developing the assay method, a common terminal sequence at the 3' ends of all primers was chosen and a hot start Taq polymerase was used to overcome primer dimer formation. The assay was successfully applied to analyze the toxigenic potential of 162 food-poisoning and food-related strains. Results showed that there were 10 toxigenic patterns for all the test strains. All of the B. cereus strains carried at least one toxin gene. More than 70% of Bacillus mycoides strains carried no known toxin genes. The toxin profiles and toxin genes of B. mycoides strains were significantly different from B. cereus strains (P < 0.05), although the two species were closely related. The results suggest that many B. mycoides strains might be less prone to cause food poisoning. They also indicate the importance of detecting the toxin genes together with the detection of the species in the B. cereus group.     

Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and toxigenic profiles of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from Sunsik

Bacillus cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal types of food poisoning, but little study has been done on the toxins and toxin-encoding genes of B. cereus strains isolated from Sunsik, a Korean ready-to-eat food prepared from grains, fruits, and vegetables. In this study, 39 unique B. cereus strains were isolated and identified from Sunsik samples, with an average contamination level of 10 to 200 CFU/g. The detection rates of the hblACD, cytK, and bceT genes among all the strains were 48.7, 66.7, and 87.1%, respectively. All 39 B. cereus strains carried nheABC and entFM genes, and 36 strains also had the ces gene, which encodes an emetic toxin. Nonhemolytic enterotoxin and hemolysin BL enterotoxin were produced by 39 and 26 strains, respectively. The strains were separated into 13 profiles based on the presence or absence of toxins and their genes, as determined by antibody tests and PCR analysis. Profile 1 was the largest group, comprising 30.7% (12 of 39) of the B. cereus strains tested; these strains harbored all toxins and their genes. The B. cereus strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested but were highly resistant to b -lactam antibiotics. The repetitive element sequence polymorphism PCR fingerprints of the B. cereus strains were not influenced by the presence of toxin genes or antibiotic resistance profiles. Our results suggest that B. cereus strains from Sunsik could cause either the diarrheal or emetic types of food poisoning because all strains isolated contained at least one toxin and its gene, although the level of B. cereus contamination in Sunsik was low.     

Enterotoxins and emetic toxins production by Bacillus cereus and other species of Bacillus isolated from Soumbala and Bikalga, African alkaline fermented food condiments

The ability of various species of Bacillus from fermented seeds of Parkia biglobosa known as African locust bean (Soumbala) and fermented seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Bikalga) was investigated. The study included screening of the isolates by haemolysis on blood agar, detection of toxins in broth and during the fermentation of African locust bean using the Bacillus cereus Enterotoxin Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination test kit (BCET-RPLA) and the Bacillus Diarrhoeal Enterotoxin Visual Immunoassay (BDEVIA). Detection of genes encoding cytotoxin K (CytK), haemolysin BL (Hbl A, Hbl C, Hbl D), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NheA, NheB, NheC) and EM1 specific of emetic toxin producers was also investigated using PCR with single pair and multiplex primers. Of 41 isolates, 29 Bacillus belonging to the species of B. cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus showed haemolysis on blood agar. Using RPLA, enterotoxin production was detected for three isolates of B. cereus in broth and all B. cereus (9) in fermented seeds. Using BDEVIA, enterotoxin production was detected in broth as well as in fermented seeds for all B. cereus isolates. None of the isolates belonging to the other Bacillus species was able to produce enterotoxins either by RPLA or BDEVIA. Nhe genes were detected in all B. cereus while Hbl and CytK genes were detected respectively in five and six B. cereus strains. A weak presence of Hbl (A, D) and CytK genes was detected in two isolates of B. subtilis and one of B. licheniformis but results were inconsistent, especially for Hbl genes. The emetic specific gene fragment EM1 was not detected in any of the isolates studied.     

Detection of genes encoding for enterotoxins and determination of the production of enterotoxins by HBL blood plates and immunoassays of psychrotrophic strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from pasteurised milk

The presence of genes for the production of the three components of the HBL enterotoxin complex and enterotoxin-T in Bacillus cereus was evaluated by PCR tests for strains isolated from milk. In addition enterotoxin production of B. cereus was evaluated by means of the HBL blood agar plate and two commercially available toxin tests. All three genes for the HBL enterotoxin complex were detected in 55% of the 86 strains tested, the enterotoxin-T gene was detected in 62% of the strains. A few strains showed a weak reaction in the PCR tests for the L1 or L2 components of the HBL enterotoxin complex. Many strains that were found to contain the genes for the HBL complex gave negative or doubtful results in the HBL blood agar plate test. All strains that contain the L2 part of the HBL complex showed a titer of at least 8 in the Oxoid RPLA test. Two strains that did not contain the L2 part of the HBL enterotoxin complex gave high titers (= 64) in the RPLA test.