金属裂纹扩展声发射信号特性研究

机械结构件中的应力集中使得结构极易产生裂纹并逐渐扩展,裂纹扩展时伴有声发射信号,因此有必要对结构件中裂纹扩展时的声发射信号进行特征研究。为研究金属板件中的裂纹声发射源特征行为,通过分析板件中的裂纹声发射源,从理论上推导了裂纹声发射的幅值和频率特征表达式。在裂纹扩展过程中,金属板件的裂纹声发射信号幅值与声发射源的开裂长度和拉伸应力的乘积成正比,频率与裂纹开裂速度成反比,且与裂纹开裂长度成正比。用声发射检测系统对预制有初始裂纹的金属板件进行拉伸状态下的声发射监测,通过对声发射信号求取功率谱密度估计,实现不同声发射信号以功率谱在频域的分布为信号特征的有效区分。实验结果与理论分析相符合,研究结果对金属板件的裂纹声发射检测技术具有重要意义。     

基于声发射信号的铝合金点焊裂纹神经网络监测

铝合金热加工过程的冶金行为比较复杂,在电阻点焊快速加热和冷却条件下,极易产生裂纹缺陷。基于虚拟仪器技术,以Lab VIEW为软件平台,结合Matlab数值分析软件,构建了电阻点焊过程声发射信号采集分析及铝合金点焊裂纹监测系统。以2A12铝合金电阻点焊熔核冷却结晶过程,即点焊焊接循环维持阶段的声发射信号为研究对象,提取与声发射信号强度相关的振铃计数、能量、有效电压及5层小波分解125~250 k Hz频带能量系数4个特征参数作为输入矢量,裂纹作为输出矢量,建立3层BP神经网络铝合金点焊裂纹的监测模型,并利用测试样本对该模型进行验证。结果表明,裂纹监测的正确率达到89.1%,为监测铝合金电阻点焊裂纹提供了一种有效的方法。     

转轴裂纹声发射监测研究

声发射技术作为一种无损检测方法,可以找到声发射信号和裂纹扩展之间的关系,分析材料变形与断裂机制。介绍了声发射技术用于转轴裂纹监测的研究,分析了声发射信号与转轴裂纹扩展之间的关系。实验表明采用声发射技术可以对转轴裂纹进行监测,证明了声发射技术在转轴监测上的可行性。     

声发射信号降噪及在裂纹检测中的应用研究

针对采用声发射技术评估疲劳裂纹断裂状态时存在噪声干扰,以及采用小波包阈值降噪方法或集合经验模态分解降噪方法处理信号时会受到阈值选取、模态分量等因素的影响等问题,对上述两种降噪方法的工作原理进行了分析。提出了将两者相结合的声发射信号降噪方法,根据声发射信号处理流程可分为IMF-WPT降噪方法、WPT-EEMD降噪方法和EEMD-WPT降噪方法;利用以上3种降噪方法对同一模拟含噪声疲劳断裂声发射信号进行了降噪处理,分别计算了降噪处理后信号的信噪比和失真度;分别进行了金属材料和焊接结构疲劳裂纹扩展试验,利用WPT-EEMD降噪方法对采集声发射信号进行了降噪处理。研究结果表明:WPT-EEMD降噪方法降噪后的信号信噪比为10.32,失真度为0.31%,降噪效果最好;该方法可以有效去除高频噪声的干扰,提高分析结果的可靠性。     

基于声发射和神经网络的风机叶片裂纹识别研究

提出一种对风力机叶片裂纹声发射信号进行模式识别的方法。该方法以叶片无裂纹、萌生裂纹、扩展裂纹和断裂四个阶段为声发射源的四个模式,基于声发射信号含有丰富的发射源信息的特点,通过大量采样获得叶片裂纹声发射信号参数,并依照叶片裂纹声发射参数分析的数值特点确定BP神经网络,用选定的网络对叶片裂纹阶段进行模式识别,以判断裂纹的危害程度。仿真结果表明,利用BP神经网络可以对声发射信号进行有效识别,识别准确率达到90%以上。     

声发射传播特性及传导方式的研究综述

介绍了声发射在各种介质和波导杆中的传播特性,叙述了已存在的传导方式,综述了在检测过程中,选择合适的传感器和波导杆以及传感器的安装位置,为检测精度的提高打下基础。     

声发射技术在疲劳裂纹检测中的应用

主要讨论了声发射技术应用于疲劳裂纹的检测.根据疲劳裂纹的信号特征及测试场合,选用合适的疲劳裂纹检测方法,结合板簧疲劳裂纹试验机上的实验分析,得出声发射技术应用于疲劳裂纹检测的优势.     

刀具磨破损声发射信号传播特性的理论探讨

以声波导传播理论为基础，讨论了不同类型的刀具磨破破损声发射信号在流体声发射传感器中的传播特性，并对液体喷射速度和角度等因素对其传播特性的影响进行了理论分析，为进一步研究和有效利用此类液体声发射传感器奠定理论基础。     

火车轮裂纹声发射源定位技术研究

针对火车轮运行过程中受变载荷作用产生的裂纹具有的特征,对现有的裂纹声发射定位技术进行了优化.在硬件上采用更适用于车轮运行环境的安装方式,并确定了前向通道的各项参数.根据模态声发射理论,即AE信号在传播过程中具有的频散现象和多模态特性,通过对同一模式波到达各传感器的时差信号的精确分析,采用时差法和面域定位相结合的方法进行源位置的计算.由于采用多种技术进行分析,结果将更为精确.     

风力机叶片多裂纹扩展声发射信号的特征识别

针对风力机叶片蒙皮多裂纹难以状态识别的问题,根据裂纹扩展释放能量的过程,推导主裂纹扩展AE信号的表达式,从而明晰了主裂纹扩展的AE信号特性及其与应力变化之间的关联。由于多裂纹扩展AE信号为卷积混合模型,提出一种对具有非平稳、非线性特性的卷积混合AE信号特征提取的方法,以输出信号的广义能量作为目标函数得到盲解卷的滤波器迭代式,采用Godard算法通过输出信号与估计值的误差调整滤波器系数,并根据相似系数选择适当的非线性函数以减少采集设备对AE信号的影响。最后在裂纹扩展试验中,预制不同尺寸的多缺陷,对叶片试件同时施加激振载荷和循环载荷,每间隔一定的循环次数采集不同状态的AE信号,同时采用具有非全局性的瞬时频率和特征尺度来识别多裂纹在不同扩展状态下的特征,从而明晰了信号特征与多裂纹生存状态的关联,形成了识别多裂纹复合材料损伤的评价机制。     

Fatigue features study on the crankshaft material of 42CrMo steel using acoustic emission

Crankshaft is regarded as an important component of engines, and it is an important application of remanufacturing because of its high added value. However, the fatigue failure research of remanufactured crankshaft is still in its primary stage. Thus, monitoring and investigating the fatigue failure of the remanufacturing crankshaft is crucial. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) technology and machine vision are used to monitor the four-point bending fatigue of 42CrMo, which is the material of crankshaft. The specimens are divided into two categories, namely, pre-existing crack and non-preexisting crack, which simulate the crankshaft and crankshaft blank, respectively. The analysis methods of parameter-based AE techniques, wavelet transform (WT) and SEM analysis are combined to identify the stage of fatigue failure. The stage of fatigue failure is the basis of using AE technology in the field of remanufacturing crankshafts. The experiment results show that the fatigue crack propagation style is a transgranular fracture and the fracture is a brittle fracture. The difference mainly depends on the form of crack initiation. Various AE signals are detected by parameter analysis method. Wavelet threshold denoising and WT are combined to extract the spectral features of AE signals at different fatigue failure stages.     

Design of a piezoelectric transducer cylindrical phase modulator for simulating acoustic emission signals

To conveniently carry out the pipeline leak experiment in a laboratory, leak acoustic signals are simulated by using the converse piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) cylindrical phase modulator. On the basis of the piezoelectric equations and electromechanical equivalence principle, the transfer function of a PZT cylindrical phase modulator is delivered. A PZT cylindrical phase modulator is designed, and the numerical simulation is conducted. Results prove that the PZT cylindrical phase modulator can effectively simulate leak acoustic emission signals when the frequency is lower than 25 KHz. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2006, 32(8): 683–687 [译自: 北京工业大学学报]     

基于声发射技术的水轮机裂纹检测系统研究

研究了利用声发射技术实时检测水轮机叶片的裂纹的检测系统。重点介绍了检测系统软、硬件设计中的关键问题,以硬件描述语言(VHDL)设计出FPGA芯片来实时接收声发射信号的特征参数,来实现对水轮机叶片进行实时动态的裂纹检测。     

A new acoustic emission source location technique based on wavelet transform and mode analysis

For wave propagation in dispersive media, the arrival time of the acoustic emission signal to the sensor is dependent on the setting of the threshold voltage, which results in the inaccuracy of the acoustic emission location. Based on the wavelet transform and the theory of modal acoustic emission, a new method is proposed to improve the accuracy of acoustic emission source location. It is believed that the acoustic emission signal propagation in the structure has the characteristics of multi-mode and dispersion, and the acoustic emission source location should use the arrival time to sensors obtained from the output signals not only at the same mode but also at the same frequency. The wavelet transform is used to resolve the problem. By utilizing the time-frequency data of the wavelet, the frequency-dependent arrival time traveling is easily obtained; by numerical computation of the wave’s propagation in structure, the group velocity of the guided mode is also obtained, therefore the accuracy source location is realized. The acoustic emission source location experiments were conducted in a thin steel plate and results show that the technique is an effective tool for acoustic emission source location. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2005, 26(3) (in Chinese)     

Deformation stage for quantitative acoustic emission measurements

A deformation stage capable of fully reversed fatigue loading for use in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is described. This stage incorporates a novel surface displacement transducer for the detection of acoustic emission (AE) signals, which has a flat response over a wide band and can be used as a receiver up to 12 MHz. Also described is a method for analysis of these signals to obtain the size, speed, and location of the source event. A special grip geometry is introduced such that the dynamic Greens function describing the surface displacement at the transducer contains an initial p-wave delta function which is utilized to determine the source properties.     

钢板声发射时间反转聚焦增强定位方法

声发射检测方法具有实时动态监测优点,应用越来越广泛,但是对声源的定位始终没有更大的突破。在钢板声发射检测中,提出一种基于时间反转理论的声发射源准确定位的方法。由于声发射检测是一种被动检测技术,结合时间反转聚焦理论,推导出对声源信号实现时间反转聚焦增强处理方法,可增强检测信号中声源幅值,提高信噪比;然后根据声源信号到达时间推算出声源聚焦时刻,利用弹性波传播理论对传感器监测区域重建信号传播波动图,显示出声源位置和区域;最后通过实验测试对该方法进行验证,结果表明该方法能有效提高损伤声源信号的能量,对检测区域的信号重建和定位显示准确地给出损伤声源位置。     

声发射信号处理在轮轴故障检测中的应用研究

声发射（Acoustic Emission）可以定义为物体或材料内部迅速释放能量而产生瞬态弹性波的一种物理现象,是材料或结构受内力或外力作用产生变形或断裂,以弹性波的形式释放出应变能的结果。在基于虚拟仪器的轮轴故障检测分析平台中,可实现对声发射信号的时域分析、频谱分析、参数分析、小波去噪等主要功能。通过该平台,对具有典型状态的滚动轴承的声发射信号进行了试验研究。试验研究结果表明,对于不同状态的轴承,所测取的声发射信号包络频率特征有着明显的不同,并且和理论特征频率有着一定的关系。