中国居民邻苯二甲酸二丁酯膳食摄入水平及其风险评估

目的了解我国主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的含量,评估我国居民经膳食暴露于DBP的水平以及潜在的健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年收集的24类食品中的DBP含量数据以及2002年中国居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算我国居民DBP膳食摄入水平,以及不同食物对DBP摄入的贡献率,并与每日可耐受摄入量(TDI,0.01 mg/kg BW)比较,进行风险特征描述。结果各种食品中DBP的含量范围为0.00~46.50 mg/kg,平均含量为0.11 mg/kg,全人群的膳食DBP平均摄入量为1.21μg/kg BW,占TDI的12.08%。全人群高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的DBP摄入量为2.84μg/kg BW,占TDI的28.42%。大米、方便面对DBP膳食摄入的贡献率较高,分别为20.30%和15.34%。结论中国居民膳食DBP摄入的健康风险较低,处于可接受水平。     

烟台市居民经饮料和白酒摄入邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的风险评估

目的通过对烟台市居民饮料及白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)含量检测分析,计算烟台市居民膳食暴露风险并进行初步评价。方法在烟台市采集饮料和白酒样品共385份,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP的含量。利用饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP的平均含量,结合居民平均食物消费量,计算烟台市居民经饮料和白酒摄入的DBP和DEHP水平,并分别与DBP和DEHP的每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)进行比较,初步评估烟台市居民经饮料及白酒摄入的DBP和DEHP的健康风险。结果饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP含量范围分别为未检出(ND)~4.106和ND~3.285 mg/kg。烟台市居民饮料和白酒中DBP和DEHP暴露量分别为0.038和0.031μg/kg BW,远远低于健康指导值。结论烟台市居民经饮料及白酒摄入DBP和DEHP的健康风险较低。     

中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP的风险评估

评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法 利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP含量数据(9 284条),结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,对我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18～59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)4个不同年龄组人群DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险进行评估。结果 各类食品DEHP平均含量为0.12 mg/kg。成人饮酒者全人群DEHP膳食平均摄入量为2.23 μg/kg BW,占TDI(50 μg/kg BW)的4.45%,最高摄入量为10.04 μg/kg BW。其中18～59岁的男性饮酒者的DEHP平均摄入量和最高摄入量均高于其他性别年龄组。对成人饮酒者全人群而言,大米是成人饮酒者贡献率最高的食品,达26.97%,远高于其他类别食品。其次是白酒,为15.89%。结论 中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP膳食摄入水平低于健康指导值,健康风险较低。     

北京市丰台区居民主要膳食镉暴露评估

分析丰台区主要食品中镉含量水平,对该区居民通过膳食途径暴露镉的健康风险进行初步评估。方法 2011—2012年在全区监测6类食品共215份样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中镉的含量,结合居民膳食消费数据,比照镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)及安全限值(MOS),初步评估丰台区居民主要食品的镉暴露风险。结果 6类食品中食用菌及其制品的镉含量最高,为2.2778mg/kg。按照食品消费量均值估算,丰台区居民每月6类主要食品的镉暴露量为0.00146mg/kg BW,未超过PTMI(0.025mg/kg BW),MOS值为17.2。镉贡献率最大的3类食品分别为蔬菜及其制品(52.4%)、谷物及其制品(25.8%)和食用菌及其制品(13.4%)。虽然食用菌和动物内脏的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高。因此,食用菌和动物内脏为镉暴露高风险食品。结论 丰台居民6类主要食品镉的暴露水平未超过PTMI值,MOS值＞1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全,但有必要加强食用菌及动物内脏可能的污染问题研究。     

北京市密云区居民膳食镉暴露风险评估

目的了解北京市密云区7类食品中的镉污染状况,对居民膳食镉暴露的健康风险进行初步评估。方法2014~2015年,在辖区内农贸市场、超市和食品店随机抽取7类,共368份样品,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测镉含量,按照GB 2762-2012进行评价;并结合密云区居民膳食消费量数据和FAO/WHO食物添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,JECFA)2010年制定的镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量0.025 mg/kg·BW对密云区居民进行初步的膳食镉暴露评估。结果 7类食品样品中镉的总检出率为61.4%,其中动物内脏的镉检出率及含量最高,分别为100%和0.05152 mg/kg。密云区居民每月膳食镉总暴露量为0.002204 mg/kg·BW,未超过暂定每月可耐受摄入量0.025 mg/kg·BW,主要来源为蔬菜(55.3%)、大米(20.8%)、动物内脏(14.4%)和蛋及蛋制品(6.4%)。结论北京市密云区居民主要消费的7类食品受到的重金属镉污染在安全范围内,膳食中镉暴露水平低于暂定可耐受摄入量,通过膳食摄入的镉对人体不造成健康风险。     

杭州市下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露评估

目的了解下城区居民主要食品中镉含量及居民膳食中镉暴露的风险。方法随机采集下城区11类食品进行镉含量检测,结合2009年下城区居民食物消费量调查数据,计算下城区居民膳食中镉的摄入量和安全限值(MOS)并进行风险评估。结果 875份食品中镉的总检出率为79.43%(695/875),总超标率为6.91%(55/796)。11类食品中菌藻类的紫菜镉含量最高为4.510 0 mg/kg。下城区居民主要膳食中镉每月平均总暴露量为15.785 8μg/kg BW,未超过镉暂定每月允许摄入量(25μg/kg BW),MOS1,表明经膳食暴露镉的健康风险较低。膳食中镉暴露贡献率最高的3类食品分别为水产品(43.97%)、菌藻类(17.42%)、大米(16.48%)。虽然下城区居民水产品和菌藻类的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高,为镉暴露高风险食品。结论下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露水平总体上安全,水产品和菌藻类为镉暴露高风险食品,需加强水产品和菌藻类食品可能污染的问题研究。     

湖南居民主要食品中锑的污染及暴露评估

目的掌握湖南省主要食品中锑的污染水平,评估湖南居民膳食中锑暴露安全性。方法运用湖南省常住居民营养与健康状况现状分析数据和2014—2015年湖南主要食品污染物监测数据,获得湖南地区居民膳食中锑暴露量,采用世界卫生组织规定锑的每日耐受摄入量(TDI)的限值,评价湖南居民从食物中摄入锑的安全性。结果粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉类、水产品、饮料、乳制品7类共1 445份食品样品中,锑检出率为80.8%(1 168/1 445),食品中锑含量的范围为ND~0.20 mg/kg,平均数为(0.046±0.17)mg/kg,中位数为0.008 4 mg/kg;湖南地区居民通过7类主要食品的锑暴露量为0.65μg/kg BW,安全限值(MOS)为9.2。蔬菜是膳食中锑暴露的主要来源,其贡献率为83.09%。结论湖南地区主要食品中锑的暴露水平未超过TDI值,MOS值1,居民膳食中锑暴露水平总体处于安全状态,但膳食中蔬菜类对锑暴露的贡献较大,值得关注。     

我国成人饮白酒者抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的累积风险评估

目的评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质,即邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的累积膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP、DBP和BBP含量数据,结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,计算我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18~59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)等4个不同性别-年龄组人群DEHP、DBP和BBP的膳食摄入水平。采用危害指数法计算经膳食联合暴露于DEHP、DBP和BBP的健康风险。结果单一化学物的风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者中全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的DEHP、DBP和BBP的平均摄入量和高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的摄入量均低于其相应的每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)。进一步分析发现,约有0.64%(18/2 800)的个体DBP摄入量超过其TDI。而采用危害指数方法进行的累积风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的危害指数均低于1;有0.79%(22/2 800)的个体危害指数超过1。结论中国居民成人饮酒者全人群的抗雄激素作用样PAEs的累积暴露健康风险较低,有24例个体的健康风险需要关注,建议适量饮酒。     

广西居民重金属镉膳食摄入水平及其健康风险评估

目的 分析食品中镉的污染水平,对广西居民主要膳食中镉的健康风险进行评估。方法 对2013—2018年39类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民食物消费数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),采用简单分布评估法对广西居民主要膳食中镉的暴露进行评估。结果 39类食品中镉的平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,检出率和超标率分别为67.37%(17 025/25 271)和5.68%(1 435/25 271)。藻类食品中镉的平均含量最高,为0.769 mg/kg。大米是居民膳食中镉的主要来源,贡献率为52.57%。居民膳食中镉的月平均摄入量为30.62 μg/kg BW,为PTMI的122.48%。结论 广西居民膳食中镉的暴露水平较高,应引起重视。大米是南方地区的主粮且其对居民膳食中镉贡献率最高,应加强对大米镉污染从农田到餐桌全环节的研究,从源头控制污染。     

上海市市售食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯膳食暴露评估

目的 了解上海市市售食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的污染水平,评估上海市居民膳食暴露风险。方法 利用2015—2019年市售食用植物油中DBP的抽检监测数据,结合居民膳食消费量,采用点评估法对食用植物油中DBP进行膳食暴露评估。结果 2015—2019年共抽检监测市售食用植物油样品1 248份,总超标率为3.4%(43/1 248),含量均值为(0.34±2.15)mg/kg。按年份统计,超标率呈现波动上升趋势,2019年DBP超标率达到4.4%(13/295)。按食用植物油种类统计,核桃油、芝麻油以及菜籽油中DBP的污染较严重,超标率分别为28.6%(6/21)、10.5%(20/190)和9.2%(8/87)。上海市全人群通过食用植物油摄入DBP的每日暴露量均值和P97.5值分别为0.23和0.40 μg/kg BW,分别占DBP每日耐受摄入量(TDI,10 μg/kg BW)的2.3%和4.0%。结论 上海市居民从食用植物油摄入DBP的健康风险较低,处于可接受水平。     

北京设施蔬菜基地蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯残留特征分析

目的研究北京设施农业蔬菜中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid ester,PAEs)的污染水平,分析北京设施农业蔬菜中PAEs污染物特征。方法采集北京市昌平区、延庆区和顺义区的8个典型设施蔬菜基地16份蔬菜样品,利用超声提取、固相萃取柱净化、内标法定量,气相色谱质谱联用技术分析蔬菜中15种PAEs。结果在分析的蔬菜样品中均检测出PAEs,15种PAEs总浓度(∑PAEs)为0.15~6.94 mg/kg,平均含量为4.91 mg/kg。蔬菜中PAEs的单体分布相似,其中以邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)含量最高,占∑PAEs的36.9%,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)含量次之,分别占∑PAEs的33.5%和19.2%。结论设施蔬菜基地地膜的使用导致PAEs存在于各类蔬菜,蔬菜中的PAEs残留量应引起重视。     

Exposure to phthalic acid,phthalate diesters and phthalate monoesters from foodstuffs: UK total diet study results

Phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment and thus exposure to these compounds can occur in various forms. Foods are one source of such exposure. There are only a limited number of studies that describe the levels of phthalates (diesters, monoesters and phthalic acid) in foods and assess the exposure from this source. In this study the levels of selected phthalate diesters, phthalate monoesters and phthalic acid in total diet study (TDS) samples are determined and the resulting exposure estimated. The methodology for the determination of phthalic acid and nine phthalate monoesters (mono-isopropyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, mono-n-pentyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono-isononyl phthalate) in foods is described. In this method phthalate monoesters and phthalic acid are extracted from the foodstuffs with a mixture of acidified acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The method uses isotope-labelled phthalic acid and phthalate monoester internal standards and is appropriate for quantitative determination in the concentration range of 5–100 µg kg^–1. The method was validated in-house and its broad applicability demonstrated by the analysis of high-fat, high-carbohydrate and high-protein foodstuffs as well as combinations of all three major food constituents. The methodology used for 15 major phthalate diesters has been reported elsewhere. Phthalic acid was the most prevalent phthalate, being detected in 17 food groups. The highest concentration measured was di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in fish (789 µg kg^–1). Low levels of mono-n-butyl phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were detected in several of the TDS animal-based food groups and the highest concentrations measured corresponded with the most abundant diesters (di-n-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate). The UK Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) considered the levels found and concluded that they did not indicate a risk to human health from dietary exposure alone.     

江西省赣州市油茶籽油质量安全分析

油茶是我国特有的食用油料,赣州市是全国重要的油茶种植区,也是江西省最大的油茶主产区之一。为提高赣南特色油茶籽油的品质,保障消费者饮食安全,本文从赣州市油茶籽油行业存在的质量安全问题影响因素如酸价、苯并[a]芘、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯[bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP]、纯度试验和脂肪酸组成等方面着手,剖析企业生产加工和销售过程中的原料、生产工艺、加工设备、包装材料、主观意识等方面存在的风险隐患,并提出了针对生产企业和监管部门的防范措施,为生产企业提升产品质量提供有效帮助,为监管部门提升监管水平提供可靠依据,为促进油茶籽油产业的发展、保障油茶籽油质量安全提供强有力支撑。     

Migration analysis and health impact assessment of phthalates in takeaway food packaging materials

Plasticizers are commonly utilized as packaging additives in the food service industry. The takeaway food sector provides convenience to consumers, but also raises the risk of human exposure to plasticizers. The goal of this study is to determine the amount of phthalates in takeaway food packaging and compare the migration amounts under various situations. A comprehensive health impact assessment of phthalates was conducted to provide the evaluation of human's daily exposure to phthalates. The results revealed that five phthalates (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP)) could be detected in n-hexane extract of plastic food packaging materials at room temperature. High amount of phthalates was correlated with high temperature or in an oily food simulant solvent. Phthalate contents in dietary exposure did not surpass the concentration that could represent a risk to human health, based on the dietary exposure evaluation.     

RISK21分析工具在邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露风险评估中应用研究

目的应用RISK21框架和工具分析我国2～6岁儿童邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己基酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)7种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的膳食暴露风险,为风险管理决策提供科学基础。方法以PAEs的毒性为纵坐标,以暴露为横坐标,以暴露限值(MOE)和不确定系数为参数,应用RISK21工具中RISK PLOT模块,通过矩阵计算,以图形展示2～6岁儿童暴露于7种PAEs的风险大小和等级。应用TTC PLOT模块,分析毒理学资料缺乏的DMP、DEP、DIBP 3种PAEs的暴露风险。结果 RISK PLOT表明一般人群7种PAEs均处于风险较低的绿色区域;高食物消费量人群7种PAEs暴露风险排序为DBP、DIBP、DEHP、DMP、DEP、DINP及BBP, TTC PLOT显示我国2～6岁儿童DMP、DEP、DIBP膳食暴露风险低于相应的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)。结论 RISK21框架和工具可应用于风险评估及其后期的管理决策, RISK21分析结果表明我国2～6岁儿童7种PAEs膳食暴露风险较低。     

2018年广东省酒类中三种邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染状况调查

目的 调查广东省酒类中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的污染状况。方法 采用随机采样的方法, 抽取2018 年在广东省内生产环节、流通环节和餐饮环节的酒样样本577份。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对常见的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯进行监测。结果 广东省酒样中邻苯二甲酸酯类总超标率为4.68% (27/577)。生产环节、流通环节和餐饮环节的超标率分别为4.50% (15/333)、5.02% (11/219)和4.00% (1/25)。3种邻苯二甲酸酯类中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯污染情况较多。结论 广东省酒类中在一定程度上存在邻苯二甲酸酯类污染, 应继续加强监督管理, 保障食品安全。     

Assessing human exposure to phthalic acid and phthalate esters from mineral water stored in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles

Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 µg l^-1, respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.     

Assessing human exposure to phthalic acid and phthalate esters from mineral water stored in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles

Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 µg l^?1, respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.     

上海市闵行区部分食品镉污染暴露评估

目的 通过分析上海市闵行区居民膳食消费量及食品中镉污染物含量,了解我区居民通过膳食的镉暴露量,评估膳食的安全性.方法 采用食品类别选择性研究的方法,将2009年上海市居民食品消费量调查(闵行区)的数据和2007-2010年上海市闵行区8类食品污染物监测数据相结合,获得不同人群膳食镉暴露量,并对由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估.结果 (1)8类130件食品样品中镉的检出率为91.54％,超标率5.62％,超标食品主要是食用菌、猪肾及海水贝类;(2)平均每月镉的暴露量为0.441 1 mg/人,占每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的39.20％,每月暴露镉量的第90百分位值为1.096 4 mg/人,占PTMI的97.46％;(3)食用菌对镉暴露量的贡献率最高,为42.67％,其次是动物内脏,为20.39％,二类食品对镉暴露的贡献率占到63.06％;(4)各类人群所摄食品对镉暴露的贡献率有所不同,3岁以下儿童摄食的动物内脏对镉暴露的贡献率较高,而其他人群则为食用菌.结论 闵行区人群膳食总体处于安全状态;膳食中食用菌、猪肾、海水贝类对镉暴露的风险较大,应采取针对性措施,提高食品安全性.     

Survey of plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride toys

Plasticizers in 101 samples of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys on the Japanese market were surveyed. No phthalates were detected in designated toys, though bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate were detected in more than half of other toys. 2,2,4-Tributyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutylate, o-acetyl tributyl citrate, adipates and diacetyl lauroyl glycerol, which are alternative plasticizers to phthalates, were detected. The results of structural analysis confirmed the presence of di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate, tributyl citrate, diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate and neopentyl glycol esters; these have not previonsly been reported in Japan. There appears to be a shift in plasticizers used for designated toys from phthalates to new plasticizers, and the number of different plasticizers is increasing.