Evaluation of five landscape-level metrics for measuring the effects of urbanization on landscape structure: the case of Tucson, Arizona, USA

Landscape-level metrics can be used to measure changes in landscape structure over time. Four landscape-level metrics and rank-size distributions were used to describe changes in landscape structure caused by urbanization in a portion of the Tucson, Arizona metropolitan area between 1984 and 1998. This analysis describes what each metric conveys regarding how urbanization affects landscape structure. It also compares the efficacy of rank-size distributions with the other metrics. Results indicate all five metrics provided information about a specific aspect of landscape structure including patch size, shape, or dispersion. Results indicate that rank-size distributions and their scaling exponents are useful because they provide information not available from the other metrics. Rank-size distributions describe the patch-size scaling properties of specific land-cover types, the relative effect of large and small patches on the distribution of patch sizes, the magnitude of change in patch size, where patch sizes differ from what is expected by the regression model, and the range of patch sizes displaying fractal patterns.     

An evaluation of VEGETATION-1 imagery for broad-scale landscape mapping of Russia: effects of resolution on landscape pattern

The problem of efficient use of multi-scale data for land-cover and landscape mapping has already attracted considerable attention in landscape ecology and some other disciplines. Over the last few decades, however, with the development of satellite remote sensing techniques, the questions of efficient planetary and macro-regional ecological mapping and modeling and integration of multi-scale data have become especially pertinent. The purpose of this study is to test the suitability of the coarse-resolution VEGETATION/SPOT imagery for landscape mapping. Effects of changing spatial resolution on land-cover proportion estimates were examined in 16 different landscapes using spatially degraded high-resolution imagery from the Russian satellite, RESURS-F. Comparison of simulated coarse-resolution data and original images and ancillary data for sites with different landscape patterns, showed strong scale dependence of the landscape characteristics (land-cover proportion, fragmentation, patchiness) in different case study areas, such as sub-boreal forest, sub-urban areas, and an agricultural region in the steppe zone.     

太原市滨河花苑绿地植物景观调研与分析

对太原市滨河花苑居住区绿地植物景观进行了调研,分析了该居住区植物配置特点及存在的问题,指出居住区植物配置应考虑植物的生物学、生态学特性,同时结合居民的行为心理特点及周围建筑的功能特点等,从而使居住区绿化更贴近居民生活。     

Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales

Greenways are promoted for land conservation in both rural and urban areas, but less attention has been paid to the potential of greenways to serve urban biodiversity conservation goals. This paper presents results of a biodiversity planning study of a highly urbanized environment in Washington, DC (USA) that demonstrate the critical role of ecological greenways and parks in urban species conservation. The Cameron Run study raises fundamental questions about the way biodiversity is defined in urban areas, the scale of analysis required in heterogeneous urban environments, the role of sociocultural factors in urban biodiversity conservation, and the importance of regional greenway connections across the urban gradient.The Cameron Run study is a pilot project for an urban biodiversity information node (UrBIN) in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program of the US Geological Survey (USGS). This paper draws connections between the rapidly expanding literature on biodiversity conservation and the smaller, but growing, body of research concerning the ecology of greenways and urban areas, and it does so through the lens of landscape planning. Findings on the Cameron Run watershed are reported, and biodiversity conservation in the watershed is discussed in the context of greenway efforts at local and metropolitan scales.     

布雷·马克斯及他的景观设计作品之解析

主要从绘画风格、绘画与设计的相互影响、对景观设计的影响三方面展开了论述,重点研究并分析了布雷·马克斯设计风格的发展历程,通过探讨他的设计理念和设计方法,试图找到走向成功的答案,并能够为景观专业学习积累经验。     

生态格局下滨海地区空间管制区划探析

分析了大连滨海地区现状存在的问题,以＂问题导向＂的研究方法,提出了滨海地区空间管制三级区划,并指出应对大连中心城市的滨海生态资源进行科学保护、合理利用,对建设用地进行严格控制,从而实现经济、社会与环境的协调可持续发展。     

Time,space and hedonic prediction accuracy: evidence from Corsican apartment markets

In this study, we propose a hedonic housing model to address spatial and temporal latent structures simultaneously. With the development of spatial econometrics and spatial statistics, economists can now better assess the impact of spatial correlation on house prices. However, the simultaneous handling of spatial and temporal correlation is still under development. Since the commonly used spatial econometric models cannot appropriately account for the two kinds of correlation simultaneously, we propose using a hierarchical spatiotemporal model from spatial statistics. Based on a Bayesian framework and a Stochastic Partial Differential Equation approach, estimation is carried out via Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations. We then perform an empirical study on apartment transaction prices in Corsica (France) using the proposed model. The empirical results demonstrate that the prediction performance of the hierarchical spatiotemporal model is the best among all candidate models. Moreover, the hedonic estimates are affected by spatial effects and temporal effects. Ignoring these effects could result in serious forecasting issues.     

广西贺州凤凰塘清代民居群聚落空间历史回溯

以广西贺州凤凰塘清代民居群为研究对象,探究其聚落特征,并对其聚落环境、气候、人文特色、村落现状进行了论述,指出其研究对于今后的保护发展和广西建筑文化的传承起着基础而关键的作用。     

Diurnal population cycle and metropolitan commuter exchange: a formal investigation of an urban pattern

"Diurnal population change in subareas of metropolitan regions is of increasing importance to urban geographers...and planners.... The urban context of daytime populations is that of commuting. Commuting, in turn, has been investigated almost exclusively within the setting of empirical economic research.... The purpose of the present study is to continue some recent attempts to find an alternative to the empirical economic approach to commuting, in advancing a formal demographic and spatial concept of diurnal population cycle." Data from the 1991 census of Canada are used. (EXCERPT)     

建筑设计的景观共生——以建筑设计的实例分析建筑学与景观建筑学的关系

本文主要探讨建筑学与景观建筑学的关系,以建筑设计为基准点,分析了景观建筑学的概念和手法引入,对建筑设计的影响,使建筑呈现了丰富的景观,实现了建筑设计的景观共生。     

浅析厦门植物园景观资源与景观营造

植物园的功能和内涵随着社会的不断发展而丰富和拓展。该文从历史沿革、景观资源及基础条件对厦门植物园进行分析,介绍其生态科普、历史人文、自然资源和休闲健身四个类型的景观营造等,以现代植物园为规划设计目标进行创新,以实现科学性、景观性、教育性的统一性为目标来营造不同类型的景观,具有一定的实践指导意义。     

景观设计与城市生态广场空间互动研究

通过具体景观案例来阐述景观设计与生态城市的关联,指出城市广场设计使人类居住环境得到改善,体现了技术经济效益,社会文化效益与环境生态效益的高度统一,并反映了人和自然和谐相处的价值观。     

浅谈城市滨水空间景观规划设计

针对我国城市滨水区开发与建设现状,对城市滨水空间景观规划设计的价值与设计原则进行了详细阐述,进而明确了滨水空间景观规划设计与开发的目标,对提高城市环境质量、丰富城市景观、促进城市社会经济发展具有重要意义。     

Analysis and predictive models of stormwater runoff volumes,loads, and pollutant concentrations from watersheds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area,Minnesota, USA

Urban nonpoint source pollution is a significant contributor to water quality degradation. Watershed planners need to be able to estimate nonpoint source loads to lakes and streams if they are to plan effective management strategies. To meet this need for the twin cities metropolitan area, a large database of urban and suburban runoff data was compiled. Stormwater runoff loads and concentrations of 10 common constituents (six N and P forms, TSS, VSS, COD, Pb) were characterized, and effects of season and land use were analyzed. Relationships between runoff variables and storm and watershed characteristics were examined. The best regression equation to predict runoff volume for rain events was based on rainfall amount, drainage area, and percent impervious area (R2 = 0.78). Median event-mean concentrations (EMCs) tended to be higher in snowmelt runoff than in rainfall runoff, and significant seasonal differences were found in yields (kg/ha) and EMCs for most constituents. Simple correlations between explanatory variables and stormwater loads and EMCs were weak. Rainfall amount and intensity and drainage area were the most important variables in multiple linear regression models to predict event loads, but uncertainty was high in models developed with the pooled data set. The most accurate models for EMCs generally were found when sites were grouped according to common land use and size.     

景观生态模式浅析及生态格局规划实践——以山东省邹平县为例

一、引言 20世纪70年代以后,景观生态学作为一门新兴的交叉学科蓬勃发展起来,它以生态学理论框架为依托,集现代地理学和系统科学之长,研究景观和区域尺度的资源、环境经营与管理问题,具有综合整体性和宏观区域性的特色,并以中尺度的景观结构和生态过程关系研究见长。而对一个地区的生态完整性的认知,取决于对景观的结构、功能和变化的理解与尊重。对生态景观格局的分析,是进行区域生态系统保护和建设的基础,也是规划生态保护与建设工程的基本依据。 二、景观生态思想及模式 “景观生态”一词最早是由德国杰出植物学家Troll于1939年…     

Experiential Landscape Place: an exploration of space and experience in neighbourhood landscape architecture

Research suggests that the experience of open spaces routinely encountered is important to human quality of life. However, in their design decision making, landscape architects may not give this the level of attention it deserves. A potential response is explored by drawing from elements of environmental psychology research, socially responsive approaches to urban planning and design, and spatial concepts developed by Christian Norberg-Schulz. A range of experience, related to how people attach significance to certain locations, orientate themselves, and develop awareness of their home ground, is conceptualized spatially to propose a conceptual framework which has the potential to augment landscape architectural approaches to the neighbourhood environment.     

Social exclusion,area effects and metropolitan governance: a comparative analysis of five large Spanish cities

As a first step towards the exploration of the particularities urban social exclusion in Spain, the research presented here evaluates the significance of the urban territorial factor at neighbourhood level in order to develop relevant conclusions for the design of urban policies. After comparing the structure and dynamics of socio-spatial inequalities in five large Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Seville and Murcia), we analyse how different disadvantaged neighbourhoods – inner city districts and peripheral housing estates – affect the life trajectories of different vulnerable social groups: long-term unemployed males, undocumented immigrants, single mothers, old people living alone and young people with a low education level and job problems. We identify the existence of significant differences between inner city districts and peripheral housing estates regarding the way they affect the life chances of their inhabitants. Furthermore, we show how different social groups are unequally affected by the characteristics of the neighbourhood in which they live. This all leads us to stress the importance of urban public policies being sensitive to the diversity of socio-spatial conditions of cities.