PIXE法分析棉酚对大鼠血清中微量元素的影响

PIXE(质子激发X射线发射)分析法适合分析生物医学样品中的微量元素。分析血清不仅取样方便和制靶容易,而且能观察某些疾病与血中微量元素异常的关系。 棉酚是我国发现的男性避孕药,具有肯定的抗生育作用。但也发现个别用药者出现肌无力等症。我们考虑到棉酚的副作用可能与它对人体内某些元素的影响有关。本实验用PIXE法分析大鼠血清中的微量元素,观察了醋酸棉酚对这些元素的影响。     

In situ analysis of human teeth by external PIXE

The elemental profiles of the enamel, cementum and caries of human teeth were analysed by the external proton induced X-ray emission studies. Ten elements namely P, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Pb were estimated in the present study. P and Ca were found to be the major elements whereas all other elements were found in trace level. It was observed that the respective concentrations of elements namely P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Pb in enamel are more than those in cementum. Concentration of P ranged between 6.37% and 25% whereas Ca ranged between 12.94% and 43.36%.     

Changes in trace elements of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and effects of trace elements on vasospasm

Various causal factors have been proposed for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), such as serotonin, acetylcholine, angiotensin, thrombin and thromboxane A2. However, none of them explain the whole pathomechanism of vasospasm. To evaluate the role of trace elements on vasospasm, we have examined these sequential changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after SAH by PIXE, and have investigated the relation between trace elements and vasospasm. We obtained the CSF samples from cisternal drainage in patients with SAH who underwent radical surgery within 48 h from the onset. The drainage was placed into basal cisterns at the end of the operation. Three sampling times (3–5, 7–9 and 12–14 days from the onset) has been scheduled because vasospasm is likely to occur from day 4 to day 14 after the onset. In this study, we focused on the levels of Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Zn, P, Pb, Sr, Br, Co, Cu, Si, Ti, Mn,Co, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Mo and Pb, and we found a significantly lower level of Mg in the CSF of patients with vasospasm on days 7–9 after the onset. These results suggest that Mg in the CSF may ameliorate vasoconstriction due to Ca in the pathomechanism of vasospasm.     

用同步辐射X荧光分析血浆蛋白质的微量元素

用同步辐射X荧光(SRXRF)分析技术与凝胶色谱生化分离相结合，分析了用抗肿瘤药物顺铂处理过的和未处理过的小鼠血浆的大分子蛋白质。对以轻元素为基体的小量样品，用X荧光谱中的康普顿散射强度作为质量的因子，获得了在大于22ku分子量的蛋白质中Pt、S、Ca、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Br和Sr等元素含量在不同样品问的相对变化。由此推测，经顺铂处理后，Pt元素可与血浆中的大分子蛋白结合，含CM和S的大分子蛋白含量明显升高，而含Zn的减少。     

Method and portable facility for measurement of trace element concentration in prostate fluid samples using radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis

A facility and method for109 Cd radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent(EDXRF) were developed to determine the Fe,Zn,Br,Rb,and Sr concentrations in the specimens of human prostatic fluid.Specimens of expressed prostatic fluid were obtained from 51 men(mean age 51 years,range 18–82 years) with apparently normal prostates using standard rectal massage procedure.Mean values(M ± SEL) for concentration of trace elements(mg L~(-1)) in human prostate fluid were:Fe 9.04 ±1.21,Zn 573 ± 35,Br 3.58 ± 0.59,Rb 1.10 ± 0.08,and Sr B 0.76.It was shown that the results of trace element analysis in the micro-samples(20 l L) are sufficiently representative for assessment of the Fe,Zn,Br,and Rb concentration in the prostate fluid.The facility for109 Cd radionuclide-induced EDXRF is comparatively compact and can be located in close proximity to the site of carrying out the massage procedure.The means of Zn and Rb concentration obtained for prostate fluid agree well with median of reported means.For the first time,the Fe and Br concentrations,as well as the upper limit of the Sr concentration,were determined in the human prostate fluid.     

Trace elements in lake sediments measured by the PIXE technique

Lakes are ecosystems where there is a great potential of metal accumulation in sediments due to their depositional characteristics. Total concentration of trace elements was measured on a 50 cm long sediment core from the Infernão Lake, that is an oxbow lake of the Moji-Guaçu River basin, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dating of the core shows up to 180 yrs old sediment layers. The use of the PIXE technique for elemental analysis avoids the traditional acid digestion procedure common in other techniques. The multielemental characteristic of PIXE allows a simultaneous determination of about 20 elements in the sediment samples, such as, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Pb. Average values for the elemental composition were found to be similar to the bulk crustal composition. The lake flooding pattern strongly influences the time series of the elemental profiles. Factor analysis of the elemental variability shows five factors. Two of the factors represent the mineralogical matrix, and others represent the organic component, a factor with lead, and another loaded with chromium. The mineralogical component consists of elements such as, Fe, Al, V, Ti, Mn, Ni, K, Zr, Sr, Cu and Zn. The variability of Si is explained by two distinct factors, because it is influenced by two different sources, aluminum-silicates and quartz, and the effect of inundation are different for each other. The organic matter is strongly associated with calcium, and also bounded with S, Zn, Cu and P. Lead and chromium appears as separated factors, although it is not clear the evidences for their anthropogenic origin. The techniques developed for sample preparation and PIXE analysis was proven as advantageous and provided very good reproducibility and accuracy.     

用质子激发X荧光分析法测定肝硬化病人血清的微量元素含量——探讨中医治疗疗效

本文利用质子激发经X荧光分析法测量正常人和肝硬化病人血清中Zn、Cu、Fe、Br和Rb等元素的含量。结果表明,中医治疗前后,血清中微量元素含量有显著差异。治疗后,病人症状有明显改善,且微量元素的含量也向正常人靠近。     

Role of trace elements in somatic embryogenesis - A PIXE study

Proton induced X-ray emission was used to study the trace elemental profiles of embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus of an important cash crop of India - Plantago ovata. Somatic embryogenesis, a well-known process for plant regeneration and crop improvement is modulated by various factors such as ionizing radiation and micro nutrients in the growth media. The present work reports the trace element variation in normal and irradiated callus tissue of P. ovata. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus tissues were exposed to gamma rays from a ⁶⁰Co gamma source. The absorbed dose ranged from 10 to 100 Gy. Subsequent experiments showed significant dose dependent alterations in K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr in both the embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus. The precise involvement of these elements has been discussed in light of somatic embryogenesis of the selected medicinal plant.     

Analysis of dinosaur samples by nuclear microscopy

Several dinosaur bone and eggshell fossil samples unearthed at different sites in China were analyzed by means of nuclear microscopy. Concentrations and distributions of elements such as Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Sr, Y, Ce, Pb and U, etc. were obtained for each sample. The results of quantitative PIXE and RBS analyses show unusually high concentrations of U and Ce in several samples obtained from a period near the K-T boundary (between Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, 65 million years ago), suggesting that some form of environmental pollution could be the cause of dinosaur extinction.     

Brain trace elements and aging

Degenerative mechanisms involved in the aging process of the brain are to a certain extent counteracted by repair mechanisms. In both degenerative and recovery processes, trace elements are involved. The present study focused on the role of two minor (i.e., K and Ca) and six trace elements (i.e., Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and Rb) in the aging process. The elements were determined by PIXE in cerebral cortex and white matter, basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebellar cortex of 18 postmortem human brains, from persons without a history of neurologic or psychiatric disease who deceased between the age of 7 and 79. This age range allowed us to study the relationship between elemental concentrations and age. The most prominent findings were a concentration decrease for K and Rb and a concentration increase for the elements Ca, Fe, Zn and Se. The study supports recent findings that Ca and Fe are involved in brain degenerative processes initiated by oxygen free radicals, whereas Zn and Se are involved in immunological reactions counteracting the aging process.     

Biomonitoring study of seasonal anthropogenic influence at the Itamambuca beach (SP, Brazil)

The present work is focused on the study of a seasonal anthropogenic influence on the beach of Itamambuca (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil) carried out using Atherinella brasiliensis as biomonitor. In total 84 fish were caught between July 2004 and February 2005 in different locations at the beach and inside the Itamambuca river. The fish were pooled according to catch and their musculature was analyzed by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) techniques. While the concentration of light (matrix) elements like C and O were obtained using the RBS technique, major (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K and Ca) and trace (Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Sr) elements were measured by PIXE. The results show that differences were observed for several elemental concentrations of fish tissue between high season (spring-summer) and low season (winter-fall), indicating that increased human activity in the beach during high season may have some impact on the beach ecosystem. The role of the water salinity in the results is also discussed.     

Elemental analysis of mining wastes by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) tri-axial geometry experimental spectrometer has been employed to determine the concentrations of 13 different elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb) in mine wastes from different depths of two mine tailings from the Cartagena-La Union (Spain) mining district. The elements were determined and quantified using the fundamental parameters method. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were compared to the values from the European and Spanish legislation to evaluate the environmental risk and to classify the wastes as inert wastes or as wastes that have to be control land-filled. The results obtained demonstrate that these wastes can be considered as inert for the considered elements, apart from the concentration levels of Zn and Pb. Whilst Zn slightly overpasses the regulatory levels, Pb mean value exceeds three to six times the value to be considered as Class I potential land-filling material.     

Quantitative micro-PIXE mapping of squid statoliths

Distribution of elements in statoliths of squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii d'Orbigny, 1845 was studied, using the true elemental imaging system (Dynamic Analysis) of the NAC nuclear microprobe. The analysis revealed various patterns of Ca and Sr distributions. The biological interpretation of the most frequent pattern is linked with the role of Sr in the statolith deposition process. Other patterns are linked with the technique used and the specific characteristics of the sample. Traces of other elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb) were also found. Likewise, their presence may have the biological interpretation (Zn, Cu and Br), or is an artefact linked to the methods and conditions of sample preparation and/or analysis. Methodical aspects of using proton backscattering for PIXE X-ray yield corrections are also discussed.     

Evaluation of elemental status of ancient human bone samples from Northeastern Hungary dated to the 10th century AD by XRF

The present study is a multielemental analysis of bone samples belonging to skeletal individuals originating from two contemporaneous (10th century AD) cemeteries (Tiszavasvári Nagy-Gyepáros and Nagycserkesz-Nádasibokor sites) in Northeastern Hungary, using the XRF analytical technique. Emitted X-rays were detected in order to determine the elemental composition of bones and to appreciate the possible influence of the burial environment on the elemental content of the human skeletal remains. Lumbar vertebral bodies were used for analysis. Applying the ED(P)XRF technique concentration of the following elements were determined: P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Br and Sr. The results indicated post mortem mineral exchange between the burial environment (soil) and bones (e.g. the enhanced levels of Fe and Mn) and referred to diagenetic alteration processes during burials. However, other elements such as Zn, Sr and Br seemed to be accumulated during the past life. On the basis of statistical analysis, clear separation could not be observed between the two excavation sites in their bone elemental concentrations which denoted similar diagenetic influences, environmental conditions. The enhanced levels of Sr might be connected with the past dietary habits, especially consumption of plant food.     

胆结石样品中7种元素的中子活化法测定

用中子活化法测定了２２例胆囊结石中Ｂｒ,Ｃａ,Ｃｌ,Ｃｕ,Ｉ,Ｍｎ,Ｎａ７种元素的含量,发现“黑色煤渣样”结石中Ｂｒ,Ｃｕ和Ｍｎ含量极高,分别平均为胆固醇和胆红素类结石中的相应含量的５．５－６．９倍,２６－１１９倍和２３－７５６倍,而胆红素类结石中Ｃａ,Ｃｕ和Ｍｎ含量远高于胆固醇类结石,碘在个别结石中含量极高,远高于体液和正常组织中的碘含量,个别样品比甲状腺中还高,相关分析表明Ｃｕ与Ｂｒ间,Ｍｎ与     

X射线工作者血清中某些微量元素的含量

利用全自动质子激发 X 射线(PIXE)分析系统,对34名长期从事 X 射线临床诊断的工作人员血清中七种微量元素的含量进行了测定,采样时他们的实际工龄都已在10年或10年以上。以32名一般医务人员作为对照。结果发现:X 射线工作者血清中的溴、氯和钾三种元素的含量比对照组高;而钙、铜、锌和铁四者比对照组低。工龄较长的,其血清中微量元素含量的变化就更明显,其中血清铁含量的减少与对照组比较,出现显著性差异(p<0.05)。     

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.