基于粗糙集与蚁群优化算法的特征选择方法研究*

已有的基于蚁群优化算法的特征选择方法是从随机点出发,寻找最优的特征组合。讨论和分析了粗糙集理论中的特征核思想,结合蚁群优化算法的全局寻优特点,以特征重要度作为启发式搜索信息,提出从特征核出发基于粗糙集理论与蚁群优化的特征选择算法,简化蚁群完全图搜索的规模。在标准UCI数据集上进行测试,实验验证了新算法对于特征选择的有效性。     

A hybrid genetic algorithm for feature subset selection in rough set theory

Rough set theory has been proven to be an effective tool to feature subset selection. Current research usually employ hill-climbing as search strategy to select feature subset. However, they are inadequate to find the optimal feature subset since no heuristic can guarantee optimality. Due to this, many researchers study stochastic methods. Since previous works of combination of genetic algorithm and rough set theory do not show competitive performance compared with some other stochastic methods, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm for feature subset selection in this paper, called HGARSTAR. Different from previous works, HGARSTAR embeds a novel local search operation based on rough set theory to fine-tune the search. This aims to enhance GA’s intensification ability. Moreover, all candidates (i.e. feature subsets) generated in evolutionary process are enforced to include core features to accelerate convergence. To verify the proposed algorithm, experiments are performed on some standard UCI datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm.     

结合分辨矩阵与蚁群优化算法改进的特征选择方法

目前已有蚁群算法优化的特征选择方法,大多采用的是以属性依赖度和信息熵属性重要度作为路径上启发搜索因子,但这类搜索方法在某些决策表中存在算法早熟或搜索到的特征子集包含了冗余特征,从而导致选择精度显著下降。针对此类问题,根据条件属性在分辨矩阵中的占比提出了一种属性重要度的度量方法,以分辨矩阵重要度作为路径上启发因子,设计了一种基于分辨矩阵与蚁群算法优化的特征子集搜索方法。该算法从特征核出发,蚁群依次选择概率大的特征加入特征核集,直至找到最小特征子集算法终止。通过实例验证和UCI数据集实验结果表明,与基于属性依赖度和信息熵属性重要度的特征选择方法相比,在通常情况下,该算法能较小代价找到最小特征子集,并且可以有效减少计算工作量。     

基于类扩张矩阵的信息系统特征选取

特征选取是一个NP-Hard问题。为了快速完成信息系统的一个最小特征选取，引入了类扩张矩阵的定义。通过类扩张矩阵的元素表示对象的差异，并利用逻辑上包含关系，有效浓缩类扩张矩阵。最后，以类扩张矩阵的统计信息为启发式信息，在浓缩类扩张矩阵中实现一个最小特征子集的快速求解。通过理论分析和实验，证明了该特征选取方法的高效性。     

基于粗糙集和改进鲸鱼优化算法的特征选择方法

随着互联网和物联网技术的发展,数据的收集变得越发容易。但是,高维数据中包含了很多冗余和不相关的特征,直接使用会徒增模型的计算量,甚至会降低模型的表现性能,故很有必要对高维数据进行降维处理。特征选择可以通过减少特征维度来降低计算开销和去除冗余特征,以提高机器学习模型的性能,并保留了数据的原始特征,具有良好的可解释性。特征选择已经成为机器学习领域中重要的数据预处理步骤之一。粗糙集理论是一种可用于特征选择的有效方法,它可以通过去除冗余信息来保留原始特征的特性。然而,由于计算所有的特征子集组合的开销较大,传统的基于粗糙集的特征选择方法很难找到全局最优的特征子集。针对上述问题,文中提出了一种基于粗糙集和改进鲸鱼优化算法的特征选择方法。为避免鲸鱼算法陷入局部优化,文中提出了种群优化和扰动策略的改进鲸鱼算法。该算法首先随机初始化一系列特征子集,然后用基于粗糙集属性依赖度的目标函数来评价各子集的优劣,最后使用改进鲸鱼优化算法,通过不断迭代找到可接受的近似最优特征子集。在UCI数据集上的实验结果表明,当以支持向量机为评价所用的分类器时,文中提出的算法能找到具有较少信息损失的特征子集,且具有较高的分类精度。因此,所提算法在特征选择方面具有一定的优势。     

Feature selection based on rough sets and particle swarm optimization

We propose a new feature selection strategy based on rough sets and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Rough sets have been used as a feature selection method with much success, but current hill-climbing rough set approaches to feature selection are inadequate at finding optimal reductions as no perfect heuristic can guarantee optimality. On the other hand, complete searches are not feasible for even medium-sized datasets. So, stochastic approaches provide a promising feature selection mechanism. Like Genetic Algorithms, PSO is a new evolutionary computation technique, in which each potential solution is seen as a particle with a certain velocity flying through the problem space. The Particle Swarms find optimal regions of the complex search space through the interaction of individuals in the population. PSO is attractive for feature selection in that particle swarms will discover best feature combinations as they fly within the subset space. Compared with GAs, PSO does not need complex operators such as crossover and mutation, it requires only primitive and simple mathematical operators, and is computationally inexpensive in terms of both memory and runtime. Experimentation is carried out, using UCI data, which compares the proposed algorithm with a GA-based approach and other deterministic rough set reduction algorithms. The results show that PSO is efficient for rough set-based feature selection.     

粗糙集多目标并行属性约简算法

粗糙集理论(RST)中,求解最小属性约简MAR (minimal attribute reduction)是一种NP-难(non-deterministic polynomialhard)组合优化问题.蚁群优化算法ACO(antcolonyoptimization)是进化算法中的一种启发式全局优化算法,粗糙集理论与ACO相结合,是求解属性约简的一种有效、可行的方式.针对蚁群优化算法易于陷入局部最优解、收敛速度慢等问题,首先以一种改进的信息增益率作为启发信息,提出了冗余检测机制,对每个被选属性和每代最优约简集合进行冗余检测,并提出了概率提前计算机制,可避免每只蚂蚁在搜索过程中相同路径上的信息反复计算;针对大数据集的属性约简问题,考虑到蚁群优化算法具有并行能力以及粗糙集中“等价类”计算的可并行性,提出一种将ACO与云计算相结合用于求解大数据集的属性约简算法,在此基础上,进一步提出一种多目标并行求解方案.该方案可以同时计算出其余属性相对于当前属性或约简集合的重要度.实验结果表明,该算法在处理大数据的情况下能够得到最小属性约简,计算属性重要度的时间复杂度由O(n2)降至O(|n|).     

基于差别矩阵和mRMR的分步优化特征选择算法

分类问题普遍存在于现代工业生产中。在进行分类任务之前,利用特征选择筛选有用的信息,能够有效地提高分类效率和分类精度。最小冗余最大相关算法(mRMR)考虑最大化特征与类别的相关性和最小化特征之间的冗余性,能够有效地选择特征子集;但该算法存在中后期特征重要度偏差大以及无法直接给出特征子集的问题。针对该问题,文中提出了结合邻域粗糙集差别矩阵和mRMR原理的特征选择算法。根据最大相关性和最小冗余性原则,利用邻域熵和邻域互信息定义了特征的重要度,以更好地处理混合数据类型。基于差别矩阵定义了动态差别集,利用差别集的动态演化有效去除冗余属性,缩小搜索范围,优化特征子集,并根据差别矩阵判定迭代截止条件。实验选取SVM,J48,KNN和MLP作为分类器来评价该特征选择算法的性能。在公共数据集上的实验结果表明,与已有算法相比,所提算法的平均分类精度提升了2%左右,同时在特征较多的数据集上能够有效地缩短特征选择时间。所提算法继承了差别矩阵和mRMR的优点,能够有效地处理特征选择问题。     

一种基于粗糙集启发式的特征选择算法

本文基于粗糙集中关于非精确集和精确集理论思想,提出了一个新的特征度量指标,即相对互信息比RMI,由此,设计了一种基于粗糙集的启发式特征选择算法MRMI-UC。首先利用可辨识矩阵,计算出条件属性相对于决策属性的核,以核形成当前候选特征子集作为基准点,以最大化相对互信息和不确定性系数为原则,筛选剩余特征。通过对比实验,结果表明,本文提出的算法在多数情况下能够得到较优的特征子集,算法是有效的,切实可行的。     

Rough set-based heuristic hybrid recognizer and its application in fault diagnosis

Rough set theory (RS) has been a topic of general interest in the field of knowledge discovery and pattern recognition. Machine learning algorithms are known to degrade in performance when faced with many features (sometimes attributes) that are not necessary for rule discovery. Many methods for selecting a subset of features have been proposed. However, only one method cannot handle the complex system with many attributes or features, so a hybrid mechanism is proposed based on rough set integrating artificial neural network (Rough-ANN) for feature selection in pattern recognition. RS-based attributes reduction as the preprocessor can decrease the inputs of the NN and improve the speed of training. So the sensitivity of rough set to noise can be avoided and the system’s robustness is to be improved. A RS-based heuristic algorithm is proposed for feature selection. The approach can select an optimal subset of features quickly and effectively from a large database with a lot of features. Moreover, the validity of the proposed hybrid recognizer and solution is verified by the application of practical experiments and fault diagnosis in industrial process.     

An efficient accelerator for attribute reduction from incomplete data in rough set framework

Feature selection (attribute reduction) from large-scale incomplete data is a challenging problem in areas such as pattern recognition, machine learning and data mining. In rough set theory, feature selection from incomplete data aims to retain the discriminatory power of original features. To address this issue, many feature selection algorithms have been proposed, however, these algorithms are often computationally time-consuming. To overcome this shortcoming, we introduce in this paper a theoretic framework based on rough set theory, which is called positive approximation and can be used to accelerate a heuristic process for feature selection from incomplete data. As an application of the proposed accelerator, a general feature selection algorithm is designed. By integrating the accelerator into a heuristic algorithm, we obtain several modified representative heuristic feature selection algorithms in rough set theory. Experiments show that these modified algorithms outperform their original counterparts. It is worth noting that the performance of the modified algorithms becomes more visible when dealing with larger data sets.     

基于一致性度量的属性约简的研究

粗糙集理论作为一种处理不精确和不一致数据的数学工具被广泛应用于特征子集选择和属性约简中。在大多数现存的算法中,属性依赖度被用来度量特征子集的重要性,而依赖度在处理不一致信息系统时会出现找不到任何特征子集的问题。文中讨论了使用属性依赖性作为度量的缺点和不足,引入一种一致性度量,分析了其和依赖性之间的关系,重新定义了信息系统的多余属性和约简的概念,并构造了基于一致性度量的前向贪婪搜索算法。通过UCI数据集合验证了算法能够有效地处理不一致信息系统。     

基于模糊粗糙集信息熵的蚁群特征选择方法

目前针对高维数据特征选择提出的启发式算法多数容易陷入局部最优,无法对整个特征空间进行有效搜索。为了提高对特征域的并行搜索能力,基于模糊粗糙集的信息熵原理,对蚁群模型的搜索策略、信息素更新和状态转移规则等进行了改进,提出蚁群特征选择方法。经UCI数据实验验证,该算法比传统的特征选择算法具有更好的选择效果,是有效的。     

A rough set approach to feature selection based on power set tree

Feature selection is viewed as an important preprocessing step for pattern recognition, machine learning and data mining. Traditional hill-climbing search approaches to feature selection have difficulties to find optimal reducts. And the current stochastic search strategies, such as GA, ACO and PSO, provide a more robust solution but at the expense of increased computational effort. It is necessary to investigate fast and effective search algorithms. Rough set theory provides a mathematical tool to discover data dependencies and reduce the number of features contained in a dataset by purely structural methods. In this paper, we define a structure called power set tree (PS-tree), which is an order tree representing the power set, and each possible reduct is mapped to a node of the tree. Then, we present a rough set approach to feature selection based on PS-tree. Two kinds of pruning rules for PS-tree are given. And two novel feature selection algorithms based on PS-tree are also given. Experiment results demonstrate that our algorithms are effective and efficient.     

An improved hybrid algorithm for the set covering problem

The state-of-the-art ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve large scale set covering problems (SCP) starts by solving the Lagrangian dual (LD) problem of the SCP to obtain quasi-optimal dual values. These values are then exploited by the ACO algorithm in the form of heuristic estimates. This article starts by discussing the complexity of this approach where a number of new parameters are introduced to escape local optimums and normalize the heuristic values. To avoid these complexities, we propose a new hybrid algorithm that starts by solving the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the SCP. This solution is used to eliminate unnecessary columns, and to estimate the heuristic information. To generate solutions, we use a Max–Min Ant System (MMAS) algorithm that employs a novel mechanism to update the pheromone trail limits to maintain a predetermined exploration rate. Computational experiments on different sets of benchmark instances prove that our proposed algorithm can be considered the new state-of-the-art meta-heuristic to solve the SCP.     

基于粗糙集的中文文本特征选择方法研究

针对传统的特征选择使用阈值过滤导致有效信息丢失的问题,提出一种粗糙集的文本特征选择方法。该方法以核为起点利用特征属性的重要性和依赖性作为启发式信息进行特征选择,使文本的特征维数得到一定程度的降低。实验表明,此算法不仅易于实现而且能够有效降低特征数目,提高分类效率。     

Soft computing models based feature selection for TRUS prostate cancer image classification

Ultrasound imaging is the most suitable method for early detection of prostate cancer. It is very difficult to distinguish benign and malignant nature of the affliction in the early stage of cancer. This is reflected in the high percentage of unnecessary biopsies that are performed and many deaths caused by late detection or misdiagnosis. A computer based classification system can provide a second opinion to the radiologists. Generally, objects are described in terms of a set of measurable features in pattern recognition. The selection and quality of the features representing each pattern will have a considerable bearing on the success of subsequent pattern classification. Feature selection is a process of selecting the most wanted or dominating features set from the original features set in order to reduce the cost of data visualization and increasing classification efficiency and accuracy. The region of interest (ROI) is identified from transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images using DBSCAN clustering with morphological operators after image enhancement using M3-filter. Then the 22 grey level co-occurrence matrix features are extracted from the ROIs. Soft computing model based feature selection algorithms genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO) and QR are studied. In this paper, QR-ACO (hybridization of rough set based QR and ACO) and GA-ACO (hybridization GA and ACO) are proposed for reducing feature set in order to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the classification with regard to prostate cancer. The selected features may have the best discriminatory power for classifying prostate cancer based on TRUS images. Support vector machine is tailored for evaluation of the proposed feature selection methods through classification. Then, the comparative analysis is performed among these methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method QR-ACO produces significant results. Number of features selected using QR-ACO algorithm is minimal, is successful and has high detection accuracy.     

Rough set feature selection and rule induction for prediction of malignancy degree in brain glioma

The degree of malignancy in brain glioma is assessed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinical data before operation. These data contain irrelevant features, while uncertainties and missing values also exist. Rough set theory can deal with vagueness and uncertainty in data analysis, and can efficiently remove redundant information. In this paper, a rough set method is applied to predict the degree of malignancy. As feature selection can improve the classification accuracy effectively, rough set feature selection algorithms are employed to select features. The selected feature subsets are used to generate decision rules for the classification task. A rough set attribute reduction algorithm that employs a search method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed in this paper and compared with other rough set reduction algorithms. Experimental results show that reducts found by the proposed algorithm are more efficient and can generate decision rules with better classification performance. The rough set rule-based method can achieve higher classification accuracy than other intelligent analysis methods such as neural networks, decision trees and a fuzzy rule extraction algorithm based on Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Networks (FRE-FMMNN). Moreover, the decision rules induced by rough set rule induction algorithm can reveal regular and interpretable patterns of the relations between glioma MRI features and the degree of malignancy, which are helpful for medical experts.     

容忍噪音的特征子集选择算法研究

特征子集选择问题一直是人工智能领域研究的重要内容，特别是近几年来，特征子集选择算法研究已经成为机器学习和数据挖掘等领域的研究热点，提出了一个新的特征子集选择算法－容忍噪音的特征子集选择算法（NFS），该算法将聚类的思想引入到噪音的处理，并将Gini系数和墨西哥帽函数应用于特征选取，实现对偏吸噪音数据集的特征子集选择，实际领域的实验结果表明，NFS算法具有噪音容忍度高，选择特征代表性强和求解速度快的优点，因此能够有效地应用于实际领域。     

挖掘最大频繁项集的改进蚁群算法

最大频繁项集挖掘用于发现频繁地出现在数据集中的最大子集,目前已经有许多有效的算法。应用蚁群算法挖掘最大频繁项集是一种新的方法,但是该算法往往迭代次数多,提取率低。结合频繁项集关联图和最大最小蚂蚁系统,提出一种新的蚁群算法。算法构造蚁群路径图,蚁群在动态的信息素和启发式因子指导下构造局部最大频繁项集,通过新的局部更新和全局更新机制发现全局最大频繁项集。对比实验表明,算法挖掘速度快,提取率高。