Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings

Previous studies have indicated that the across-wind dynamic responses of super-tall buildings are usually larger than the along-wind ones. With the increase of heights, the across-wind dynamic response of super-tall buildings has been a problem of great concern. In this paper, 15 typical tall building models are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain the first-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. New formulas for the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefficients of base moment and shear force are then derived. Parametric analyses of the effects of factors on the across-wind loads of the buildings are performed. Besides, a SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the above buildings and is tested to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The power spectrum of the across-wind force of the square building is employed to compute its across-wind dynamic responses with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test to verify the present formulas of the across-wind loads of buildings.     

不同圆角率下矩形高层建筑风荷载特性

通过刚性模型风洞测压试验,对4种不同圆角率（即圆角半径与模型短边迎风宽度之比分别为0、5%、10%和20%）的矩形截面高层建筑表面风荷载特性进行研究。对比了不同圆角率下建筑表面的风压分布与相关特性：圆角处理使得建筑迎风面边缘倒圆角处出现较大平均风压、极值风吸力和脉动风压;在侧风面上,平均与脉动风压梯度变化范围随圆角率的增大而逐渐减小,且横向相关性明显增强。分析了建筑顺风向与横风向的整体风力,圆角处理通过促进再附着从而减小尾流宽度,可降低高层建筑的顺风向阻力和倾覆弯矩,降幅随着圆角半径的增大而提升,同时,横风向升力和倾覆弯矩也将有所下降。     

矩形截面高层建筑的横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值研究

利用高频天平技术,在4种不同风场中对71种不同外形尺寸的矩形截面高层建筑刚性模型进行风洞试验,测得高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数,考察建筑厚宽比、长细比及所处风场类型对高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值的影响。试验结果表明,厚宽比的影响效果最显著,长细比的影响可以忽略不计,风场类型的影响随着厚宽比的不同而不同。基于这些风洞试验数据,给出基底弯矩系数均方根值的拟合公式并对拟合公式进行误差分析,通过与国内外相关研究成果的比较,验证拟合公式的精度与合理性,可以为荷载规范的修订和补充提供很好的参考。     

基于大涡模拟的三维高层建筑结构气弹响应数值模拟

以宽高比为1∶6的方形截面高层建筑为研究对象,采用弱耦合分区交错算法,流体域采用大涡模拟方法,进行了紊流边界层风场内三维高层建筑结构多自由度模型的气弹数值模拟,计算中考虑了来流紊流,以及结构的顺、横风向响应。将结构静止时大涡模拟结果与刚性模型测压风洞试验进行比较,验证了该方法在准确预测结构风荷载方面的可行性。通过与气弹模型风洞试验结果的比较表明,本文数值分析方法可用于求解风与结构的相互作用,且具有较高的精度。进行了高折减风速下的气弹数值模拟,研究了结构顶部顺、横风向位移响应随折减风速的变化规律。结果表明：结构风振气弹响应主要为来流紊流引起的顺风向抖振和旋涡脱落引起的横风向涡激振动;折减风速较小时,结构顺、横风向位移振幅相当,且位移响应均相对较小;随着折减风速的增加,结构位移响应增大,横风向涡激振动逐渐占据主导地位,并经历了从“拍”到“涡激共振”的转化。     

锥形超高层建筑脉动风荷载特性

采用同步测压技术,进行了具有不同锥率的超高层建筑刚性模型风洞试验,对该类建筑物的脉动风荷载特性进行了研究。结果表明：超高层建筑采用锥形轮廓后,延长了来流在建筑物侧风面漩涡脱落的卓越频率,横风向升力系数功率谱谱峰小幅下降,有利于缓解风荷载作用下建筑物横风向风荷载及其风致效应,这对横向风风致效应起控制性作用的超高层建筑十分重要。对比分析表明：随着建筑物锥率的增加,横风向升力系数归一化功率谱谱峰下降,功率谱带宽增大,升力系数根方差减小。但是,超高层建筑锥率的变化对顺风向阻力及扭转向扭矩影响较小。锥形超高层建筑的相关系数、相干函数的变化规律与普通棱柱形超高层建筑基本一致,但其升力以及升力与扭矩之间的相关性有所减弱,相干系数小幅增加。     

高层建筑的横风向激励特性和计算模型的研究

将高层建筑的横风向激励分解为横风向紊流和涡激力激励。根据10个典型高层建筑模型的风洞试验结果,分别研究了两种激励的特性和计算模型,给出典型建筑的横风向紊流激励力系数、涡激力系数和相应的形状系数。特别着重研究涡激力功率谱函数和相干函数,总结出的结果可加深对高层建筑横风向荷载特性的认识,所建立的典型高层建筑的横风向荷载计算模型可用于实际工程。     

矩形高层建筑横风向风振响应简化计算

基于风洞试验数据和随机振动理论,本文提出了矩形高层建筑横风向风振响应简化计算公式,这些简化公式的提出将求高层建筑横风向风振响应的复杂积分变为方便的代数运算。本文应用这些简化公式对大量的矩形高层建筑实例进行了计算、分析。将本文提出的简化公式计算结果与积分计算结果比较,相对误差基本上在5%以内,因此本文提出的公式有较高的精度。用本文简化公式计算得到的高层建筑横风向风振响应与日本建筑荷载规范、加拿大国家建筑规范计算得到的横风向风振响应比较,总体上差异较小。由于本文提出的简化公式所依据的风洞试验模型和数据较为精细,因此本文简化公式有相当高的可靠性与合理性。     

竖向外伸肋板对高层建筑气动力特性影响的试验研究

为研究建筑外表面竖向外伸肋板对高层建筑气动力的影响,试验中采用了1个未设置肋板的参考模型和4个不同肋板布置形式的研究模型,通过模型测压风洞试验,获得了不同风向角下各模型的表面风压,进而对比分析了各模型的基底弯矩系数和层风力系数。试验结果表明：在所有试验模型中,外伸宽度d(d=7.5%D,D为模型长度)较小且靠近建筑边缘(b=15%B,b为肋板与模型边缘距离,B为模型宽度)的竖向肋板可以有效降低横风向脉动层风力系数,最大降幅为40.17%;竖向肋板可以有效降低基底弯矩系数的极值,顺风向和横风向的基底弯矩系数极值最大降幅分别为28.64%和39.02%。通过对比横风向气动基底弯矩功率谱密度发现,无肋板参考模型与加肋板模型的功率谱密度接近,说明竖向肋板的作用并非改变横风向脉动风荷载的能量分布,而是降低其强度;通过研究基底弯矩的相平面轨迹发现,当竖向肋板外伸宽度较小时,顺风向和横风向基底弯矩相关性随着竖向肋板外伸宽度的增大而增强。总体上,通过合理的竖向肋板布置能够取得较为显著的气动优化效果。     

An experimental study on the wind pressure distribution of tapered super high‐rise buildings

Studies on the effect of different shape strategies on wind‐induced responses of super tall buildings have been extensive. However, little systematic research on the influence of aerodynamic shapes on wind pressure distributions of super high‐rise building having a height more than 500 m is reported in the literature. In this paper, a series of wind tunnel tests are conducted on models simulating tapered buildings taller than 500 m with an aspect ratio of 9:1 by applying synchronous pressure measurement technology to investigate the influence of different shape strategies on the wind force coefficients of the cross section (C_s) and on the peak negative pressure distributions on surfaces. The shape strategies considered include tapering of the cross section of a building along its height, chamfered modification, and opening ventilation slots. It is found that the wind force coefficient C_s increase with an increase of the tapering ratio. It is shown that chamfered modification can effectively reduce most of the wind force coefficients C_s to less than 0.9. As for peak wind pressures, a zone having a higher negative pressure is found to locate at the bottom of the side faces of the model. With an increase of the tapering ratio, the peak negative pressure of side faces of the model slightly decreases. Chamfered modification can significantly increase the peak negative pressure at the chamfered location. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that opening ventilation slots had less effect on C_s, but the peak negative pressure can significantly increase at the area of opening ventilation slots and adjacent areas.     

Cross-wind response of tall buildings

A design procedure was developed using random vibration theory and uses mode-generalized cross-wind force spectra and aerodynamic data to calculate the cross-wind displacement and acceleration responses of tall buildings. The force spectra of a number of building shapes and sizes in both suburban and city centre type wind flow are presented. The proposed design procedure gives reasonable estimates of the cross-wind response, compared with wind tunnel measurements, at reduced wind velocities and at structural damping values consistent with modern habitable tall building design. This allows assessment of the structural requirements of tall buildings to be made at an early design stage, and also allows the designers to assess the need for more detailed and expansive wind tunnel model tests.     

An analytical study of the across-wind response of cylinders due to vortex shedding

The across-wind response of tapering cylinder-like structures, such as chimneys, due to periodic shedding of vortices is obtained under lock-in conditions. The method of analysis incorporates aerodynamic effects and describes the lift forces by a linear model monoharmonic in nature. Under lock-in conditions, the critical wind speed and the lift and aerodynamic coefficients are assumed to be uniform throughout the height of the chimney, although its outside diameter varies. The aerodynamic and lift coefficients are derived from a lift oscillator model which adequately describes the experimental results of the vortex-induced oscillation (at lock-in) of an elastically-supported cylinder. With the help of an example problem, the paper shows how the response of the chimney is sensitive to the choice of the critical diameter used for the determination of critical wind velocity and the lift and aerodynamic coefficients. It also emphasizes the importance of the lock-in condition in the second mode in relation to bending stresses.     

山地风场中超高层建筑风荷载幅值特性试验研究

针对山地风场中超高层建筑风荷载特点,在1.4m×1.4m风洞中进行了11个不同高宽比、厚宽比矩形截面和圆形截面超高层建筑表面测压风洞试验,分析了阻力系数平均值、均方根值和升力、扭矩系数均方根值受来流风湍流度、建筑高宽比、厚宽比和层相对高度等因素的影响。结果表明：矩形截面建筑各气动力幅值特性明显随湍流度、建筑高宽比、厚宽比、层相对高度的改变而变化,而圆形截面建筑各气动力幅值特性仅随湍流度、层相对高度的改变而变化。根据风洞试验结果,建立了正方形截面和圆形截面风荷载幅值特性的数学模型,通过比较说明与风洞试验结果吻合较好,可为山地风场中的超高层建筑风致响应计算提供依据。图11表5参10     

高层建筑风荷载相干性研究

利用高层建筑刚性模型测压风洞试验结果,对顺风向风荷载竖向、水平相干性,迎背风面相干性以及横风向、扭转方向风荷载相干性的主要特征进行研究。利用算例说明了迎背风面相干性以及横-扭风荷载相干函数对于风振响应的影响。从计算结果来看,迎背风面全相干假定将使顺风向风振响应计算结果偏于保守;当结构刚心和质心偏离时,假定横扭风荷载相干性等于零会低估横风向和扭转方向风振响应。     

基于时域的超高层建筑横风向风振模拟及分析

对于某些超高层建筑,其横风向风振响应甚至超过顺风向而成为结构设计的控制性因素。为研究横风向风振响应的时程特性及变化规律,基于横风向脉动力谱,考虑风力的竖向相干性,通过谐波合成法模拟横风力时程,在时域内求解分析某超高层钢筋混凝土建筑横风向的风振响应。分析时考虑地貌、来流风速以及结构基频的变化,探讨各因素对风振响应的影响规律,为超高层建筑的抗风设计提供参考依据。     

典型超高层建筑风荷载频域特性研究

在边界层风洞中对10个典型超高层建筑模型进行了测压试验,获得了测点层的顺风向、横风向和扭转风荷载,对风荷载的功率谱、相关系数和水平、竖向相干函数进行了细致分析。得出以下结论:方形建筑阻力系数谱的峰值频率基本上与来流纵向风谱保持一致,升力系数谱的频带随着地面粗糙度的增大而变宽,能量减小,扭矩系数功率谱的能量随紊流度的增加而增加;矩形建筑长边迎风时,升力和扭矩系数谱均表现出很强的旋涡脱落特征,斯特罗哈数约为0.11,短边迎风时,升力和扭矩系数谱的频带明显变宽,峰值频率降低;升力和扭矩系数的相关性比较强,而阻力系数和升力系数、扭矩系数之间的相关性则相对小些;在旋涡脱落频率附近,升力系数和扭矩系数的相干性都明显增强。     

基于风洞试验的对称截面高层建筑三维等效静力风荷载研究

基于刚性模型表面测压风洞试验建立高层建筑三维风荷载模型,进而运用振型加速度法求解风振响应动力方程,得到了包含拟静力项和惯性力项的弹性力响应解,并推导了对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向风致随机内力响应。在此基础上提出了基于内力响应等效的可考虑高阶振型贡献的对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向等效静力风荷载计算方法。结合某一对称截面高层建筑工程实例,对采用上述方法计算得到的结构三维等效静力风荷载进行分析并与我国规范方法顺风向等效静力风荷载计算结果进行比较。结果表明,高层建筑结构抗风设计应该考虑三维等效静力风荷载,且二阶振型对高层建筑等效静力风荷载的贡献不可忽视。     

强风作用下楔形外形超高层建筑横风效应试验研究

对正方形平面沿高度方向逐渐收缩的楔形外形超高层建筑进行同步测压试验,分析不同高度横风向气动荷载功率谱密度、相干特征、结构基底气动弯矩和相应的风振响应,在此基础上进一步考虑切角对结构气动荷载和响应的影响。研究结果表明：采用锥形外形可有效地消减作用于结构上的横风向气动荷载,并在一定条件下消减结构的风振响应;楔形外形可以抑制漩涡脱落的强度,但不能消除结构的漩涡脱落现象,且会升高结构的漩涡脱落频率并进而升高结构的风致响应;在楔形外形的基础上再进行切角处理可以基本消除结构的横风向漩涡脱落现象;经切角处理后,楔形外形结构的横风向风致峰值基底弯矩在结构1阶模态自振周期6.12~14.28 s范围内基本保持不变;对于锥度η为2.2%和 4.4%的高层建筑,切角处理后其100年重现期的峰值基底弯矩分别比未切角减少31.13%和14.58%。     

Interference effects on wind loading of a row of closely spaced tall buildings

Interference effects on a row of square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity are investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Wind forces and moments on each building in the row are measured with the base balance under different wind incidence angles and different separation distances between buildings. As a result of sheltering, inner buildings inside the row are found to experience much reduced wind load components acting along direction of the row (x) at most wind angles, as compared to the isolated building situation. However, these load components may exhibit phenomena of upwind-acting force and even negative drag force. Increase in x-direction wind loads is observed on the upwind edge building when wind blows at an oblique angle to the row. Other interference effects on y-direction wind loads and torsion are described. Pressure measurements on building walls and numerical computation of wind flow are carried out at some flow cases to explore the interference mechanisms. At wind angle around 30° to the row, wind is visualized to flow through the narrow building gaps at high speeds, resulting in highly negative pressure on associated building walls. This negative pressure and the single-wake behavior of flow over the row of buildings provide explanations for the observed interference effects. Interference on fluctuating wind loads is also investigated. Across-wind load fluctuations are much smaller than the isolated building case with the disappearance of vortex shedding peak in the load spectra. Buildings in a row thus do not exhibit resonant across-wind response at reduced velocities around 10 as an isolated square-plan tall building.     

典型超高层建筑风荷载幅值特性研究

本文对10个典型的超高层建筑刚性模型进行了测量表面风压的风洞试验,获得了各测量层的阻力、升力和扭矩系数的平均值和根方差。讨论了各测量层风荷载系数随风向角的变化规律,以及高宽比和断面长宽比对方形及矩形建筑风荷载的影响。结果表明,倒角方形、Y形和三角形建筑的风荷载均小于方形与矩形建筑;方形建筑高宽比的增大导致升力系数的根方差明显增大;矩形建筑断面长宽比的增大则使阻力系数的平均值、根方差减少,而升力系数的根方差增大;D类和B类风场中的平均气动力系数相近,而D类风场中脉动气动力系数的根方差大于B类风场。     

The wind‐induced response characteristics of atypical tall buildings

A tall building reacts sensitively to winds because the wind force increases according to the height and shape of the building. Various shapes of tall buildings and their aerodynamic characteristics have been studied extensively. For structural design and occupant comfort, the dynamic displacement of a tall building must be maintained within the criteria for acceptable levels of wind‐induced motion. An aerodynamically appropriate building shape needs to be selected at the design stage of a tall building. In this study, wind‐induced vibration responses were investigated, according to the criteria for maximum acceptable displacement and acceleration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.