知识图谱视角下的中国青铜器可视化分析

目的 中国青铜器研究经历了长期自主研究和门类建构过程,现已经形成了系统研究体系,为了更好促进青铜器文化的研究发展,对青铜器文献进行可视化梳理研究。方法 采用知识计量软件CiteSpace对中国知网CNKI数据库2000—2020年时间段内,以青铜器为篇名的文献展开分析。对文献年度发文量、作者、机构、关键词聚类和突现进行研究,得到青铜器的研究热点、前沿研究动态及学科演进路径。结论 运用关键词聚类分析法,得到10个主题5大类别的聚类研究热点;关键词能突现早期、中期、近期前沿发展路径;关键词时区图生成青铜器研究领域演进趋势,早期研究从青铜器文化价值、铭文、纹饰方面展开,建立了分期断代谱系,注重青铜器文化价值研究;中期以铸造工艺、材料科学分析为主;近期以青铜文化现代传承、创新思维在青铜器的现代设计应用为重点。以数据和图谱为依据对青铜器文献进行研究,有助于相关学者了解青铜器的研究热点和发展趋势,为青铜器研究提供了理论参考。     

广西铜鼓纹饰在现代首饰设计中的古风今用

目的在现代首饰设计中以铜鼓鼓面的精美纹饰为灵感,设计既有传统意味又有现代气息的首饰套件。方法将从广西铜鼓纹饰中提取出的元素打散、重构,融入壮锦的装饰手法和配色特点,结合失蜡、珐琅等工艺,应用于现代首饰设计。结论广西铜鼓纹饰能够有效地运用于现代首饰创作,开创出古风今用的新思路。     

镍铝青铜的熔铸工艺特点

介绍了镍铝青铜的铸造工艺性能,对镍铝青铜在熔铸过程中的常见缺陷及成因进行了详细分析,重点探讨了镍铝青铜的熔铸工艺方法,提出了能够提高铸件质量的多种工艺措施和建议。     

Influence of T5 heat treatment on the microstructure and lubricated wear behavior of ternary ZnAl40Cu2 and quaternary ZnAl40Cu2Si2.5 alloys

A ternary ZnAl40Cu2 and a quaternary ZnAl40Cu2Si2.5 alloys were produced by permanent mold casting and subjected to T5 heat treatment at a temperature of 150 °C for 24 hours. The structural, mechanical and lubricated wear properties of these alloys were investigated in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions and the results were compared with those of SAE 65 (CuSn12) plain bearing bronze. Microstructure of the ternary alloy consisted of aluminum-rich α, eutectoid conversion product of α+η and ϵ phase located in the interdendritic channels. In addition to these phases, silicon particles were observed in the microstructure of the quaternary alloy. T5 heat treatment caused a considerable amount of reduction in the hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance of ZnAl40-based ternary and quaternary alloys, but improved their ductility and stability. These alloys in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions exhibited lower wear volume or higher wear resistance than SAE 65 bearing bronze. Among the experimental alloys, the optimum mechanical properties and wear performance were obtained from ZnAl40Cu2Si2.5 alloy in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. Adhesion appeared to be the main wear mechanism for the ZnAl40-based alloys, but abrasion dominated the wear of SAE 65 bronze.     

Evolution behavior of δ phase in Cu12Sn2Ni alloy and the corresponding effects on alloy property

With the increase of tin content in tin bronze, the rise of δ phase made the strength, hardness of tin bronze increase and the ductility decrease sharply, that difficult to process. In this paper, the Cu12Sn2Ni alloy was prepared by centrifugal casting, the microstructure and phase formation before and after heat treatment were observed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the as-cast sample microstructure was composed of equiaxed grains rather than coarse dendrites. centrifugal casting inhibits tin diffusion to form metastable phase β′-Cu_13.7Sn. The as-cast sample had good deformability and its tensile strength and elongation were 381.9 MPa and 12.4 %, respectively, which are higher than the mechanical properties of gravity casting. The tensile strength and elongation of the sample after furnace cooling at 620 °C/8 min are 439.5 MPa and 24.4 %, respectively, the increase was 16.6 % and 85.07 %, compared with the as-cast samples, due to the solid solution strengthening, the second phase strengthening and the homogenization of the microstructure.     

Thermographic Investigation of Bronze Artefacts: Characterization of Structure Elements and Casting Faults in Masterpieces of the Bronze Statuary of Rome

In this paper, the thermographic results obtained by studying some masterpieces of the bronze statuary of Rome are presented. More specifically, a quantitative approach has been adopted in the investigation of the Capitoline She Wolf, hosted in the Musei Capitolini, and of the Boxer at Rest and the Hellenistic Prince belonging to the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano. The obtained results provided data useful to characterize the properties of the bronze alloy and several subsurface features of the statue, such as casting faults and patches. In particular, the interface between different kind of patches and the main body of the statue has been investigated in order to determine the way they were applied. Moreover, the thermal diffusivity of the alloy of the Capitoline She Wolf has been evaluated and quantitative investigations have been carried out in order to determine the depth of some features, such as the cavities originating from air bubbles in the casting melt.     

船用继动器壳体材料的腐蚀性能分析

用电化学测试手段分别测定了 2 0钢、2Cr1 3、QAl9 2、QAl 1 0 3 1 .5和QAl1 0 4 4等 5种材料在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位及与QAl9 2偶接时的电偶腐蚀电流的变化 ,并对测试后各试样的腐蚀状态进行了观察。结果表明 ,铝青铜材料的抗腐蚀性比钢好。其中QAl 1 0 4 4的腐蚀电位最为偏正 ,但它与QAl9 2配副会对QAl 9 2产生较大的阳极电偶腐蚀 ;QAl9 2和QAl 1 0 3 1 .5材料与QAl 9 2配副均有较好的耐电偶腐蚀性能。研究结果对继动器壳体材料的选择具有指导意义     

Roman alloying practice

ABSTRACT

On the basis of a large number of published and unpublished analyses of Roman artifacts, the alloying traditions used in the production of a number of types or groups of objects are discussed. For each group, only a limited number of fairly well-defined alloys were used, probably depending on the manufacturing technique used, the color of the metal, and its mechanical properties. Three main types of bronze and two types of brass are identified. Leaded bronze was produced by addition of lead to a well-defined bronze and leaded gunmetal by mixing the leaded bronze with brass.     

Fabrication and characterisation of graphite/alumina reinforced copper composites

The infiltration of graphite/alumina preforms with a bronze alloy has been investigated taking into account the influence of the binder type, the graphite/alumina content in the preform and the percentage of binder in water. The preforms showing an acceptable rigidity have been infiltrated with a CuSn12 bronze alloy by squeeze casting considering two different pouring temperatures. The composite produced has been characterised in terms of density, Brinell hardness, coefficient of thermal expansion, as well as friction and wear behaviour. The coefficient of friction for the bronze matrix composite is around 0.17, being three times lower than that shown by the unreinforced copper alloy. Given the contact geometry (ball of steel against a planar sample) and testing conditions (20°C, dry sliding, 40% humidity), the composite wear rate is around twenty times lower that of the bronze, being 10^–6mm²/kg for the composite and 2 × 10^–5 mm²/kg for the bronze.     

合金元素对镍铝青铜性能的影响

介绍了海水泵用材料镍铝青铜的主要性能 ,重点讨论了合金元素对镍铝青铜材料的腐蚀性能、金相组织和铸造工艺性能的影响 ,提出了改进铸造镍铝青铜耐腐蚀性能及铸造工艺性能的几点建议     

某海上油田海水系统青铜阀门腐蚀穿孔原因分析

某海上油田海水系统发生泄漏,经调查为某青铜截止阀腐蚀穿孔所致。针对此截止阀腐蚀失效开展了宏观分析、理化性能检验、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDS)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析等。结果表明:铸造加工缺陷导致材料耐蚀性降低是导致阀门腐蚀穿孔的主要原因;阀门穿孔位置遭受较严重冲刷腐蚀,是导致弯头腐蚀穿孔次要原因。建议今后对新购进青铜铸造构件加强质检,确保质量和耐蚀性合格,优化此类阀门结构设计,避免阀体局部遭受严重冲刷腐蚀。     

The study of microstructure and properties of chromium bronze for contact shoe

The microstructure and properties of chromium bronze, with different chromium content and treatment method, were characterized by using scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy technique. For the specimens with the same treatment method, with increasing of the chromium content, the number of chromium phase increase and the dispersion strengthen effect enhances. On the other hand, the hinder effect on the electrons enhances and the electrical conductivity decreases. For the specimens with same component, the tensile strength and hardness order from low to high are: casting, aging treatment and solution aging. The electrical conductivity order from low to high are: casting, solution aging and aging treatment.     

青铜文物的光电子能谱分析

采用光电子能谱(XPS)法分析了成都金沙遗址出土铜条和方孔型器两种青铜表面锈层膜的元素及其化学状态.结果表明,两种青铜的锈层膜中都存在纯铜晶粒和PbCO3/PbO,但未发现导致"青铜病"的有害元素Cl,而在方孔型器锈层膜中发现有S2-/SO42-.铜条和方孔型器夹层锈层膜中的Sn完全以SnO2形式存在,从而使青铜合金免遭进一步腐蚀.此外,还讨论了青铜的腐蚀过程与环境的关系.     

Densification and strength evolution in solid-state sintering Part I Experimental investigation

Prealloyed bronze (Cu-10Sn) powder and a mixed elemental steel (Fe-2Ni-0.9C) powder were evaluated for strength evolution during sintering. For the bronze powder, test samples were fabricated using a loose powder casting method, while the steel powder was formed by injection molding. In situ strength during sintering was measured using a bending fracture test. Primary focus was on measuring the effects of sintering temperature and time on in situ strength evolution. Sintering temperature had the most significant effect, but the strength underwent significant gains prior to densification. The results are explained by the competition among interparticler neck growth, densification, and thermal softening. Sinter strengthening is initially governed by interparticle bonding, followed by a contribution from densification at high temperatures. However, high temperatures also lead to significant strength degradation due to thermal softening. Densification is favored by the declining in situ strength associated with thermal softening at high temperatures.     

Unalloyed copper inclusions in ancient bronze artefacts

Ancient bronze artifacts, that represent a considerable part of the archeological finds, have been largely studied because of their complex degradation phenomena taking place in the long time span that have not been fully understood. One of the peculiar features of ancient bronzes is the presence of inclusions of copper unalloyed with tin. Unalloyed Copper Inclusions (UCI) have been observed in buried archaeological bronze artefacts by several authors, but each paper reports only on a limited number of cases. In our extensive studies on bronze artefacts, UCI have been observed in many bronze artefacts with very different features and purposes. Both as-cast and wrought artefacts were studied, so that the influence of the manufacturing process and the composition of the artefacts on the formation of UCI might be evaluated. The microstructure and composition of these artefacts were studied and the features of UCI have been related with those of the surrounding phases. The results have been discussed and compared with those obtained by other authors. The presence of UCI in buried archaeological bronze artefacts could indicate some unusual corrosion processes that might need to be accounted for when designing conservation treatments.     

Development of Ubiquitous Simulation Service Structure Based on High Performance Computing Technologies

The simulation field became essential in designing or developing new casting products and in improving manufacturing processes within limited time, because it can help us to simulate the nature of processing, so that developers can make ideal casting designs. To take the prior occupation at commercial simulation market, so many development groups in the world are doing their every effort. They already reported successful stories in manufacturing fields by developing and providing the high performance simulation technologies for multipurpose. But they all run at powerful desk-side computers by well-trained experts mainly, so that it is hard to diffuse the scientific designing concept to newcomers in casting field. To overcome upcoming problems in scientific casting designs, we utilized information technologies and full-matured hardware backbones to spread out the effective and scientific casting design mind, and they all were integrated into Simulation Portal on the web. It professes scientific casting design on the NET including ubiquitous access way represented by ＂Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere＂ concept for casting designs.     

论汉代铜镜图像的装饰与格局之美

目的 从汉代社会背景和工艺美术思想出发,探讨汉代铜镜在装饰图像以及装饰格局等方面的工艺美。方法 对青铜器物的发展嬗变进行梳理,对其中铜镜流变的重要时期进行归纳,对汉代各时期的铜镜形制进行回顾,分析与总结在汉镜中装饰图像与装饰格局所呈现的工艺与寓意之美,通过对典型铜镜的举例阐述铜镜中凝聚的造物观念,感受汉镜之美。结论 汉代所奠定的中国美学思想在铜镜图像的装饰与格局中得以充分体现,对中国现代设计所面临的形式传承与内涵延续之间的平衡有启发作用,汉镜中的寓意图案与构图形式对现代设计有借鉴之处,汉镜之美不仅可以作为探索历史的证物更是启迪当代设计的钥匙。     

海水泵用铜合金的腐蚀性能评述

介绍了海水管系的腐蚀特点及国内外海水泵用材料的主要性能，重点介绍了合金元素对镍铝青铜的腐蚀性能、金相组织的影响，提出了改进铸造镍铝青铜耐腐蚀性能及铸造工艺的几点建议。     

铜铬合金直接加铬熔炼和铸造

铬青铜系指含Ｃｒ０．４％～１．０％的铜基合金。是难于熔炼的合金，多以变形材料使用。经试验表明，采用中频感应电炉大气下熔炼，铬以纯金属加入，可获得性能优良的铸造Ｃｕ－Ｃｒ合金。