增压导向式喷动流化床流动特性的数值模拟

采用双流体模型对增压导向式喷动流化床内喷动区和环形区气固运动速度和空隙率进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,喷动区颗粒速率在初始阶段急剧上升而气体速度则急剧下降,进入导向管后趋于平缓,而且颗粒加速程度不写系统压力有关,还形区气体速度在卷吸段增大,进入隔离流区后保持不变,而颗粒下降速度一直保持不变,喷动区的空隙率在卷吸段下降,进入导向管后又开始上升。     

循环流化床颗粒湍动功率谱特性

循环流化床因其气固混合剧烈，气固相对滑移速度大，床内温度均一，而广泛应用于化工和能源领域。本文利用ＦＦＴ方法对循环流化床内的颗粒浓度、颗粒速度及颗粒动量３种时间序列进行了大量的概率分析及统计，系统地研究了循环流化床内颗粒湍动特性，研究结果将对循环床设计和运行产生重要影响。     

加压导向管喷动流化床气化炉气体扩散规律研究

采用CO2作为示踪气体在内径200mm，高5m的全尺寸加压导向管喷动流化床中对床内气体扩散特性进行了研究，主要考察了操作参数（喷动气流率，流化气流率，操作压力，颗粒粒径和物性参数）对床内气体扩散的影响，归纳了喷动气旁路份额和流化气旁路份额随操作参数影响的试验关联式，可作为工程设计计算和实际操作的参考。     

加压喷动流化床流动和扩散规律冷态实验研究

在一个加压喷动流化床装置上进行了冷态实验,研究加压条件下床中的气固流动状态和气体在各部分的扩散特性。结果表明：加压喷动流化床与常压喷动流化床中气固流动状态差异较大,其喷动流化速度与Ｐ＾－０．５成正比。实验还发现,气体由中心喷动区向周边环形区扩散速度与Ｐ＾－０．５３９成正比。在试验的基础上提出了适合常压和加压喷动流化床最小喷动流化速度的实验关联式、气体扩散速度关联式和喷动区发展段直径的实验关联式。     

喷动流化床气体混合特性实验研究

在300 mm×30 mm×2 000 mm的喷动流化床煤部分气化炉冷态试验装置上,在喷动区和环形区同时采用了不同示踪气体的方法,获得了在不同喷动气流速和流化气流率这2个重要的操作参数下,不同床层高度上示踪气体的径向分布,考察了喷动区与环形区之间的气体交换特性和环形区的气体混合特性.结果表明,喷动气速度的增大,使喷动气向环形区的传质加强,也促进了流化气在环形区的混合;流化气流率的增大,气体由环形区向喷动区的传质大于由喷动区向环形区的传质,且流化气在环形区的混合加强.喷动气和流化气的浓度沿床层高度依次降低.此外,结合CCD拍摄的流动结构图像,从气相质量交换的角度对床内的气固流动特性进行了讨论.     

三维喷动流化床流动特性数值模拟

为了研究喷动流化床煤部分气化炉的气-固流动特性,采用三维欧拉多相流模型和颗粒动能理论相结合的数学模型,对一台直径100 mm的喷动流化床试验台进行了数值模拟研究.研究内容包括喷动流化床不同工况下内部射流的发展、气-固流动特性、典型工况下气体速度分布、颗粒速度分布以及由于颗粒碰撞引起的颗粒相压力分布.模拟结果表明:典型工况下,当喷动风与总风的比例为50%时,流场有利于煤气化;气体曳力和颗粒碰撞对环形区颗粒特别是靠墙区颗粒的运动影响很大.为了验证模型的合理性,采用文献中的试验工况进行计算,计算结果和文献中的测量值吻合较好.     

燃煤循环流化床模型与试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动等基础方面的研究成果,根据本文床内气固浓－淡流动模型,建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型,考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程,以及煤燃烧、ＮＯ的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等因素。在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究,模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好,表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流化床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程。     

二维喷动流化床内气体混合的实验研究

在300 mm×30 mm×2 000 mm的喷动流化床冷态试验台上,在喷动区和环形区分别采用CO和SO2作为示踪气体的方法,获得了不同喷动气流速和流化气流率这两个重要的操作参数下,不同床层高度上示踪气体的径向分布,考察了床内喷动区与环形区之间气体的混合特性。结果表明,示踪气体在不同床层高度的径向分布呈现较大的差异,并沿床层高度依次降低。在稳定的流动状态下,喷动气速度的增大,使喷动气向环形区的传质加强,也促进了流化气在环形区的混合;流化气流率的增大,气体由环形区向喷动区的传质大于由喷动区向环形区的传质,且流化气在环形区混合加强。在不稳定的流动状态下,气体的径向浓度分布曲线两边出现不对称。     

烟气脱硫循环流化床内气固流动的PDA试验研究

提出了由两级分离系统组成的循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺。用粒子动态分析仪(PDA)对床内不同高度方向上颗粒横向、轴向速度、颗粒粒径及浓度分布进行了测量，得到了床内气固流动的瞬时脉动特性以及总体气固流动行为，试验结果为烟气脱硫新工艺的结构设计及优化提供了依据。     

循环流化床内气粒两相传热的萘升华模拟实验研究

在循环流化床试验台上对床中气体与颗粒两相间的传热特性进行了试验研究，试验中首次将萘升华热质类比技术应用于循环流化床内气粒两相间传热的研究中，考察了不同的固体颗粒循环量、一次风风速和床料平均粒径对气粒间换热的影响。试验表明：随着一次风风速的增加，循环床中气体和颗粒之间的表现热换系数变大，当固体颗粒循环量增加或颗粒平均粒径减小时，表征相间换热特性的Nu数增大。图5表1参4     

木屑在Loop seal型返料器中的流动特性研究

在冷态实验条件下,对内径为0.28m,高为10.0m的循环流化床中木屑颗粒在Loop seal返料器中的流动特性和规律进行了研究,重点考察了提升管操作气速Ug、Loop seal返料器的输送风量Q1和侧向吹风量Q2改变对颗粒循环流率Gs的影响。实验发现,改变提升管操作气速Ug对循环流率的影响不大;通过Loop seal的颗粒循环流率Gs随着输送风量Q1和侧向吹风量Q2的增加而增大;改变侧向吹风量对循环流率的影响要比改变输送风量大得多。根据实验结果,对王擎给出的循环流率Gs的计算关联式进行了修正。     

双室内循环流化床煤气化系统的冷态实验研究

本文发展并建了双室并列流化床煤气化系统的冷态模型。在此基础上,对影响气化系统操作的两个主要因素－两流化床之间颗粒物料的循环技术及流化床床层的膨胀特性进行了实验研究。     

带提升管内循环流化床的流动特性研究

运行参数和结构尺寸是内循环流化床物料循环流率的重要因素。设计并搭建了内循环流化冷态试验台,通过实验分析了气化室风速、提升管风速、返料孔高度及大小对物料循环流率的影响。实验表明:物料循环流率随气化室风速、提升管风速的增大而增大,但增加幅度变化不同;随返料孔位置的增高而下降,且下降速度加快;随着返料孔面积的增大,先增大然后减小。     

Experimental investigations on a 20 kWe, solid biomass gasification system

When the objective is to generate motive or electric power via I.C. engine, the overall pressure drop through the suction gasification system in addition to gas quality has become a sensitive issue. This work, therefore, presents an experimental study on a suction gasifier (downdraft) arrangement operating on kiker wood or Acacia nilotica (L). Studies were conducted to investigate the influence of fluid flow rate on pressure drop through the gasifier system for ambient isothermal airflow and ignited mode, pumping power, and air-fuel ratio, gas composition and gasification efficiency. Results of pressure drop, temperature profile, gas composition or calorific value are found to be sensitive with fluid flow rate. Ignited gasifier gives much higher pressure drop when compared against newly charged gasifier bed with isothermal ambient airflow. Higher reaction temperatures in gasifier tends to enhance gasifier performance, while, overall pressure drop and thus pumping power through the system increases. Both ash accumulated gasifier bed and sand bed filters with tar laden quartz particles also show much higher pressure drops.     

双流化床提升管二次风对其循环流率的影响规律

双循环流化床提升管二次风特性是影响颗粒循环流率的重要因素。设计并搭建了双循环流化床冷态实验台,通过实验分析了二次风风速、送风方式、风口高度及风口数目对颗粒循环流率的影响。实验表明:对于物料固定粒径、固定静床高时,颗粒循环流率随着二次风速的增加而增加,风速达到一定值后,颗粒循环流率的增加趋势趋于平缓;风速一定时,径向送风比切向给风时颗粒循环流率大,4个二次送风口比2个送风口时颗粒循环流率稍大;二次风口在距布风板15cm时比20cm时颗粒循环流率明显增加,且风口高度对颗粒循环流率的影响随着风速的增加逐渐明显。     

Hydrodynamics investigation of laboratory-scale Internal Gas-lift loop anaerobic digester using non-invasive CAPRT technique

Internal gas-lift loop reactor (IGLR) was used as an anaerobic digester and its hydrodynamics were studied using Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) Technique. This paper deals with the experimental study on a laboratory-scale digester. An anaerobic digester is a three-phase system consisting of gas, liquid, and solids; however solid–liquid slurry was treated as a single phase due to smaller size and lower density of solids. The effect of various geometric and operating variables on the hydrodynamics was studied. The superficial gas velocity was maintained at very low values and IGLR was operated in bubbly flow regime, which is suitable for operation of anaerobic digesters. The flow pattern and liquid velocity profile was obtained and effect of gas superficial velocity, draft tube diameter, type of sparger on liquid velocity and dead volume was studied in detail. Mean circulation times were calculated and compared for different digester configurations. Results showed that the increasing gas velocity increases the liquid velocity, decreases circulation time but does not offer any significant advantages in reducing the dead volumes. The configuration with draft tube diameter to tank diameter ratio of 0.5 showed good liquid circulation throughout the digester volume and low mean circulation time implying better mixing.     

锥形布风板双循环流化床颗粒循环流率研究及预测

在锥形布风板双循环流化床冷态装置上,研究了提升管风速、气化室风速、物料质量和颗粒粒径对提升管颗粒循环流率的影响,并与水平布风板的结果进行了对比．利用3种改进的BP神经网络算法建立模型来预测循环流率．结果表明：提升管颗粒循环流率随着提升管风速和气化室风速的增大而增大,当风速达到一定值后,增大趋势逐渐平缓;循环流率随着物料质量的增大基本呈线性增大,随着颗粒粒径的增大而明显减小;锥形布风板比水平布风板更具优势,同样条件下可以增大循环流率;BFGS拟牛顿算法的预测效果最佳,其颗粒循环流率预测值与实验值的最大相对误差为7．7035％,平均相对误差为3．5943％．     

Effect of packing geometry on the rate of mass and heat transfer at a vertical tube imbedded in fixed bed under single and two phase flow

Rates of liquid–solid mass transfer and heat transfer (by analogy) were studied in an annular reactor with a packed annulus. Two types of inert fixed bed packing were used namely, cylinders and Raschig rings. The electrochemical technique which involves measuring the limiting current of the cathodic reduction of ferricyanide ion in a large excess of sodium hydroxide was used in the present study. Variables studied are packing geometry, packing size, gas and liquid superficial velocities and physical properties of the solution. The presence of inert fixed bed in the annulus enhanced the rate of mass transfer and the rate of heat transfer at the outer wall of the inner cylinder by a factor ranging from 1.1 to 6.1 depending on the packing geometry, particle size and both the liquid and gas superficial velocities. The present data were compared with the previous data on the packed annulus with inert spherical packing. For single phase liquid flow the mass transfer enhancement ratio increases in the order: Raschig rings > cylinders > spheres, while in the case of two phase flow, spheres gave the highest enhancement ratio. For the present range of conditions it was found that, as the particle size decreases the enhancement ratio increases. All data were correlated in the form of dimensionless equations.Possible practical applications of the present study such as design of fixed bed reactor internal cooler, prediction of the rate of diffusion controlled corrosion of vertical tube cooler imbedded in a fixed bed reactor and design of annular double tube catalytic and electrochemical reactors with a fixed bed turbulence promoter were highlighted.     

Experimental study on 75 kWth downdraft (biomass) gasifier system

Experimental study on 75 kW_th, downdraft (biomass) gasifier system has been carried out to obtain temperature profile, gas composition, calorific value and trends for pressure drop across the porous gasifier bed, cooling–cleaning train and across the system as a whole in both firing as well as non-firing mode. Some issues related to re-fabrication of damaged components/parts have been discussed in order to avoid any kind of leakage. In firing mode, the pressure drop across the porous bed, cooling–cleaning train, bed temperature profile, gas composition and gas calorific value are found to be sensitive to the gas flow rate. The rise in the bed temperature due to chemical reactions strongly influences the pressure drop through the porous gasifier bed. In non-firing mode, the extinguished gasifier bed arrangement (progressively decreasing particle size distribution) gives much higher resistance to flow as compared to a freshly charged gasifier bed (uniformly distributed particle size). The influence of ash deposition in fired-gasifier bed and tar deposition in sand filters is also examined on the pressure drop through them. The experimental data generated in this article may be useful for validation of any simulation codes for gasifiers and the pressure drop characteristics may be useful towards the coupling of a gasifier to the gas engine for motive power generation or decentralized electrification applications.     

Experimental investigation on the adsorption/desorption processes using solid desiccant in an inclined-fluidized bed

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the adsorption and desorption operations in an inclined-fluidized bed using silica gel as the working desiccant. The experimental system involves a circular glass tube containing the particles of silica gel, which is tested at an inclination angle of 45°. The moisture capacity of the bed is measured using a gravimetric technique. Process air at nearly constant ambient parameters (humidity and temperature) and different values of flow rate are used during adsorption. Moisture concentration in the bed is analyzed through visual observation of the color of silica gel particles. Experimental measurements indicate that the regeneration and adsorption rates are highly dependent on the air stream velocity. A satisfactory regeneration rate is confirmed at regeneration temperature as low as 90 °C when inclined-fluidized bed is applied. The transient-state moisture transfer rates during adsorption and desorption are presented. Finally, observation of the movement and color of the particles in the bed show regular circulation and homogenous distribution of moisture concentration.