Distribution Transformer Winding Losses Due to Nonsinusoidal Currents

Increased transformer winding losses are an important consideration in determining the overall impact of harmonic currents in a power system. Frequently, losses due to harmonic currents are assumed to vary with the square of frequency. The purpose of this paper is to compare winding loss calculations from a finite element method with measured losses in single phase distribution transformers and to test the principle of superposition of harmonic losses due to nonsinusoidal currents. The results confirm both the finite element method and the principle of superposition. Furthermore, it is shown that, due primarily to inaccuracy in measuring 60 Hz eddy current losses, application of the commonly accepted frequency squared rule can yield overly pessimistic loss predictions for typical power system harmonic frequencies.     

永磁同步电动机空载铁耗研究

从产生根源出发,对永磁同步电动机空载铁耗进行细致分类。在此基础上,利用有限元法和Bertotti铁耗计算模型,以一台5 k W、3 000 r/min永磁同步电机为例,对正弦波供电永磁同步电动机的空载铁耗分布特性进行分析计算,得到基本铁耗与空载杂散损耗的比例关系以及不同因素所引起的空载杂散损耗分布规律。进而,研究了变频器供电空载电流时间谐波引起的谐波损耗,分析了不同极槽配合对变频器供电永磁同步电机的谐波损耗影响规律。最后,通过多台样机的空载铁耗试验,验证了计算的正确性。     

Influence of PWM on the Proximity Loss in Permanent-Magnet Brushless AC Machines

A winding copper loss can be significantly increased due to skin and proximity eddy-current effects. The skin and proximity losses due to fundamental frequency current have been investigated in literature, but the influence of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) on the skin and proximity losses has not been reported. In this paper, a 2-D finite element method is employed to analyze the skin and proximity losses in a permanent magnet brushless ac machine, in which significant proximity loss exists due to high frequency current ripples induced by the PWM, as confirmed by both theoretical calculation and experiment. The analyses should be generally applicable to other machines.     

谐波激励下变压器铜屏蔽杂散损耗的计算和验证

通过参考IEC61378-2标准提供的换流变压器谐波损耗计算方法,得出计算变压器铜屏蔽杂散损耗的解析公式。基于P21~c-EM1简化模型,采用一种新的杂散损耗测量方法,即通过模型总损耗测量值减去模型激励线圈损耗的精确仿真值得到结构件中的损耗,以此作为实验值,对解析公式计算的结果进行验证。结果表明:铜板的基波损耗计算结果与实验值基本一致;基波叠加多次谐波激励下的铜板损耗与各次谐波单独激励下的铜板损耗之和大致相同;在激励电流频率相同的情况下,铜板杂散损耗与电流大小的平方满足一定的比例关系;在激励电流大小相同的情况下,铜板损耗与电流频率的0.8次方不满足IEC标准给出的频率特性。基于此,引入一个考虑磁场分布的修正因子对频率特性进行修正,通过修正结果与实验值的对比验证了修正因子的合理性。     

输电系统网损功率概率分布函数的计算与分析

评价输电系统的网损功率和网损电量是调度人员的重要任务。而已有的网损评价方法不能有效地计及各节点注入功率波动对网损的影响,本文提出了一种根据网抽功率概率分布函数来评价输电系统网损的方法,网损功率概率分布函数反映了在实际系统注入功率波动情况下网损功率的变化规律,本文还给了了计算网损功率概率分布函数的实用算法,并在一个实际的跨省输电系统上验证了方法的可行性。     

异步电机铁心损耗计算方法的分析与研究

采用变频启动、自启动、串电阻启动等方式启动的异步电机内的组成部件中的电磁场分布并不相同,因此各组成部件的损耗分析方法也应各不相同.各种形式的斯坦梅茨方程可分析计算铁心损耗,且斯坦梅茨方程中的系数可由硅钢片制造商提供的损耗曲线获得,然而,硅钢片制造商提供的损耗曲线仅能在几个固定的频率下获得.采用了一种曲线拟合技术,可计算...     

不同占空比下功率变换器磁芯损耗分析与建模

功率变换器中磁芯损耗与励磁波形密切相关。为了有效地评估和预测不同占空比的磁芯损耗,以铁氧体磁芯材料为研究对象,分析影响磁芯损耗的两个重要因素——交流磁通密度峰值和励磁频率,进一步研究磁芯损耗与磁通密度变化率的关系,引入矩形波励磁下磁通密度变化率波形系数的概念,在占空比为0.5时磁芯损耗模型的基础上,对不同占空比工况下磁芯损耗进行建模。最后,采用Origin数据统计分析软件对比了实验数据和所提出模型的计算结果,验证了模型的准确性。     

风电变流器改进型断续脉宽调制策略

大功率风力发电变流器中,存在开关损耗和电流总谐波失真THD(total harmonic distortion)难以均衡的矛盾。如何优化调制方式,以提高系统效率,减小电流谐波,是大功率风电变流系统的核心技术之一。针对风电变流器宽频率、宽电压运行范围的特点,分析直驱风电变流器采用断续脉宽调制策略下的损耗和谐波性能,发现不同工况下主要关注指标不同,轻载时电能质量恶劣、开关损耗低,而重载时开关损耗严重、电能质量好;但是常用调制方式很难兼顾。为解决该问题,提出一种适用于永磁同步机直驱风电变流器的新型断续脉宽调制策略,该调制策略对开关损耗和THD的优化特性随变流器工作范围变化,实现不同工况下主要关注指标的优化。最后通过实验平台验证了该方案在重载时减小开关损耗,在轻载时降低电流谐波的有效性。     

考虑附加涡流损失的超磁致伸缩执行器动态模型

超磁致伸缩执行器在高频下工作时,能量损失不仅包括磁滞损失、Terfenol-D棒涡流损失,还包括Terfenol-D棒附加涡流损失。该文考虑到执行器的惯性、阻尼、Terfenol-D棒涡流损失及附加涡流损失,建立了超磁致伸缩执行器的动态模型。其磁滞特性由Berqvist和Engdahl磁滞模型来描述,材料非线性由输入到模型静态实验数据体现。模型求解使用有限差分方法,在Matlab/Simulink中建立相应模型仿真结构框图。对执行器不同工作频率情况进行模型的仿真计算,并与实验结果对比,发现模型与实验吻合较好。表明所建立动态模型能较好地描述执行器输出位移与驱动电流之间的关系。该模型对优化设计超磁致伸缩执行器有指导意义。     

基于和声搜索算法的光伏电源选址定容研究

配电网中分布式光伏（distributed photovoltaic,PV）接入比例不断增加,加剧了配电网运行工况的不确定性。研究了PV并网的选址定容问题,仿真分析了PV接入对配电网的影响:首先,从负荷均匀分布模型出发分析网损与PV接入位置,以及与PV容量的关系,然后,建立以网络最小损耗为优化目标的选址定容模型,提出一种基于和声搜索算法（harmony search algorithm,HSA）的选址定容优化方法;最后,在IEEE33节点配电网模型上验证了所提方法的可行性与高效性。仿真结果表明,以网损最小为优化目标的选址定容方案能够改善电压质量,提高配电网的静态电压稳定性。     

Measurement of eddy-current loss coefficient PEC-R,derating of single-phase transformers, and comparison with K-factorapproach

A power amplifier is used to supply sinusoidal currents of different frequencies for measuring eddy-current losses of a 25 kVA single-phase transformer under short-circuit condition. Measured data show that eddy-current loss is a linear function of frequency with power of 2 and the eddy-current loss coefficient P_EC-Rlinear is computed. New measurement techniques are applied to determine the derating of single-phase transformers with full-wave diode and thyristor rectifier loads. The derating of transformers has been defined such that for the (apparent, real) power transfer of a transformer the total losses are identical to the rated losses at rated temperature. A relation between apparent power, derating and K-factor is given taking into account iron-core and stray-power losses. Measured derating values are compared with computed results based on the eddy-current losses, iron-core losses, stray-power losses, and K-factors. The eddy-current loss coefficient P_{EC-Rnonlinear} is computed from harmonics caused by diode/thyristor bridge loads     

用于电机损耗精细化分析的分段变系数铁耗计算模型

提出一种用于电机损耗精细化分析的分段变系数铁耗计算模型,该模型以经典Bertotti三项常系数铁耗模型为基础,引入涡流损耗附加磁通密度高次项及磁滞损耗附加磁通密度低次项,用于考虑磁路饱和导致涡流损耗增加及谐波磁场引起局部磁滞损耗增加的现象,同时,该模型中主要系数均随磁通密度幅值和频率变化,能很好地反映基波及谐波磁场对铁耗的影响,并对磁滞、涡流及异常损耗进行准确分离,实现铁耗精细化分析。为了验证该文所提模型的有效性及准确性,以Y132S-4、5.5k W和YX3-250M-4、55 k W两台感应电机为例,利用文中模型与经典Bertotti三项常系数模型对两台电机在不同电压下的空载铁耗进行实测和计算对比,结果表明该文所提模型在较宽范围内与实测值吻合程度较高。     

计划线损率的计算及其评价

以线损理论计算为基础，详细推导了全年理论线损率计算方法，并充分考虑站用电、低压配电网损耗、管理线损，给出了计划线损率的计算公式。在考核线损率指标科学性方面，提出了利用计划线损率与实际完成线损率之间的最小方差来衡量的方法。文中还以湖北省电力公司实际生产情况为例，说明了利用线损理论计算指导实际生产的经济效益，并对文中所提算法与公式进行了说明与验证。     

国外典型区域电力市场网损分摊方法

阐述了电力市场网损分摊问题的重要性，指出电力市场网损分摊的一些基本原则。从网损分摊方法基本原理出发，分析了一些国外典型电力市场网损分摊方法的不同特点。在此基础上，对我国电力市场网损分摊方法提出了建议，即考虑到配电网的复杂性，配电网建议采用平均网损系数法，而对于输电网则采用边际网损系数法；全国联网后的输电网部分可划分为若干个区域，区域内采用实时调整的节点边际网损系数法，而区域间采用区域边际网损系数法。     

考虑旋转磁通的PMSM铁心损耗数值计算

为了准确计算交流永磁同步电机(PMSM)铁心损耗,采用二维有限元法对PMSM定子与磁极区域电磁场进行了分析研究,阐述了定子铁心不同区域磁场的变化规律及磁极区域涡流场的分布规律.在此基础上,借助谐波分析的方法,综合考虑电机中交变与旋转磁场的影响,给出了一种较准确求解定子铁心损耗和PMSM转子涡流损耗的计算方法,并与传统的计算方法进行了比较.结果表明,考虑旋转磁场及谐波磁通密度影响时的定子铁心损耗计算值与传统的仅考虑交变基波磁通密度时的损耗计算值相比有显著增加,更接近于实际测量值,磁极涡流损耗值与定子槽口大小密切相关,占电机总损耗的比重较大,是不可忽略的.     

Variance-Based Energy Loss Computation in Low Voltage Distribution Networks

This paper describes a method for calculating energy losses in any system element assuming that the transmitted energy across it is known. The method identifies two components of losses: load variance and load mean. The load variance component can be neglected for large loads, but it is significant for small loads, which are dominant in low voltage networks. Needed parameters for loss calculation are determined by two load duration curves (LDCs) per load type. The formulae for loss calculation in transformers and distribution lines of various phase systems are given, including the formulae for energy losses and average current in the neutral conductor. A new algorithm for voltage calculation at network nodes is proposed and shown to provide high accuracy of calculated losses. The method enables loss calculation for compounded (nonhomogeneous) loads and gives the exact relationship between traditional loss factor and the load factor     

六角形模块化多电平AC/AC换流器损耗特性分析计算

详细分析换流器的损耗特性对于系统设计、冷却装置选型都有着重要意义。文中基于全桥子模块的工作特性,对六角形模块化多电平AC/AC换流器(Hexverter)的子模块损耗分布及换流器的总损耗进行分析计算。首先,简要介绍和仿真验证了Hexverter的工作原理。然后,通过提取绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块的数据进行拟合,建立IGBT及其续流二极管的通态特性和开关特性参数,进而对子模块工况进行详细分析,根据全桥子模块的输出特性推导出各器件导通范围及导通时间的解析表达式,从而得到通态损耗和开关损耗的理论计算表达式。最后,通过10 kV系统算例对换流器损耗进行了定量分析,对支路内不同子模块的损耗分布和不同工况下Hexverter的损耗进行计算,结果表明全桥子模块内部的损耗分布呈现对称性外,同一支路内各子模块损耗也不尽相同,特别是在不同容量及功率因数的工况下,子模块损耗分布及换流器总损耗存在明显差异。     

基于PSPICE仿真的IGBT功耗计算

结合无刷直流电机控制器的设计,提出了基于PSPICE仿真的绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)功率损耗的估算方法。建立了IGBT电路仿真模型．给出了IGBT功率损耗与开关频率和栅极电阻阻值之间关系的仿真结果。最后,给出了功率损耗的计算方法．对不同开关频率和不同栅极电阻时的功率损耗进行了定量计算。结果表明,增大开关频率和栅极电阻会使IGBT的功率损耗增加。     

Influence of the modulation method on the conduction and switchinglosses of a PWM converter system

The authors explore the dependency of the conduction losses of a bridge leg of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) power converter system with a high pulse rate on the shape of the phase modulation functions. This is done for modulation methods that are optimized with respect to minimum harmonic current RMS values. The results are compared to the results gained for simple sinusoidal modulation. Besides conduction losses, the switching losses of the electric valves are calculated. The main topic is the determination of those power loss components of a PWM converter system that can be (besides the harmonic losses) influenced by the modulation method selected. As the calculations show, these modulation methods allow a significant increase of the effective switching frequency. The optimal modulation as calculated leads to a reduction of the harmonic power loss in the upper modulation region. Furthermore, due to the frequency modulation the spectrum is spread out to a wider frequency band as compared to operation with constant pulse frequency     

SOLID POLE LOSSES IN SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES FED BY NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT WAVES

Abstract

Solid pole synchronous machines fed by current inverters are generally subjected to high pole face eddy-current losses. This paper describes a method which uses a conducting layer at the surface of solid salient poles to reduce these losses. For a given stator geometry and a fundamental frequency there may exist an optimal thickness of conducting layer that minimizes the losses. We calculate the losses by a simple analytical method. As a result we are able to define, in the stator geometry plane, a region where the conducting layer is beneficial. Outside this region the conducting layer may be detrimental. The domain's variations are investigated as a function of the fundamental frequency and the material. Parameters.