一种CDMA2000链路层自适应重传算法

TCP协议应用在3G无线网络中时，其传输性能受到了无线网络物理层帧差错率的严重影响。链路层重传技术可以大大改善TCP数据传输性能因无线信道误码率大而下降的情况。主要研究了CDMA2000中链路层重传技术对无线TCP数据传输的影响，并结合TCP层重传超时机制，提出了一种新的自适应链路层重传算法，提高了TCP在无线链路的数据传输性能。最后对该算法进行仿真，验证了此算法可以显著提高TCP吞吐率。     

CDMA2000无线网络中的视频数据传输

实时视频业务将是3G无线网络中最主要的无线宽带应用业务之一。文章在分析视频数据在CDMA2000无线网络中的传输机制的基础上,重点研究CDMA2000链路层重传技术对视频数据传输的影响,并通过OPNET仿真平台及相应的视频编解码实现进行仿真,分析比较了无线信道各种帧差错率条件下不同重传方案对视频实时数据传输的性能影响,表明链路层重传在一定程度上能改善CDMA2000无线网络中的视频传输效果。     

无线上行视频流的跨层容错传输方法

如何通过资源受限的移动通信终端提升无线上行视频流的抗误性能是亟待解决的重要问题。通过不同通信层次的联合调度,提出了一种跨层容错传输方案。移动通信终端的网络层代理首先利用容错包调度为视频流的延时约束帧集合提供重要性分类,随后该终端的链路层代理利用无线链路单元的优先级调度实现选择性重传。在调度延时与传输带宽限制下,跨层容错传输能够将突发错误转移到延时约束帧集合的低优先级视频数据中,从而在突发易错传输环境中实现了无线链路单元粒度的渐进式传输和平稳退化。     

无线网络下TCP重传定时器研究

鉴于无线网络的固有特性,传统TCP重传定时器在无线网络下易出现过早超时,致使TCP启用拥塞控制机制,降低了TCP吞吐量。该文改进了传统TCP重传定时器RTO设置算法,使之自适应于网络状况的变化。仿真结果表明,在链路误码率较高时,此方案较好地避免了过早超时,有效改善了无线环境下TCP性能。     

无线传感器网络实时媒体传输速率控制机制

无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)传输实时媒体面临带宽受限,时变和高误码等信道特征的挑战,常采用自适应速率控制技术并结合链路层重传机制,但增大了传输时延.本文采用IEEE802.11构建WSN,分析引发链路层重传的原因,推导满足重传时延最小的传输层包长调整方程和结合TFRC(TCP Friendly Rate Control)建立WSN实时媒体传输的速率控制机制(WSN Rate Control,WSNRC).仿真结果表明,该机制能有效改善降低丢包率(Packet Loss Rate,PLR),实时媒体帧平均传输时延和帧时延抖动等指标和具备传感器节点间的公平特征.     

基于模糊逻辑的重传控制策略

本文在分析WCDMA的无线链路控制（RLC）层中自动请求重传（ARQ）的实现机制的基础上,综合考虑RLC队列长度、TCP分组到达强度、无线链路层纠错强度以及TCP发送端的应用时延要求等因素,提出了基于模糊逻辑控制的重传控制策略。仿真结果表明,该策略能够有效地提高TCP通过无线网络的吞吐量,高效利用系统无线资源。     

6LoWPAN中分布式TCP缓存队列策略

在多TCP连接的6Lo WPAN(IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks)网络中,针对丢包严重时存在频繁的端到端重传问题,提出分布式TCP缓存队列策略。该策略能够使中间节点合理地缓存不同TCP连接在链路层传输中丢失的分段,从而保证每个TCP连接的性能,减少网络能耗。另外,采用ARQ机制进行链路层数据帧传输时,由于中间节点判断丢包的准确率较低,导致缓存队列中存在一些实际未丢失的分段。对这些分段的重传会消耗额外的能量,降低了缓存队列的利用率。因此缓存管理采用询问邻居节点的方式检查分段是否丢失,及时地删除无效的缓存分段。实验结果表明,采用分布式TCP缓存队列策略可以使得多个TCP连接的网络性能以及缓存队列利用率得到了很大提高。     

“北京邮电大学校友会杯”第二届博士论坛“博士之星”

电信分论坛俞一帆参赛论文:TCP协议在HybridA R Q机制下的性能分析论文摘要:目前对无线环境下的T C P协议性能的研究主要利用一阶两状态马尔可夫信道模型进行,而这种方法通常假设链路层采用了type I HARQ机制。对于另两种H A R Q机制,由于其复杂性,目前尚没有文献研究其在链路层对TCP性能的影响。本文根据信息论的基本原理,得出了一组新的链路层信道模型,该模型组能够描述各种H A R Q机制下数据分组在无线信道上的传输过程。利用该模型,本文仿真并分析了瑞利信道条件下,TCP协议在不同HARQ机制下的性能。分析的结果显示,Type I…     

CDMA无线蜂窝网中TCP性能分析及改善方法

在无线传输环境中,影响网络TCP性能的因素要比在有线传输中复杂的多,本文根据CDMA无线蜂窝网的特点,分析了其不同于传统有线通信网的影响网络TCP性能的因素,并根据这些因素,从物理层、链路层和传输层的角度给出了多种改善CDMA无线蜂窝网TCP性能的方法。     

一种无线TCP的拥塞控制算法及其性能分析

由于TCP协议总是认为丢包是网络拥塞所造成的,使得其在高误码率的无线信道中性能下降较大.提出一种无线网络中TCP的拥塞控制算法.应用该算法,源节点能够在发生拥塞时迅速降低发送速率,以缓解拥塞;也能在无线信道丢包时,迅速重传,避免网络资源浪费.仿真结果表明,该算法能够较好地适应无线环境,使TCP的性能提高大约5%～18%.     

Channel adaptive video stream switching for broadband wireless links

This paper exploits an H.264/Advanced Video Coding codec’s smooth stream switching to achieve robust video delivery across an IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) broadband wireless link. As the wireless channel conditions vary over time, dynamic selection of bitrate and corresponding video quality will reduce the risk of harmful packet loss. The paper investigates choice of stream-switching with Secondary SP-frames or SI-frames relative to the selection of quantization parameter (QP) values. To control the switching points at the WiMAX server, the proposed scheme applies a feedback mechanism that monitors packet loss. As an additional suggestion, the paper considers an adaptive ARQ scheme to protect switching frames against packet loss. In summary, the broadband wireless streaming system gives more protection to higher quality video, reduces delay and packet loss, and improves received video quality. In particular, for the QP values selected, results show that increased quality primary-switching frames together with SI frames bring a significant gain in video quality compared with other switching schemes with secondary SP-frames. The other schemes in turn show an improvement to using ‘no switching’ when streaming takes place over a typical WiMAX channel with burst errors. Link delay is also reduced.     

一种基于LWAP的IEEE 802.11平滑切换机制

IEEE 802.11网络中的BSS切换不可避免地产生丢包问题,这会造成网络性能严重下降,进而限制了移动环境下WLAN的广泛应用。为了降低切换过程中的丢包率,本文提出了一种在数据链路层、由无线链路事件触发的用户空间平滑切换机制,并且在基于嵌入式Linux平台的无线AP上进行了实现。大量的实验结果表明,在无需对当前IEEE 802.11协议进行改动的前提下,新切换机制可以保证在允许的时延范围内,较大地降低丢包率,提高网络性能,并且可以支持平滑漫游。改进的平滑切换机制独立于驱动,具有良好的可移植性,可以在现有AP上增量添加,而无需更改STA,降低了升级成本。     

基于虚拟接口的802.11网络切换技术

802.11网络现有的切换方案可以解决域内切换问题,域间切换涉及网络层切换操作,导致较大的网络延迟和大量的分组丢失。该文提出一种基于虚拟接口的802.11网络切换方法,通过对一个物理接口设备分时使用,使得无线终端在保证现有通信质量的情况下,平滑地完成与新无线访问点AP建立无线链路的过程。该方法具有实现简单、不用修改现有的Mobile IP协议等优点,在NS系统上的模拟表明,该方法能够满足实时交互式应用对移动切换过程中的网络质量需求。     

一个具有链路层支持的快速Mobile IP切换算法

由于目前流行的Mobile IP切换都假定了IP层无法得到链路层信息,所以,只能通过周期性地广播代理广告来实现位置移动检测,因而浪费了无线带宽,延长了切换时间,降低了TCP性能.一方面随着无线网络带宽的不断增高(当前的带宽已达到2Mbps),无线链路上的信息传输延迟将越来越小;另一方面,在移动计算环境中,如果IP层能够及时获得一些无线链路层的信息,那么上述的缺点就能被有效地克服.本文提出了一种具有链路层支持的快速Mobile IP切换算法,分析了快速Mobile IP切换算法和三个已知切换算法的切换时间,并在我们已完成的宽带无线IP网络中对上述切换算法进行了对比实验.理论分析和对比实验均表明快速Mobile IP切换算法的延迟降低了一个数量级且极大地改善了TCP性能.     

A mobility management scheme for wireless mesh networks based on a hybrid routing protocol

Recent advances in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have overcome the drawbacks of traditional wired networks and wireless ad hoc networks. WMNs will play a leading role in the next generation of networks, and the question of how to provide seamless mobility management for WMNs is the driving force behind the research. The inherent characteristics of WMNs, such as relatively static backbones and highly mobile clients, require new mobility management solutions to be designed and implemented.In this paper, a hybrid routing protocol for forwarding packets is proposed: this involves both link layer routing and network layer routing. Based on the hybrid routing protocol, a mobility management scheme for WMNs is presented. Both intra-domain and inter-domain mobility management have been designed to support seamless roaming in WiFi-based WMNs. During intra-domain handoff, gratuitous ARP messages are used to provide new routing information, thus avoiding re-routing and location update. For inter-domain handoff, redundant tunnels are removed in order to minimize forwarding latency. Comprehensive simulation results illustrate that our scheme has low packet latency, low packet loss ratio and short handoff latency. As a result, real-time applications over 802.11 WMNs such as VoIP can be supported.     

分布式视频编码中关键帧丢失错误保护

目的 分布式视频编码较其传统视频编码具有编码简单、误码鲁棒性高等特点,可以很好地满足如无人机航拍、无线监控等新型视频业务的需求。在分布式视频编码中,视频图像被交替分为关键帧和Wyner-Ziv帧,由于受到信道衰落和干扰等因素的影响,采用传统帧内编码方式的关键帧的误码鲁棒性远不如基于信道编码的Wyner-Ziv帧。关键帧能否正确传输和解码对于Wyner-Ziv帧能否正确解码起着决定性的作用,进而影响着整个系统的压缩效率和率失真性能。为此针对关键帧在异构网络中的鲁棒性传输问题,提出一种基于小波域的关键帧质量可分级保护传输方案。方法 在编码端对关键帧同时进行传统的帧内视频编码和基于小波域的Wyner-Ziv编码,解码端将经过错误隐藏后的误码关键帧作为基本层,Wyner-Ziv编码产生的校验信息码流作为增强层。为了提高系统的分层特性以便使系统的码率适应不同的网络条件,进一步将小波分解后图像的各个不同层的低频带和高频带组合成不同的增强层,根据不同信道环境,传输不同层的Wyner-Ziv校验数据。同时对误码情况下关键帧的虚拟噪声模型进行了改进,利用第1个增强层已解码重建的频带与其对应边信息来获得第2个和第3个增强层对应频带的更加符合实际的虚拟信道模型的估计。结果 针对不同的视频序列在关键帧误码率为1%20%时,相比较于传统的帧内错误隐藏算法,所提方案可以提高视频重建图像的主观质量和整体系统的率失真性能。例如在关键帧误码率为5%时,通过传输第1个增强层,不同的视频序列峰值信噪比（PSNR）提升可达25 dB左右;如果继续传输第2个增强层的校验信息,视频图像的PSNR也可以提升0.51.6 dB左右;如果3个增强层的校验信息都传输的话,基本上可以达到无误码情况下关键帧的PSNR。结论 本文所提方案可以很好地解决分布式视频编码系统中的关键帧在实际信道传输过程中可能出现的误码问题,同时采用的分层传输方案可以适应不同网络的信道情况。     

Route Maintenance in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a novel Route Maintenance scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks. Despite lack of mobility and energy constraints, reactive routing protocols such as AODV and DSR suffer from frequent route breakages in 802.11 based infrastructure wireless mesh networks. In these networks, if any intermediate node fails to successfully transmit a packet to the next hop node after a certain number of retransmissions, the link layer reports a transmission problem to the network layer. Reactive routing protocols systematically consider this as a link breakage (and therefore a route breakage). Transmission failures can be caused by a number of factors e.g. interference or noise and can be transient in nature. Frequent route breakages result in significant performance degradation. The proposed mechanism considers multiple factors to differentiate between links with transient transmission problems from those links which have permanent transmission problems and takes a coherent decision on link breakage. The proposed mechanism is implemented in AODV for single-radio single-channel mesh network and an extension is incorporated in multi-radio multi-channel scenarios. Simulation results show substantial performance improvement compared to classical AODV and local route repair schemes.     

Providing adaptive QoS to layered video over wireless local area networks through real-time retry limit adaptation

Robust streaming of video over 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) poses many challenges, including coping with packets losses caused by network buffer overflow or link erasures. In this paper, we propose a novel error protection method that can provide adaptive quality-of-service (QoS) to layered coded video by utilizing priority queueing at the network layer and retry-limit adaptation at the link layer. The design of our method is motivated by the observation that the retry limit settings of the MAC layer can be optimized in such a way that the overall packet losses that are caused by either link erasure or buffer overflow are minimized. We developed a real-time retry limit adaptation algorithm to trace the optimal retry limit for both the single-queue (or single-layer) and multiqueue (or multilayer) cases. The video layers are unequally protected over the wireless link by the MAC with different retry limits. In our proposed transmission framework, these retry limits are dynamically adapted depending on the wireless channel conditions and traffic characteristics. Furthermore, the proposed priority queueing discipline is enhanced with packet filtering and purging functionalities that can significantly save bandwidth by discarding obsolete or un-decodable packets from the buffer. Simulations show that the proposed cross-layer protection mechanism can significantly improve the received video quality.     

基于跳数的WSN自适应链路层差错控制策略

本文提出一种用于无线传感器网络数据传输的数据链路层自适应差错控制策略,以提高无线传感器网络通信可靠性。在无线传感器网络中,主要分析传感器节点发送的数据帧,以及各种信道可靠性。由于链路层数据帧所经历的跳数不同,它们的重要性有所不同,因此我们提出一种基于链路层数据帧所经历跳数自适应差错控制策略(AECM),该策略建立了跳数与差错控制方案之间的相互对应关系。数学分析表明,该策略在提高无线传感器网络数据通信整体效率的同时保持高能效。