High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the rheology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids (fresh water-based and brine-based) under high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four rheological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.     

高密度水基钻井液高温高压流变性研究

高密度水基钻井液属于较稠的胶体-悬浮体分散体系,固相含量大,固相颗粒分散程度高,自由水量少,在深井高温高压条件下流变性容易失控。以室内研制的抗高温高密度淡水基和盐水基钻井液为基础,采用Fann50SL高温高压流变仪对钻井液在不同温度下的流变性进行了测试。结果表明,温度是影响高密度水基钻井液流变性的主要因素。随着温度升高,淡水基钻井液的表观黏度和塑性黏度都出现降低趋势;而盐水基钻井液的塑性黏度在150℃达到最低值,然后升高,表观黏度呈降低趋势。利用测试数据,运用宾汉、幂律、卡森和赫 巴4种流变模式进行线性拟合发现,无论是淡水基还是盐水基钻井液,赫-巴模式最佳,幂律模式最差。建立了预测淡水基钻井液表观黏度与温度、压力关系的数学模型,实测数据验证表明,该模型可以应用于生产实际。     

Evaluation of some vanillin-modified polyoxyethylene surfactants as additives for water based mud

Water-based drilling fluids are increasingly being used for oil and gas exploration and are generally considered to be more environmentally acceptable than oil-based or synthetic-based fluids. In this study, new types of vanillin-modified polyoxyethylene surfactants were evaluated as additives in water-based mud. Their rheological properties in water-based mud were investigated which included the apparent viscosity, the plastic viscosity, the yield point, the gel strength, the thixotropy as well as the filtration properties. Also, the effect of high temperature on the rheology of the formulated water based mud was studied. The tested ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants showed good results when utilized in the formulation of water-based mud.     

新型高温高密度盐水钻井液研究

针对中国高温高密度盐水钻井液普遍存在的"使用处理剂种类过多,加量过大,钻井液老化后HTHP造壁性和流变性难以控制,配制成本和维护成本居高不下"的难题,分析长期攻关而至今没能很好解决的原因,在此基础上提出了"以利用钻井液中处理剂高温交联作用为基础,结合使用优化重晶石级配以解决高密度钻井液黏度高、HTHP失水量大、且性能很难调控的难题,综合形成了高温高密度盐水钻井液研究"新的技术路线,并由此研发出性能好（HTHP失水量低,流变性良好……）而处理剂种类少（共4种）、总用量大幅度降低（仅为现用量的1/2~1/3）的高温高密度盐水钻井液体系,而且具有高温条件下使用性能越来越好,性能维护方便的潜力和趋势,为有效解决中国高温高密度盐水钻井液多年未能很好解决的技术难题,提供一条可行的途径。      

The use of grass as an environmentally friendly additive in water-based drilling fluids

Excellent drilling fluid techniques are one of the significant guaranteed measures to insure safety,quality,efficiency,and speediness of drilling operations.Drilling Quids are generally discarded after the completion of drilling operations and become waste,which can have a large negative impact on the environment.Drilling materials and additives together with drill cuttings,oil.and water constitute waste drilling fluids,which ultimately are dumped onto soil,surface water,groundwater,and air.Environmental pollution is found to be a serious threat while drilling complex wells or high-temperature deep wells as these types of wells involve the use of oil-based drilling fluid systems and high-performance water-based drilling(luid systems.The preservation of the environment on a global level is now important as various organizations have set up initiatives to drive the usage of toxic chemicals as drilling fluid additives.This paper presents an approach where grass is introduced as a sustainable drilling fluid additive with no environmental problems.Simple waterbased drilling fluids were formulated using bentonite,powdered grass,and water to analyze the rheological and filtration characteristics of the new drilling fluid.A particle size distribution test was conducted to determine the particle size of the grass sample by the sieve analysis method.Experiments were conducted on grass samples of 300.90.and 35 μm to study the characteristics and behavior of the newly developed drilling fluid at room temperature.The results show that grass samples with varying particle sizes and concentrations may improve the viscosity,gel strength,and tiltration of the bentonite drilling fluid.These observations recommend the use of grass as a theological modifier,filtration control agent,and pH control agent to substitute toxic materials from drilling fluids.     

一种抗高温抗钙两性离子聚合物分散剂

针对聚合物钻井液的抗钙难题,以分散解絮凝为主要思路,使用2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）、对苯乙烯基磺酸钠（SSS）和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）为单体合成了一种抗高温抗钙两性离子聚合物分散剂。对影响聚合反应的关键参数进行了优选,最终将单体物质的量比优选为AMPS∶SSS∶DMDAAC=7.5∶0.5∶2,引发剂K₂S₂O₈加量优选为单体总质量的0.4%。单剂评价结果表明,分散剂能够在高钙且高温的环境中有效分散膨润土,具有降低滤失量与低剪切速率黏度的作用。从分散剂的分子构型入手分析了其作用机理。以分散剂为核心,配伍消泡剂与惰性封堵材料,配制了高钙钻井液。      

水基钻井液低温流变特性研究

深水钻井是中国石油近期和未来发展的必然趋势。温度对钻井液流变性能影响显著,深水低温给钻井液流变性调控带来了巨大挑战。分析了国外深水低温对钻井液流变性影响规律研究现状,利用自行研制的深水低温钻井液基本性能测试模拟实验装置和FANNIX77流变仪,研究了温度和压力对不同水基钻井液体系黏度和动切力的影响。结果表明,温度对不同钻井液体系的黏度影响规律基本相同,即随温度降低黏度增大,从高温到室温钻井液黏度增加比较缓慢,而从室温开始随温度降低黏度迅速升高;温度对含固相钻井液和无固相钻井液体系动切力的影响规律不同,无固相钻井液体系的动切力随温度降低而降低,而含固相钻井液动切力则随温度降低而增加;压力对水基钻井液体系黏度、动切力影响不大。研究结果为我国深水钻井实践提供了室内研究基础。     

The Development and Application of a Novel Polyamine Water-based Drilling Fluid

Polyamine water-based drilling fluid has been used around the world in recent years. The authors investigated the key additive SDJA-1 as polyamine shale hydration inhibitor. Results indicate that SDJA-1 can suppress clay hydration effectively and provide a pH buffer effect. Polyacrylamide and nano-emulsion ZX-8 were selected as shale encapsulator and lubricant, respectively. The properties of polyamine water-based drilling fluid including inhibition, lubrication and toxicity were evaluated compared with other inhibitive water-based drilling fluids and conventional oil-based drilling fluid. Results show the fluid outperforms other water-based drilling fluids and approaches to the performance of oil-based drilling fluid. Furthermore, the system is non-toxic and environmental friendly, superior to oil-based drilling fluid. This system was successfully applied on well Tian 310 in Shengli oilfield. A caliper log was run which indicated the highest quality wellbore ever recorded in the entire block.     

加重剂对水基钻井液润滑性能的影响研究

为了定量研究加重剂影响水基钻井液润滑性能的一般规律，采用激光粒度仪测定了重晶石、钛铁矿、保护储层加重剂的粒度分布，考察了3种加重剂将水基钻井液加重到相同密度以及加重到不同密度时滤饼的摩擦系数。研究表明：高密度条件下，3种加重剂均有改善钻井液润滑性能的作用，保护储层加重剂的润滑效果最好；水基钻井液润滑性改善时，重晶石、钛铁矿、保护储层加重剂加重钻井液的临界加重密度分别为1.4、1.6和1.6 g/cm³；钻井液未加润滑剂时，超过此临界密度的一定范围内，钻井液体系的润滑性能均增强。     

国外水基钻井液半透膜的研究概述

介绍了近年来国外对水基钻井液半透膜效应机理的研究成果，以及在此基础上对钻井液体系进行的研究讨论。认为，孔隙压力扩散是导致井壁失稳的根本原因，孔隙压力扩散的快慢取决于泥页岩的渗透性、弹性和钻井液与井壁之间物理化学作用等边界条件。通常情况下，渗透率越低，压力增长越慢。只有膜效率高的钻井液体系才能有效控制和延缓孔隙压力的扩散，进而维护井壁的稳定。提高水基钻井液半透膜效率的措施为：①封堵裂缝和高渗透泥页岩的孔隙；②超低剪切条件下增加液相粘度；③降低钻井液活度；④改善泥页岩膜的理想性。并以此为标准，对各类钻井液进行了系统研究，结果发现：MEG钻井液、甲酸盐钻井液、聚合醇钻井液和硅酸盐钻井液具有良好的抑制性和发展前景。     

涪陵页岩气田低黏低切聚合物防塌水基钻井液研制及现场试验

为了解决涪陵地区焦石坝区块二开钻井过程中钻井液黏度高、摩阻高、扭矩大及定向托压严重等问题,研究了一种低黏低切聚合物防塌水基钻井液。室内试验表明,该水基钻井液抑制性、润滑性、封堵性良好,抗温能达100℃,且具有很好的抗污染能力。该钻井液在涪陵地区焦石坝区块二开井段进行了现场试验,有效解决了因地层钻屑水化造浆而造成的钻井液黏度升高、密度升高及井下托压严重等问题,保证了井下作业的正常进行,缩短了钻井周期,提高了钻井效率。      

固相化学清洁剂ZSC-201的研究应用

在使用水基钻井液钻泥页岩地层时常常发生井眼膨胀、缩径、坍塌等问题。介绍了一种固相化学清洁剂ZSC-201。室内性能评价结果表明，ZSC-201具有良好的抑制地层和钻屑水化分散的能力，可以配合高分子量聚合物清除钻井液中的有害固相，减小钻井液中亚微粒子含量，保证钻井液清洁；对阴离子型防塌剂和聚合物类处理剂有增效作用；具有用量小，与其他处理剂配伍性好等特点。5口井的应用表明，使用ZSC-201固相化学清洁剂，平均井径扩大率为10．18％，解决了上部地层水化膨胀、缩径问题，保证了起下钻的畅通；在钻井中膨润土含量上升缓慢，钻井液粘度、切力容易控制，维护简单，减少了处理剂的使用种类和用量，避免了替换钻井液．节约了钻井液成本；有效控制了固相含量，有利于提高机械钻速。     

深水聚胺高性能钻井液试验研究

聚胺高性能钻井液是性能最接近油基钻井液的水基钻井液,在深水钻井领域具有广阔的应用前景。为降低钻井液成本,在研制聚胺强抑制剂的基础上,考虑水合物抑制及低温流变性等因素,通过优选处理剂,构建了适用于深水钻井的聚胺高性能钻井液体系,并对其进行了综合性能评价。结果表明,该钻井液可抗150 ℃高温,且低温流变性优良,2 ℃和25 ℃的表观黏度比和动切力比分别为1.36和1.14;其抑制页岩水化分散效果与油基钻井液相当,体现了其强抑制特性;在模拟1 500 m水深的海底低温高压(1.7 ℃,17.41 MPa)条件下,具备120 h抑制水合物生成的能力;抗钙、抗劣土污染能力较强;无生物毒性,能满足深水钻井环保要求。其主要性能指标基本达到了用于深水钻井的同类钻井液水平,可满足深水钻井要求。      

钻井液高温流变性能测试仪器与测试方法

高温深井钻井,井下钻井液高温流变性能好坏直接关系到井眼的安全和钻井的成败,但六速黏度计无法测试钻井液在井底随着温度、压力、剪切速率、时间等参数的变化,流变性能是如何变化的,通过高温高压流变仪评价钻井液的流变和抗温性能是一种科学而有效的评价手段。为模拟井下实际钻井液性能,建立了低剪切速率黏度测试、高温下黏度损失率测试、钻井液动态循环和静置时黏度随时间变化的测试方法,表征了钻井液的携岩性能、抗温流变性能、钻井液循环和静置条件下的高温热稳定性能,反映出了井下真实流变性能。在埕探1井进行了现场试验,说明该测试方法可以为现场工程师分析判断钻井液在井下高温下的性能能否为钻井施工提供实验数据,为高温钻井液体系优化设计、处理剂研发和应用提供科学可靠实验方法,并极大程度上弥补用六速黏度计测试钻井液流变性能的不足和缺陷。      

Application of silica (SiO2) nanofluid and Gemini surfactants to improve the viscous behavior and surface tension of water-based drilling fluids

Further studies into drilling fluids especially to reduce the use of oil and synthetic-based drilling fluids are ever-growing due to their contributions to environmental pollution. This study, therefore, attempts to evaluate the thermal, viscosity, surface tension, and filtration loss properties of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) upon the addition of Gemini surfactant-silica nanofluid. This surfactant-nanofluid was formed by dissolving silica nanofluid in the surfactant solution, and ultra-sonication was used to attain homogeneity. Characterization of the Gemini surfactant-silica (SiO₂) nanofluid was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The viscosity, surface tension, and filtration loss properties were studied using the rheometer, tensiometer, and low-pressure, low-temperature (LPLT) filter press respectively. The experimental results showed that Gemini surfactants contributed to the highest increase in drilling fluid viscosity compared to a conventional surfactant. Also, when combined with silica-nanoparticles showed better thermal stability with an 11% average change in viscosity with increasing temperature and a decrease in surface tension and filtration loss both showing a 17% and 12% decrease respectively.     

新型无土相油基钻井液研究与现场试验

针对常规有土相油基钻井液因有机土及沥青降滤失剂等黏度效应较大、不利于流变性控制和低密度白油油基钻井液适用范围窄的问题,以自主研发的增黏提切剂、乳化剂和聚合物降滤失剂为基础,通室内试验考察了其配伍性并优选了其加量,形成了无土相油基钻井液。室内试验结果表明,无土相油基钻井液在油水比为70:30~100:0、温度为80~160℃、密度为0.9~2.2 kg/L时,塑性黏度可控制在55 mPa·s以内、破乳电压在450 V以上,API滤失量小于2 mL,抗钻屑污染达30%,抗水污染达20%,加重材料对润滑性能影响非常小。焦石坝区块4口页岩气水平井的现场试验表明,无土相油基钻井液原材料少,维护处理简单,流变性易于控制,固相含量低,具有良好的剪切稀释性,有利于降低循环压耗,提高机械钻速。      

削减PDC钻头泥包提高机械钻速的技术途径

采用PDC钻头与水基钻井液配合方式钻进泥页岩地层时,如何防止钻头泥包成为提高钻速的一大技术难点。为此,首先介绍了国外水基钻井液和水基钻井液添加ROP增速剂的钻头提速室内模拟实验取得的成果;然后用典型实例分别评述了PDC钻头优化（结构、氮化处理）以及在泥岩段地层中应用水基钻井液添加ROP增速剂的提速效果。考虑到钻井液的费用和环保问题,认为加入ROP增速剂的水基钻井液配合抛光PDC钻头将是软泥岩地层提速的有效技术途径,其应用一定会有更广阔的前景。     

适用于滩海地区的正电聚醇/甲酸盐钻井液

目前,水基钻井液仍然是滩海钻井的首选钻井液.正电聚醇钻井液和甲酸盐钻井液自从20世纪90年代在现场应用以来,均表现出良好的性能.为适应滩海钻井的需要,充分发挥正电聚醇和甲酸盐的优势,研制出了一种新型的正电聚醇-甲酸盐钻井液体系.在地层孔隙压力较低或较高时,分别利用正电聚醇或甲酸盐作为主要处理剂以确保钻井液具有良好的性能并维持较低的固相含量.分析了正电聚醇、甲酸盐的作用机理及其协同增效作用.室内试验评价了该钻井液的抗温性、抑制性、保护油气层性能以及用甲酸盐加重对钻井液性能的影响.该钻井液在埕海4和庄海12井等进行了初步应用,在应用中钻井液粘度变化不大,埕海4井和庄海12井的平均井径扩大率分别为9.19%和6.91%,明显低于邻井;起下钻及下套管正常,无遇阻情况,电测顺利.室内试验和现场应用结果均表明,正电聚醇和甲酸盐的协同作用,可使钻井液具有防塌、润滑、环保和储层保护等多种功能.     

用于冻土区天然气水合物钻探的聚合物钻井液低温流变响应

陆域天然气水合物（以下简称水合物）主要赋存于高原冻土区,为保证顺利钻探,要求钻井液既能够有效抑制水合物分解、 维持其相态平衡,又能在低温环境下具有良好的流变性能。为此,以新研制的低失水抗低温聚合物钻井液配方为研究对象,对其在 低温条件下的流变性能进行了测试,并利用回归分析法和最小二乘法对试验数据进行计算与分析。结果表明：①赫谢尔-巴尔克莱 模式是描述该钻井液体系低温流变性能的最佳模式;②应用该模式计算得到了低温条件下钻井液流变性能参数,其变化规律表现出 随着温度降低,钻井液动切力呈近似波动变化,钻井液的稠度系数和流性指数均大致呈线性增长的趋势,但增长幅度较小。结论认为： 所建立的钻井液表观黏度低温响应数学模型拟合精度高,可准确预测井内钻井液在低温下的流变性能。     

Effect of Particle Size of Bentonite on Rheological Behavior of the Drilling Mud

Abstract

Control of the particle size and concentration of particulates in mud is critical in developing a mud system that yields good well stability and prevents fluid invasion. Bentonite is an essential component of drilling fluid in water-based systems and the results of testing carried out on the drilling fluids suit the requirements of American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA, 1975) specifications. Therefore, this study deals with the investigation of the rheology of water-based mud using bentonite of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at different concentrations (4, 5, 6, and 7.5%). Four samples of water-based mud were prepared of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at a concentration of 4% and the rheological behavior was recorded; this was repeated at different concentrations (5, 6, and 7.5%) and the particle size distribution was demonstrated for all grain sizes. This article illustrates that the components of flow, plastic viscosity, and yield point are absolute flow properties. They reflect the colloidal and surface-active behavior of solids present in drilling fluids. Both properties affect the apparent viscosity as measured by a Fann VG meter (Fann, Houston, TX).