组织状态对45CrNiMoVA钢超声滚压表面完整性的影响

针对组织状态对超声滚压(USRP)表面完整性影响规律不明的问题,分别对铁素体+珠光体和回火马氏体两种组织状态下的45CrNiMoVA钢进行USRP试验,结合两种组织状态下材料动态力学性能的差异,对表面形貌及表面粗糙度、表层显微硬度、残余应力和表层微观组织进行对比分析。结果表明,较软组织状态下的材料在USRP作用下更容易实现表面光整效果,表层材料更容易发生塑性变形,导致形成更明显的表层硬化效果,但是难以形成更高幅值的残余压应力; USRP在45CrNiMoVA钢表层引入的残余压应力幅值与其组织强度大小成正比,回火马氏体组织状态下表层残余压应力易呈"勺形"分布,最大残余压应力出现在亚表面,达到-1 272 MPa,铁素体+珠光体组织状态下表层残余压应力易呈"梯度"分布,最大残余压应力出现在表面,达到-694 MPa;体心四方(BCT)晶体结构的组织在USRP作用下更容易发生晶粒细化,而体心立方(BCC)晶体结构的组织在USRP作用下以塑性变形为主。以上规律可用于指导不同组织状态下材料加工表面完整性的精准调控。     

超声表面滚压改善45#钢表层特性及疲劳性能的研究

目的研究超声表面滚压处理(Ultrasonic Surface Rolling Process,USRP)对45#钢表层特性及疲劳性能的影响。方法利用超声表面滚压设备处理45#钢,观察分析处理前后试样的表层特征、状态、微观结构,采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验研究试样疲劳性能,通过升降法测取疲劳极限值。结果 USRP处理后,试样表面形貌显著改善,表面粗糙度由之前的3.2μm降低到0.23μm,显微组织细化,晶粒取向趋于随机分布,表层显微硬度相比心部提高56%左右,强化层厚度可达400μm,残余压应力由-180 MPa提高到-532 MPa,疲劳极限值由296 MPa提高到403 MPa。结论通过USRP处理,试样的表层特性及表面性能得到强化改善。疲劳性能的提高主要归因于USRP处理使材料表面粗糙度降低,晶粒细化,显微硬度与残余压应力提高。     

超声滚压强化7075铝合金工件表面性能的研究

目的探究超声滚压强化技术对7075铝合金工件表面性能的影响。方法对7075铝合金棒状试样精车加工后进行了超声滚压强化处理。综合使用粗糙度测量仪、表面显微硬度仪、金相显微镜以及X射线衍射应力分析仪,研究了处理前后工艺参数中的压下量对试样的表面粗糙度、表面显微硬度、表面微观组织及表面残余应力等表面性能的影响。结果超声滚压强化处理后,试样表面粗糙度由0.976μm降低至0.047μm,表面显微硬度由105.6HV0.2提高至119HV0.2,显微硬度提高了15%。精车加工后,精车试样的表层组织与心部组织几乎无变化。超声滚压强化后,相对心部组织而言,表层晶粒组织得到显著细化,表层均为残余压应力,压应力深度为1.75 mm。残余压应力最大值位于最表层,最大为-174.0 MPa,且距离最表层越远,残余压应力总体呈减小趋势。结论通过对比研究精车试样与超声滚压试样,发现超声滚压强化工艺可以大大地降低试样表面粗糙度,显著地细化表层试样晶粒与提高表面硬度,改善残余应力的分布,并引入一定深度的残余压应力。     

7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工残余应力场研究

目的研究二维超声滚压后7050铝合金残余应力场的形成过程和表层残余应力的分布规律。方法利用有限元软件模拟二维超声滚压加工,分析残余应力场的形成过程及表层残余应力的分布规律;采用正交试验方法进行7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工试验,研究工艺参数对表面残余应力的影响规律,并与有限元分析结果相对比,验证有限元模拟的合理性。结果在二维超声滚压加工过程中,7050铝合金表层材料应力随时间先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,形成残余应力。残余压应力沿滚压深度方向先增大后减小,再转化为残余拉应力。残余压应力层厚度约为1.05 mm,最大残余压应力值约为285 MPa。在相同的工艺参数下,有限元分析结果与试验结果基本吻合。静压力对表面残余应力的形成影响最大,表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大。结论二维超声滚压加工使7050铝合金表面发生剧烈的塑性变形,并形成一定深度的残余压应力。铝合金表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大,而与转速和进给量无关。     

超声滚压12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢残余压应力特性研究及参数优化

目的 实现高效率、低表面粗糙度和大残余压应力制造。方法 利用ANSYS软件建立12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢外圆超声滚压有限元模型,分析超声滚压加工后,残余应力场的分布规律。搭建12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢试验平台,研究工艺参数对工件表层残余应力的影响规律。同时对有限元模型进行验证。运用非线性曲线拟合方法,构建超声滚压工件表面残余应力及其表面粗糙度预测模型,基于赫兹接触理论和压痕几何关系,建立外圆超声滚压加工效率理论模型。结果 经过超声滚压加工后,12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢表层残余压应力显著提升,且沿滚压深度方向,呈现先增大后减小趋势。最大残余压应力随着初始静压力的增加,峰值点逐渐从表层向次表层移动,最大残余压应力值为?654 MPa,此时硬化层深度约为0.8 mm。经优化得到最优参数为:F=315 N,vf=0.32 mm/min,n=269 r/min。结论 12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢表层残余压应力随静压力的增大,呈线性增加趋势,随主轴转速和进给量的增大略微减小。参数优化后,加工效率得到进一步提升,工件能够获得良好的表面状态。     

激光冲击与喷丸复合强化TC17钛合金表层残余应力研究

目的 分析激光冲击与机械喷丸复合强化钛合金表层残余应力场及其在疲劳载荷下的稳定性。方法 采用薄壁叶片强化参数先后对TC17钛合金表面进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线衍射法分析两种工艺复合强化表层的残余应力分布,并分别在25、400 ℃拉-拉疲劳加载条件下分析复合强化表层残余应力的稳定性。结果 激光冲击与喷丸复合强化表面残余应力值为-600 ~ -800 MPa,残余压应力幅值沿深度不断递减,压应力层深度为0.7~0.8 mm。表面至0.1 mm深度范围内的残余应力分布梯度较大,其分布特征主要受控于喷丸工艺,而距表面0.1 mm以下的残余应力分布梯度较小,其分布特征受控于激光冲击强化工艺。结论 激光冲击和喷丸强化顺序对最表层残余应力的均匀性有一定影响,对最表层以下的残余应力分布影响较小。复合强化表面残余应力在室温疲劳加载后具有较好的稳定性,在400 ℃疲劳加载下发生一定量松弛后趋于稳定。     

表面超声滚压工艺参数对EA4T车轴表面性能的影响

采用表面超声滚压技术对EA4T车轴表面进行强化处理;利用正交试验法对表面超声滚压工艺参数进行优化。采用粗糙度仪、显微硬度计和残余应力测试仪分别测量车轴表层处的粗糙度、显微硬度和残余应力;并用扫描电镜观察截面的微观组织。结果表明:表面超声滚压可降低EA4T车轴表面粗糙度,获得较高的表面残余压应力,提高车轴表面硬度,并使表层晶粒细化。通过正交试验得出,对粗糙度、表层硬度、硬化层深度和表面残余应力影响最显著的因素分别为进给量、主轴转速、滚压力和主轴转速。本试验条件下选出的最佳工艺参数为主轴转速10 r/min、进给量0.10mm/r、滚压力300 kg。     

超声滚压对LZ50钢疲劳性能及短裂纹行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

针对超声滚压(USRP)对材料短裂纹行为影响规律不明的问题,对LZ50钢开展USRP试验,对比分析USRP对材料表面形貌、表层显微组织、表层显微硬度、残余应力分布和疲劳寿命的影响,并在340MPa应力水平下开展旋转弯曲复型试验,研究USRP对疲劳短裂纹萌生和扩展的影响。结果表明:USRP能使材料表面发生塑性变形,有效改善材料表面状态,降低表面粗糙度;处理后的LZ50钢表层铁素体、珠光体组织显微硬度平均值分别从200 HV和240 HV提升至304 HV和357 HV,表层残余压应力从-103 MPa提升至-720 MPa,且表层显微硬度和残余压应力沿深度方向呈梯度分布,影响层深约为300μm。在340MPa应力水平下,USRP试样平均疲劳寿命提升385.54%,疲劳短裂纹突破晶界障碍、珠光体带状组织,出现第一、第二次显著降速时的平均寿命分数f分别从0.068和0.469延后至0.172和0.604,短裂纹的萌生和扩展得到明显抑制与延缓。研究结果有助于明确USRP在抑制材料疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展上发挥的积极作用,可为工程材料表面强化工艺的选择提供参考。     

超声振动辅助滚压参数对钛合金表面残余应力的影响

结合有限元分析和实验研究,基于与普通滚压工艺的对比,对超声振动辅助滚压强化钛合金表面的残余应力场进行分析,获得了沿改性层深度方向的残余应力变化和瞬态应力分布云图。结果表明:与普通滚压相比,超声振动辅助滚压可改变滚压头和材料表面接触力的作用方式,使应力波沿着材料深度方向动态传播,从而产生更深的残余压应力影响层,并导致压应力层下移。在实验参数条件下,最大残余压应力值和表面残余应力值都随着静压力的增大而显著增大;随着主轴转速的增大,最大残余压应力值明显单调增加,而最大残余压应力层深度逐渐减小;振幅对残余应力场的影响不十分显著。     

超声滚压参数对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢表面性能的影响

目的研究在不同加工参数下,对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢进行超声滚压加工后表层质量的变化,并得出其显著性顺序。建立表面粗糙度的解析模型,研究进给量、滚压次数和初始表面粗糙度对表面质量的影响,并与试验结果作对比。方法采用车刀将固定在车床卡盘上的18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢棒状材料的端面进行精车后,采用超声滚压试验装置对精车后端面进行加工处理。采用三维形貌测量仪等专用设备,对加工完成后的试样表面表面粗糙度、表层显微硬度、表面二维形貌和表层残余应力等进行检测,然后利用正交试验,寻找对试样表面粗糙度影响的显著性因素,建立表面粗糙度的解析模型,对比试验数据和解析模型数据,研究超声滚压对表面粗糙度、表面二维形貌、表层显微硬度和表层残余应力的影响。结果得到的显著性顺序为进给量、主轴转速、次数、振幅、静压力,并且前述给出的粗糙度解析模型可以较好地预测超声滚压后的表面粗糙度,计算得到的理论数据与试验数据较为接近。试样表面的粗糙度Ra由车削加工的3.003μm减小为0.468μm,齿轮钢表层形成了明显的加工硬化层,其深度约为260μm;表层显微硬度从未处理的360.9HV升至417.6HV,比率为15.7%;表层内形成了勺形分布的残余应力,在距离表层60μm处,最大残余压应力形成,为–790.97 MPa,残余压应力层深度达到了800μm。结论超声滚压加工可以显著提高18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢试样的表面性能,其中以滚压进给量的影响最为显著。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。