体育中心，达沃斯，瑞士

体育中心替代了原来由达沃斯的建筑师鲁道夫·加伯雷尔设计的木结构溜冰场,这座建筑在1991年毁于一场大火。和原来一样,新的建筑把滑冰赛场等体育设施的场地分别放在北面,并限定了后面的到达空间。建筑物的体量对这两种室外空间作出了不同的反应:在冰场的边上伸出的两层看台,向阳光、空气和景观开敞;面向到达空间,则伸出一层高的封闭结构。棱柱形的建筑中紧密而有效地安排了各种功能:一间大更衣室、餐厅、一个厨房、办公室、一个溜冰场的设备间、体育医疗室、俱乐部更衣室、一间公寓和为会议来宾准备的几间客房。狭窄的看台在空间上和功能上…     

激活城市 德拉蒙德维尔公共图书馆

正德拉蒙德维尔公共图书馆的建造方案选自建筑竞赛获奖作品,该方案巧妙地将历史与文化融入建筑中。新图书馆的落成,为城市中心的市民提供了一处充满活力的公共空间。图书馆位于加拿大德拉蒙德维尔市一处溜冰场旁边。图书馆的主体建筑位于东侧,与Des Forges街相连,而溜冰场及其附属建筑在西侧。这样的选址策略提升了区域内设施的整体性。此外,图书馆与溜冰场之间的热能交换系统,优化了区域内的能源及环境资源配置。     

商场中庭底部设置溜冰场的自然排烟有效性分析

商场中庭空间底部的溜冰场设置给传统中庭的消防设计带来新的元素,本文针对某大型商场中庭底部设置溜冰场的自然排烟系统,结合溜冰场的功能特点及中庭大空间的建筑布局,通过FDS数值模拟,研究春、秋季及夏季中庭顶部热障效应对自然排烟的影响,并提出初步的解决方案。     

施工场地规划与整平 上

在工程建设中,场地规划与整平,是工程施工前应进行的一项重要工作, 是关系到工程能否按时开工和顺利进行的一个重大关键性问题,这在工业建设中,显得更为突出。因工业建筑大多建在城市郊区,或利用丘陵、山地、河滩地改造成为适宜的建筑场地,地形起伏变化较大,自然地貌复杂,必须经过场地规划,整平后,才具备正式开工条件,而规划整平的是否恰当,又     

绿洲教堂

该建筑位于奥地利林茨．整个建筑外观类似山坡,也决定了室内的形状与设计。室内多以线条和方块组成,划分出了许多功能空间,整体建筑新颖而有特色。这是一个宗教性的建筑要道路与工业场地之间位于奥地利的林茨地区．场地之前是一个钢铁公司的生产场地。位于主。钢铁厂反映出的人与工作之间的关系引出了这个设计的概念,通过建造景观,并将结构嵌入景观．同时以已有的林地为出发点,设计试图为人们打造—个绿洲的空间。     

体味创意产业园内的景观--以杭州"LOFT49"为例

LOFT49作为杭派创意产业园的代表,在杭州家喻户晓.LOFT49创意产业园中运用了传承场地文脉、艺术及生态的现代景观设计理念对旧工业场地进行了保护与再利用.LOFT49的景观具有特殊性,自发性的景观设计、建筑空间与景观空间的结合、不可缺少的工业元素以及独特的标示小品为其增色不少.LOFT49将为杭州的工业遗产保护与再利用提供借鉴.     

哈德逊广场55号 美国纽约州纽约市

正哈德逊广场55号将曼哈顿新大型开发项目的现代化灵动造型与临近环境工业基础相结合。考虑到项目场地的特殊限制因素,KPF遵循自下而上的设计方法,专注研究适用于大厦的建筑语言并展现场地背景意义的创新性建筑细节,并最终打造一个简洁、优雅的建筑,唤起人们对附近肉类加工区工业基础的回忆。外立面青铜网格设有独特的开窗模块。在裙楼与塔     

BajoMartin郡政府

场地位于郡政府所在地Hijar的市郊,靠近N-232国道和一座废弃的古老仓筒。场地的环境与寻常的城市环境不同。包括一些现存的工业厂房和联排别墅。在这种环境中,该建筑为缺乏特征的城市环境提供了一个统一、整洁和紧凑的方案。建筑和场地的融合参考了地域景观、历史和文化。从这个意义上讲,蜡石和石灰岩是组成该建筑的两个相似体量的两种主要选材,它们被切割成不同的形状。     

赫普沃斯·韦克菲尔德画廊水流之处的雕塑

赫普沃斯·韦克菲尔德画廊位于韦克菲尔德市中心以南克莱德河河岸古老的滨海区,以1 903年出生在此的芭芭拉·赫普沃斯命名.场地位于韦克菲尔德海滨保护区内,若干由砖块和石头建造的著名的布和粮食工业建筑都曾位于此地.新建筑坐落在克莱德河的岬角——克莱德河最靠近历史中心的河湾和一系列水闸(即海伯航道,提供捷径)之间伸展的土地上.岬角的顶端,新建筑的场地完全暴露,没有河流和道路.这些特殊情况使建筑失去了主导的外立面.本地区大部分的地质结构是由各种不规则形体紧密结合形成的砾岩.画廊的内在组织结构促成了这种形态的构成.每个单一体量代表一个独立的空间,其大小和形状都十分独特.在北面,即河流水位从大坝下降的地方,建筑融入水中,正如许多古老的磨坊和仓库坐落在河流沿岸.彩色的现浇混凝土突出了建筑的整体外观和组成成分.     

杭州工业遗存保护的生态化策略探析

结合杭州工业建筑遗存的保护现状及特点,总结了工业建筑生态化改造原则,从场地环境、建筑结构及材料细节等方面,论述了杭州工业遗存保护利用中的生态化策略,旨在利用已有资源创造出有活力、有特征的新时代空间。     

Energy and exergy analyses of ice rink buildings at varying reference temperatures

This study deals with energy and exergy analyses of ice rink buildings. An ice rink building with a net area of 648 m², which is considered to be closed type and located in Turkey, is assessed. Based on the capacity of the ice rink area, the refrigeration system consists of two circuits with the same basic system components, where two types of refrigerants R-134A and R-744 (CO₂) are used. Exergy analysis is based on Lowex approach, while the effect of varying reference (dead) state temperatures on the system exergy efficiency is investigated. It includes exergy transmission load, air infiltration load, exergy load room, exergy demand distribution, exergy load generation, total exergy system efficiency and exergy flexibility factor. Total exergy input rate is calculated to be 253.66 kW, while exergy destruction rate is 227.45 kW. The minimum and maximum exergy efficiency values are found to be 1.72% and 19.05% for reference state temperatures of 10 °C and −10 °C, respectively.     

Prediction of infiltration rate and the effect on energy use for ice rinks in hot and humid climates

Infiltration of hot humid air into an ice rink situated in subtropical region was investigated. A recreation ice rink in Taipei was used as the building model and measurements of temperature, humidity, and pressure difference were performed for different outdoor air conditions. Sherman infiltration model was used to investigate building stack and wind effects. Altogether eight cases including four points on IIHF (International Ice Hockey Federation) fog lines were studied for optimal energy operations. Cooling and dehumidification characteristics due to air infiltration were investigated. Annual analysis on air infiltration and building energy was performed for monthly average weather conditions. Stack effect was found to be the most important factor of infiltration. The effects of seasonal temperatures could result in five times difference of infiltration rates. Wind effects were found to affect the peak infiltration rate more than 50%. The air change rate was found to be as high as 0.6 ACH due to stack and wind effects. The moisture infiltration peaked in summer season and can be more than several times of that in winter. It was also found in the investigation that the total heat load due to infiltration can be as high as 13,540 GJ/year for the ice rink studied. Operating conditions were found to reduce the total annual heat load by more than 50% under the IIHF fog lines. The results of this study will contribute to the technical literature in the design of year round ice rinks in tropical and subtropical regions.     

An ice rink floor thermal model suitable for whole-building energy simulation analysis

This paper presents a thermal model for an ice rink floor system that is integrated into EnergyPlus, a whole-building energy simulation tool, to improve design, evaluation, and operation of ice rink facilities. The developed ice rink floor thermal model, based on the conduction transfer function method, is validated against experimental data obtained under laboratory testing conditions. Two control strategies for indoor ice rink floor systems were modeled and evaluated including a brine temperature control strategy and an ice surface temperature control strategy.     

An experimental method for contaminant dispersal characterization in large industrial buildings for indoor air quality (IAQ) applications

Spatial contaminant distribution in large semi-open building areas such as sports arenas, warehouses, atriums, malls and other industrial halls, is critical to estimating exposure, health risks and building energy performance. It is considered a challenge to measure experimentally how effectively the ventilation system removes or dilutes air pollutants in a large open space, taking into consideration the usual non uniformity of the air flow created by local heat and contamination sources, geometrical obstructions and the air distribution system. An experimental method is presented in this paper which can be used for both the experimental evaluation of ventilation effectiveness as well for CFD modeling validation in large open space applications. The developed method which is based on a passive perfluorocarbon tracer gas (PFT) system has been successfully used for the experimental evaluation of ventilation effectiveness in an ice skating arena in the Boston area and for the validation of a developed CFD model for the analysis of the IAQ in ice rink facilities. The method is very easy to use, fast and fairly inexpensive and it does not interfere with human and other activities within the building environment.     

青岛东方影都万达城暖通设计要点浅析

以青岛东方影都万达城项目为例,分析了冰场结露原理,梳理了冰场除湿空调系统的设计过程.归纳了冷凝热回收系统的应用条件,并对项目可采用的热回收方案进行了经济性分析.根据CFD模拟结果给出了高大及复杂空间水乐园空调系统设计方案.     

Benchmarking model for the ongoing commissioning of the refrigeration systemof an indoor ice rink

This paper proposes the development of the benchmarking model for the ongoing commissioning of the operation of the refrigeration system of an indoor ice rink. The paper presents (1) the development of models for chillers, ice-concrete slab and controller, (2) the training phase in which the parameters of the benchmarking model are identified based on measurements under normal operating conditions, and (3) the comparison between measured and predicted energy performances. The proposed approach for the development of a benchmarking model can be implemented as application software in the Building Energy Monitoring System of any ice skating rink, if measurements of relevant independent variables are available.     

Tauwasserausfall in Eissporthallen

Condensation in Ice Sports Arenas. Because of damage to the wooden structure or mould on the suspended ceiling, examinations were made in three ice sports arenas in Northern Germany. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity inside and outside these arenas gave interesting results: During relatively warm winter periods the measured surface temperature at the bottom of the roof above the ice rink was lower than the air temperature in the arena, resulting in a significantly higher relative humidity at the roof than outside the building. Thus, condensed water was dripping from the roof construction to the ice. Depending on the construction, at the end of the winter the moisture content of the wooden structure was very high, partially resulting in wood destroying fungi, or the steel parts were corroding, respectively. In this paper the climatic conditions in ice sports arenas are simulated including conductivity, convection and radiation in a simplified model. The results were discussed for different parameters. Finally two different solutions are shown to lower the moisture content in the timber construction or the steel corrosion, respectively: – An insulated suspended ceiling below the roof construction may protect timber or steel from the low ice temperature with the resulting high humidity. – An air‐conditioning system may dry the air in the arena. By that means the relative humidity can descend as low as necessary for a durable construction.     

Heat transfer beneath ice-rink floors

This paper presents two models to determine ground-coupled heat gains for ice rinks. The first model is based on an analytical method: the Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (ITPE) technique while the second model utilized implicit finite difference scheme. Using both models, time-varying heat transfer within the ice medium as well as the ground is investigated. The predictions of both models have been compared and are found to be within good agreement. Moreover, the results from the transient numerical model are compared against measurements obtained for a small-scale ice-rink model operated under laboratory conditions. The measurements provide the time period required to freeze the ice-rink surface as well as the ice temperatures at different locations of the ice-rink floor. The results of the numerical model are then utilized to investigate the impact of various design and operating conditions on the thermal performance of a typical ice rink.     

Experimental validation of a computational fluid dynamics model for IAQ applications in ice rink arenas

Many ice rink arenas have ice resurfacing equipment that uses fossil fuel as power. The combustion byproducts are a major source of contamination. Ventilation along with other pollution source control measures is the most widely applied strategy to lower the contaminant level below the threshold limit and maintain acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed and used to predict the contaminant concentrations, air velocity, and air temperature distributions in ice rinks. The numerical results agree reasonably with the corresponding experimental data for both steady-state and transient conditions. The CFD model is a useful and inexpensive tool to investigate ventilation parameters, such as air distribution methods, ventilation effectiveness, air exchange rates, and various ventilation control strategies.