红曲色素产品国家标准及红曲黄色素检测方法的探讨

本文简介了国内外红曲色素产品标准的现状及有关技术指标。重点对涉及我国红曲色素的几个标准及红曲黄色素检测方法进行了探讨。根据我国红曲色素桔霉素的现状,建议可以根据不同的产品设定不同的桔霉素限量指标。综合红曲黄色素的全波长扫描结果、薄板层析结果和国外相关研究成果,提出在建立检测方法时应分别对天然红曲黄色素及其衍生物类型的红曲黄色素制定不同的检测波长,或者将波长设定在更大的范围之内;建议设定色调值这一定量指标。另外,现行红曲色素产品的国家标准中,有的定义包容性较差,建议修改,以利于红曲色素行业的多元化发展。     

变性淀粉对卡仕达酱性能的影响及复配配方

本文在比较羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（HWMDP）、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（AWMDP）、乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯（AWMDA）糊化特性的基础上，将三种变性淀粉应用于卡仕达酱中，通过对比卡仕达酱的质构特性、耐烘烤度、流变特性及感官品质，筛选了合适的变性淀粉，并考察了变性淀粉、玉米淀粉、卡拉胶和刺槐豆胶添加量对卡仕达酱品质的影响。结果表明:HWMDP应用在卡仕达酱后，较添加AWMDP和AWMDA的卡仕达酱硬度大、黏度高，感官特性和耐烘烤性较佳。卡仕达酱增稠剂的适宜添加量为:HWMDP 4%（m/m）、玉米淀粉3%（m/m）、卡拉胶0.45%（m/m）、刺槐豆胶0.45%（m/m）。由该配方制得的卡仕达酱各指标接近对照样。     

红曲色素的研究现状分析

红曲色素是我国传统的由微生物发酵生产的天然功能性色素,作为添加剂在食品特别是肉品工业中有很好的应用前景.阐述了红曲色素的组成及生成机制,对色素生产方法的发展做了介绍,并对不同性质、不同色调红曲色素产品的开发和红曲色素的质量标准等方面的研究进展进行了概述.     

液体深层发酵红曲色素精制研究

本研究采用层析方法（薄层析，柱层析）对液体深层发酵红曲色素进行了组分分析，红、黄色素分离和精制，初步探明了液体深层发酵红曲色素的组分，增加了色素的纯度，提高了色价和色调。最终除得到膏状和液体状产品外，还采用助干燥剂经喷雾干燥的方法制得粉末状色素，改善了色素的水溶性。     

红曲色素的色调及发酵工艺条件对色调的影响

用扫描式分光光度计对 3种纯红曲色素及板层析分离的色素进行分析 ,得出了其特征性吸收峰及对应波长。安卡红曲黄素 (黄色 ) ,红曲玉红素 (橙色 )分别在 388nm ,464nm ,而红斑玉红胺 (紫色 )在 51 6nm和 41 8nm 2处有吸收峰。复合色素的主吸收峰在 490～ 50 0nm处。此外 ,板层析上还有深黄和米黄等色素。红曲米的色调取决于多种色素的相对比例。红曲米的发酵工艺条件对色素的相对比例具有重要的影响。锌离子对红曲霉产色素具有促进作用。培养过程中添加醋酸不利红曲霉产生橙色素 ,而有利黄色素的产生。     

氨基酸对紫红曲霉Y66中红曲色素合成影响的研究

利用含无氨基氮源的合成培养基发酵试验研究了20种常见氨基酸分别对紫红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)Y66中红曲色素合成的影响。研究结果表明:当游离氨基酸添加量为5 g/L时,组氨酸的添加能够促进红色素的合成,酪氨酸的添加有利于黄色素的合成,而异亮氨酸、蛋氨酸的添加使红色素和黄色素的合成均受到显著抑制,其余氨基酸对色素合成则表现出不同程度的抑制或者无显著影响。氨基酸浓度梯度试验结果表明,当组氨酸添加量为7 g/L时,对红色素合成的增强作用最显著,其峰值产量提高了32.7%;当酪氨酸添加量为7 g/L时,对黄色素合成的增强作用最显著,其峰值产量提高了24.8%。综上所述,在培养基中分别添加7g/L组氨酸或酪氨酸能够显著提高紫红曲霉Y66中红曲色素的产量。研究结果将为探究红曲色素合成机制以及构建红曲色素的高产发酵体系提供有益借鉴。     

高色价红曲米色调定向培养条件的研究

目的:探讨不同外加营养源对红曲米色价和色调的影响,以获得不同色调高色价红曲米的培养条件。方法:通过固体培养,利用不同红曲霉菌株进行复合无机盐添加浓度和复合维生素溶液添加浓度对红曲米色价和色调影响单因素试验,利用正交试验和方差分析选定优化的培养条件。结果:定量添加复合无机盐,产品色价比常规工艺提高100%以上,黄色组分明显提高;定量添加复合维生素溶液,对产品的色价影响不大,但可明显提高红色组分比例;通过正交试验和方差分析,确定出优化培养组合为116-R菌株、添加复合无机盐浓度0.2%和添加复合维生素溶液溶液浓度0.4%。结论:在红曲固体培养中,定量添加复合无机盐可得到偏黄色调高色价红曲米;在优化工艺条件下,可得到偏红色调高色价红曲米。     

红曲色素的研究 Ⅰ.红曲色素的纯化、结晶及某些性质

<正> 一般食品色调是关系食品质量的重要因素之一。但在食品的加工和贮藏过程中,常常出现色调改变或完全退色的现象。因此,习惯采用食品着色剂来调整色度。过去的食品着色剂多从天然产物提取。后来随着合成化学工业的发展,以焦油系统为主的合成色素陆续问世,并以其着色力强、价格低廉的优点被广泛应用。然而,自六十年代发现煤焦油染料中含有致癌物以来,有一系列合成的食品染料已先后被禁用,代之而生产的是天然食品色素制品。所以人们在寻找合适的天然色素,其中红曲霉菌(Monascus sp)产生的红曲色素是研究较多的一种。但是,这种色素的色泽欠鲜艳,稳定性较差,影响了其在食品工业上的广泛应用。为了弄清红曲色素存在上述问题的原因,本文对从固体红曲抽提的红由色素进行了纯化、结晶及有关性质的研究。     

天然及还原型红曲黄色素的差异与国家标准改进思考

红曲色素是由红曲霉代谢产生的天然色素,包括红曲黄色素、红曲橙色素和红曲红色素三大类,其中红曲红色素应用历史悠久,而红曲黄色素则是在国家标准GB 1886.66—2015发布后才被合法使用。针对红曲黄色素的多样性以及现行国家标准的局限性,该文对天然红曲黄色素的种类、分子结构、特征性吸收波长、稳定性、功能活性等进行了分析,并与还原型红曲黄色素进行比较,对红曲黄色素国家标准作修订思考,建议增加天然红曲黄色素的生产工艺、使用范围、感官要求、鉴别试验、理化指标以及检测方法等相关内容,使其生产与销售合法化。该成果有助于为食品行业提供新型安全的天然红曲色素产品,促进我国红曲色素产业的健康发展。     

液态发酵生产水溶性红曲黄色素的条件优化

以红色红曲菌（Monascus ruber）M-7为实验菌株,以色价和色调为评价指标,对液态发酵生产水溶性红色红曲黄色素的条件进行了研究。结果表明,培养基pH值为3～4时,红色红曲菌M-7能合成大量的水溶性红曲黄色素,发酵液呈鲜艳的黄色色调;培养基最优碳源为2%蔗糖,最优氮源为0.2%硫酸铵;水溶性红色红曲黄色素的色价和色调值随着培养时间的延长先升后降,在第8天时达到最高,色价为5.56 U/mL,OD400 nm/OD510 nm为10.29,OD400 nm/OD470 nm为3.93。     

红曲色素高产菌的诱变选育与发酵优化

红曲红是一种由红曲霉生产的具有较高药用及营养价值的天然色素。为提高红曲红液态发酵产量,利用常压室温等离子体诱变技术(ARTP)对紫红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）LBBE进行诱变并优化了发酵条件。确定ARTP诱变条件为：红曲霉孢子浓度107个/mL、通气量10 SLM、功率80 W、诱变时间42 s。上述诱变条件下,经10轮诱变,红曲霉正向突变率从44.6 %降至3.8%,突变株LBBE-15的红曲红色价达到1 244 U/mL,较出发菌株提高1.26倍。红曲霉培养条件优化确定为：接种体积分数7%、硫酸锰1 g/L、初始pH 3.7。优化后的红曲红色价达到1 376 U/mL。50 L罐分批发酵显示,红曲红色价为642 U/mL。该研究结果为实现工业大规模生产提供了数据参考。     

Production of Red Water-Soluble Monascus Pigments

Water-soluble and thermal, as well as photo-stable, red Monascus pigments, were prepared by reacting the extracted pigment with aminoacetic acid and aminobenzoic acid. These modified pigments were compared to those using glutamic acid and gelatin as the modifying agents, showing that the colors and stabilities of these modified pigments were similar. Red pigments extracted from the mycelia could be dissolved in ethanol, propylene glycol, or in gelatin solution and freeze-dried. These red pigment concentrates or freeze-dried pigments could also be used as food colorants.     

Optimization of culture medium for yellow pigments production with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monascus anka</Emphasis> mutant using response surface methodology

In our laboratory, one Monascus anka mutant able to produce high yield of yellow pigments screened by physical and chemical combination mutagenesis was obtained. This study evaluated peptone, NH₄NO₃ and KH₂PO₄ as the most significant variables for Monascus yellow pigment production by this M. anka mutant MYM in submerged fermentation. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimized these nutrient parameters for maximum yellow pigment production (87.24 OD units), which resulted at 10.3 g/L peptone, 11.9 g/L NH₄NO₃ and 4.7 g/L KH₂PO₄ in the medium. According to the fitting equation, through five replication experiments under the optimized conditions, the average yellow pigment production obtained was 88.14 OD units for flask cultivation and 92.45 OD units for 5 L fermenter cultivation. Meanwhile, the citrinin could not be detected by HPLC method.     

红曲霉合成莫纳克林K的研究进展

红曲霉是一种药食两用丝状真菌,广泛应用于食品、医药、生物催化等领域。莫纳克林K是红曲霉主要代谢功能活性产物,具有降脂、抗疲劳、抗菌、抗癌和保护神经等生物活性,是公认的降低胆固醇的理想药物。研究对比了红曲霉与土曲霉合成莫纳克林K基因簇的不同,阐述了红曲霉产莫纳克林K的合成途径;对莫纳克林K在医药和保健食品、饲料等领域中应用的情况和潜力进行了归纳和展望。由于天然红曲霉发酵产功能性物质过程中,伴随产生的真菌毒素桔霉素,对肾脏、肝脏、心脏和生殖系统有毒性影响,使红曲霉工业化发展受到限制。提高红曲霉的莫纳克林K产量,并降低桔霉素的产生,是解决功能红曲发展问题的重要途径。因此,从诱变育种、构建工程菌株、优化培养基、控制环境因子等方面总结了优选红曲霉高产莫纳克林K并避免桔霉素积累的技术方法。主要对红曲霉产莫纳克林K的合成途径、生物活性及应用领域、高产莫纳克林K的生物技术方法研究现状进行总结,在此基础上分析红曲霉产莫纳克林K中存在的问题,并提出建议与展望,以期为新型红曲保健食品的研究与开发提供理论依据和参考。     

Improved analysis of Monascus pigments based on their pH-sensitive UV-Vis absorption and reactivity properties

Monascus pigments, a mixture of azaphilones mainly composed of red, orange and yellow pigments, are usually prepared in aqueous ethanol and analysed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The pH of aqueous ethanol used during sample preparation and analysis has never been considered a key parameter to control; however, this study shows that the UV-Vis spectra and colour characteristics of the six major pigments are strongly influenced by the pH of the solvent employed. In addition, the increase of solvent pH results in a remarkable increase of the amination reaction of orange pigments with amino compounds, and at higher pH (≥ 6.0) a significant amount of orange pigment derivatives rapidly form. The consequent impact of these pH-sensitive properties on pigment analysis is further discussed. Based on the presented results, we propose that the sample preparation and analysis of Monascus pigments should be uniformly performed at low pH (≤ 2.5) to avoid variations of UV-Vis spectra and the creation of artefacts due to the occurrence of amination reactions, and ensure an accurate analysis that truly reflects pigment characteristics in the samples.     

A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments

The yellow Monascus pigments (YMPs) named monascin and ankaflavin and the orange Monascus pigments (OMPs) named rubropunctatin and monascorubrin are two groups of bioactive components in a mixture state in the Monascus fermented products. In order to separate these two groups of bioactive pigments, a facile macroporous resin-based method was developed. The weak-polar resin CAD-40 was selected from the seven tested macroporous resins as it revealed better properties for the adsorption and desorption of the YMPs and OMPs. Then, CAD-40 resin was used for column-chromatographic separation. After eluted by 4 bed volumes of ethanol, the yellow group (monascin and ankaflavin) and the orange group (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) were successfully separated and purified, with an increased content from 49.3% and 44.2% in the crude pigment extract to 85.2% and 83.0% in the final products, respectively. This method would be helpful for the large-scale separation and purification of Monascus pigment products with specific bioactivity.     

Edible Filamentous Fungi from the Species Monascus: Early Traditional Fermentations,Modern Molecular Biology,and Future Genomics

Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi famous for their fermented products, especially red mold rice (RMR), a traditional fermented food in East Asian areas with a very long edible history documented back to the Han dynasty (BC 202‐AD 220) in China. Nowadays, RMR and its related products involve a very large industry from artisanal traditional fermentations to food companies to medicine manufacturers, which are distributed worldwide. Modern studies have shown that Monascus spp. are able to produce abundant beneficial secondary metabolites, such as monacolins (cholesterol‐lowering agents), γ‐amino butyric acid (an antihypertensive substance), dimerumic acid (an antioxidant), and pigments (food‐grade colorants), and some strains can also secrete citrinin, a nephrotoxic metabolite. Monascus‐related studies have received much attention because of their wide applications. However, to our knowledge, no systematic review on the progress of Monascus research has ever been published. In this review, the progress of research on Monascus is summarized into 3 stages: Monascus fermentation, Monascus molecular biology, and Monascus genomics. This review covers the past history, current status, and future direction of Monascus research, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of Monascus research progress.     

The effect of drying method and storage on color characteristics of paprika

Discoloration and microbial proliferation are two major problems associated with production of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) with traditional drying methods. In the present study, the Refractance Window™ drying (RWD) method was employed to dry paprika in comparison with freeze drying, hot-air oven drying, and natural convective drying methods. In order to evaluate the color quality of paprika, the reflected color parameters, extractable color, red/yellow pigment ratio, and browning index were measured immediately after drying and during three-month storage. The freeze-dried and RWD-dried paprika showed better reflected color characteristics. The highest extractable color and browning index values were recorded in naturally convective dried paprika. There was no significant difference in browning index between freeze-died and RWD-died samples. The reflected color degradation of the paprika was highly associated with brown reaction. A gradual discoloration was observed in all paprika samples during storage.     

Effect of light on growth,intracellular and extracellular pigment production by five pigment-producing filamentous fungi in synthetic medium

The competence of the living creatures to sense and respond to light is well known. The effect of darkness and different color light quality on biomass, extracellular and intracellular pigment yield of five potent pigment producers Monascus purpureus, Isaria farinosa, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium purpurogenum, with different color shades such as red, pink, reddish brown and yellow, were investigated. Incubation in total darkness increased the biomass, extracellular and intracellular pigment production in all the fungi. Extracellular red pigment produced by M. purpureus resulted maximum in darkness 36.75 ± 2.1 OD and minimum in white unscreened light 5.90 ± 1.1 OD. Similarly, intracellular red pigment produced by M. purpureus resulted maximum in darkness 18.27 ± 0.9 OD/g and minimum in yellow light 8.03 ± 0.6 OD/g of substrate. The maximum biomass production was also noticed in darkness 2.51 g/L and minimum in yellow light 0.5 g/L of dry weight. In contrast, growth of fungi in green and yellow wavelengths resulted in low biomass and pigment yield. It was found that darkness, (red 780–622 nm, blue 492–455 nm) and white light influenced pigment and biomass yield.     

红曲黄色素在方便面中的应用研究

红曲黄色素由微生物利用大米、黄豆等发酵提取而得,属于聚酮类物质,是桔红色颗粒,溶液呈橙红色至黄褐色,抗光和热降解能力强,具有良好的着色和抑菌性能,能赋予肉类食品、方便米面制品良好的外观色泽和风味,可以提高产品的档次和增加使用效果.通过对红曲黄色素在方便面中的应用情况进行研究,从添加剂的添加顺序、油炸时间及红曲黄色素的添...