长江河口北槽近期盐淡水混合与悬沙输运研究

基于2013年枯季大潮期间在长江口北槽河道现场定点观测数据(包括潮流、悬沙浓度、盐度),通过对盐水入侵影响水流结构及泥沙运动过程的分析,对北槽河道盐淡水混合与悬沙输运进行了研究。结果表明:观测期间,北槽河道纵向及垂向受不同程度的盐度梯度影响,涨落潮过程中垂线流速不再保持无潮河流的分布规律,河口水流结构发生改变,促使出现上层水流向海、下层水流向陆的河口环流。在多重因素作用下,特别是环流阻碍了河流泥沙的正常下泄,并有利于底层泥沙上溯,出现上层输沙向海、下层输沙向陆的现象。各段河道中,垂向净环流项均向陆输沙,但向海的平流输沙及潮泵输沙作用更强,所以观测期间悬沙表现均为向海净输移。     

长江口外海滨典型断面悬沙通量计算

长江河口的口外海滨地区是河流和海洋之间的过渡区域和长江人海泥沙扩散、堆积的主要场所，也是与杭州湾、江苏海域等邻近水域进行水、沙交换的过往之地。本文运用目前较为成熟和可靠的机制分解法和等面积时变网格法分别对口外海滨地区典型断面的悬沙通量进行了估算，两种方法计算得到的通量结果方向一致，量级相同。结果表明，长江流域来沙出口门后，大约27％向南进入杭州湾，向东人海的有20％左右，还有9％左右的泥沙向北进入江苏海域，剩余的大约44％的泥沙在水下三角洲地区沉积下来。就各输沙项而言，平流作用输沙贡献最大，潮泵作用输沙量次之，垂向净环流和垂向潮振荡切变项的相对贡献较小。     

黄河口海岸演变规律

利用观测资料,总结了在黄河水沙、波浪、海岸工程等因素作用下黄河口海岸的演变规律。研究发现：①黄河三角洲海岸演变不仅受黄河水沙、潮汐、潮流的影响,而且还明显受波浪、海岸工程等因素的影响;②黄河三角洲海岸演变的趋势是朝着垂直于东北强浪的方向发展;③刁口河停止行河后河口海岸蚀退的原因不仅是河流泥沙减少,而且还有海堤在波浪作用下引起的侵蚀。建议：①黄河三角洲社会、经济、生态等规划应给黄河口流路充分的空间,而且黄河口流路安排应遵循“先在三角洲两侧、后在中心”的顺序,这样可以充分利用渤海容沙体积,减缓黄河口淤积延伸对黄河下游河道的反馈影响;②近期把清水沟尾间河道改向莱州湾。     

未来黄河下游治理的主要对策

针对黄河下游治理难度大、河情十分特殊的实际,提出了黄河下游治理的主要对策：①必须把握黄河未来水沙变化的规律;②要解决好黄河下游水资源不足的实际问题,在加大减沙入黄措施的同时寻求调水济黄途径;③应加大宽河道整治力度,重点研究“二级悬河”治理的对策;④对黄河下游宽河道边界应有新的布局;⑤黄河口治理应采取“输、挖、分”并举的方案,即束水冲沙、输沙入海,挖沙疏浚和科学分洪。     

珠江三角洲河网与河口夏季水沙通量的模拟

本文利用一、三维水动力与泥沙耦合模型,计算珠江三角洲河网与河口夏季水沙通量,构建其收支模式,并分析水沙迁移路径与泥沙沉积特征。研究表明,西江为最主要的水沙输入源,磨刀门为最主要的水沙输出口门,蕉门次之。夏季泥沙以淤积为主,上游汇入的泥沙,有39.4％沉积于河网区,其余60.6％经八大口门输入珠江口后,有59.5％发生沉积,另外1.1％输入外海。河网区的水沙输送由径流控制,而河口区则由径流、潮汐、季风等因素控制。河网区各区域的沉积特点因动力条件的差异而呈现不同的规律,大量泥沙在西江干流、虎门水道淤积。珠江口中以内伶仃洋与磨刀门海域的沉积量最大,泥沙在西滩周边和磨刀门海域快速沉积,其中磨刀门海域淤积最为强烈。     

Impacts of Projected Climate Changes on Streamflow and Sediment Transport for Three Snowmelt‐Dominated Rivers in the Interior Pacific Northwest

Anthropogenic climate change is likely to have significant impacts on river systems, particularly on rivers dominated by seasonal snowmelt. In addition to altering the timing and magnitude of streamflow, climate change can affect the energy available to transport sediment, as well as the availability of sediment to be transported. These hydrologic changes are sensitive to local climate, which is largely controlled by topography, but climate models cannot resolve processes at these scales. Here, I investigate impacts of climate change on streamflow and suspended‐sediment transport for three snowmelt‐dominated rivers in the interior Pacific Northwest – the Tucannon River in Washington and the South Fork Coeur d'Alene and Red rivers in Idaho – using downscaled climate simulations from regional climate models (a range of three models plus an ensemble average) to drive a basin‐scale hydrologic model. The results indicate that climate change is likely to amplify the annual cycle of river discharge, producing higher winter discharge (increases in ensemble mean January discharge ranging from 4.1% to 34.4% for the three rivers), an earlier spring snowmelt peak (by approximately one month), and lower summer discharge (decreases in ensemble mean July discharge ranging from 5.2% to 47.2%), relative to a late 20th‐century baseline. The magnitude of the largest simulated flood under the ensemble‐average climate change scenario increases by 0.6–41.6% across the three rivers. Simulated changes in suspended‐sediment transport generally follow the changes in streamflow. These changes in discharge and sediment transport will likely produce significant impacts on the study rivers, including changes in flooding, physical habitat, and river morphology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensitivity of river sediment transport and bridge scour to effects of flow,temperature, and sea level

Sediment transport has implications for activities such as fishing, flood control, scour countermeasures, and dredging through altered flow depths and sediment transport, bank erosion, and bridge scour. To estimate the changes in sediment transport and bridge scour, river discharge, water surface slope, water temperature, and tailwater depth (to simulate sea‐level rise) were altered in existing sediment transport and scour models. It was found that (a) in uniform flow upstream of sea‐level rise effects, sediment transport is sensitive to discharge but not to temperature; (b) in non‐uniform flow affected by sea‐level rise, sediment transport is sensitive to water surface slope and discharge but not to temperature; (3) the discharge value to restore the sediment transport rate existing before sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the fourth power; (4) the discharge value to restore the bed sediment size existing before sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the three‐fourth power; (5) abutment scour is weakly inversely proportional to the water surface slope but more strongly proportional to the discharge in a logarithmic relation; (6) pier scour is weakly proportional to the water surface slope but more strongly proportional to the discharge in a logarithmic relation; and (7) the discharge to restore both abutment and pier scour depths to their original values prior to sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the 9/25^th power. Full equations for each of these relationships are given in the article. These relationships can be used for future application and planning purposes.     

杭州运西河网沿程含沙浓度和淤积规律研究

为了研究泥沙在杭州运西河网内的沿程输移淤积规律,基于非均匀沙不平衡输移理论,结合黏性非均匀沙起动概率公式和非均匀沙水流挟沙能力公式,得到改进后的河网悬移质沿程含沙浓度计算公式。计算了杭州市从钱塘江引水至运西河网“四港四河”内的悬移质沿程含沙浓度及河网沿程淤积率。结果表明：河网引入钱塘江水后,河网内悬移质含沙浓度呈明显的沿程减小趋势。在引入流量相同时,河网淤积率随引入水体含沙浓度的增大而增大;当引入水体的含沙浓度相同时,河网淤积率随引入流量的增大而降低。研究结果可以为该区域河道清淤提供参考。     

长江中下游水沙通量变化规律

采用水文学、泥沙运动力学与数理统计学相结合的研究方法，对宜昌和大通两个测站近五十年的实测水文、泥沙资料进行分析，以探究长江中下游水沙通量的变化规律。研究表明，水量由中游向下游沿程递增，但各测站的年均增幅不明显；长江中下游泥沙主要来源于长江上游地区的金沙江和嘉陵江。其次是汉江、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖等水系；长江流域来沙主要以悬移质形式下泄，悬沙通量由中游向下游沿程递减，同时各测站悬移质输沙量也逐年呈阶梯性递减趋势；长江中下游水沙通量有明显的季节性变化，洪季通量值明显高于枯季；悬沙颗粒主要由极细砂和粉砂组成，自中游向下游，泥沙颗粒逐渐细化；由于江阴河段附近边界条件的限制，该区域的悬沙粒径明显小于其上下游河段。     

Nutrient Contributions from Alluvial Soils Associated with the Restoration of Shallow Water Habitat in the Lower Missouri River

The Missouri River has been extensively altered as the result of channelization, bank stabilization, and the construction of six main stem reservoirs. In response to the resultant habitat loss, the US Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with restoring approximately 8100 ha of shallow water habitat (SWH), in part, for the benefit of the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). Construction of off‐channel habitats involves the removal and disposal of excavated alluvium either by direct discharge into the river or by secondary erosion, which raised concerns regarding the introduction of sediment and associated nutrients into the Missouri River. Soils from nine side‐channel chutes were sampled to represent nutrient concentrations from habitat restoration activities. Soils from 12 historically undisturbed sites were also sampled to represent reference conditions in the Missouri River flood plain. The results of this study indicate that nutrient characteristics of soils from selected SWH locations generally are similar to those of historically undisturbed soils. The estimated mass of total phosphorus from chutes accounted for 1.9% of Missouri River and 0.5% of Mississippi River total phosphorus loads during the 1993–2012 analysis period. The mass of nitrate, the constituent most closely related to gulf hypoxia, was 0.01% or less of the Missouri and Mississippi River nitrate loads. Sediment volumes from the chutes accounted for 3.1 and 1.5% of total suspended loads from the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Overall, the introduced sediment from side‐channel chute construction associated with SWH restoration accounts for a small portion of total nutrient and sediment transport in the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nutrient budgets in the Saigon–Dongnai River basin: Past to future inputs from the developing Ho Chi Minh megacity (Vietnam)

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC, Vietnam) is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world. In this paper, we attempt to analyse the dynamics of nutrients, suspended sediments, and water discharges in its aquatic systems today and in the future. The work is based on nine sampling sites along the Saigon River and one on the Dongnai River to identify the reference water status upstream from the urban area and the increase in fluxes that occur within the city and its surroundings. For the first time, the calculated fluxes allow drawing up sediment and nutrient budgets at the basin scale and the quantification of total nutrient loading to the estuarine and coastal zones (2012–2016 period). Based on both national Vietnamese and supplementary monitoring programs, we estimated the water, total suspended sediment, and nutrients (Total N, Total P, and dissolved silica: DSi) fluxes at 137 m³ year^?1, 3,292 × 10³ tonSS year^?1, 5,323 tonN year^?1, 450 tonP year^?1, and 2,734 tonSi year^?1 for the Saigon River and 1,693 m³ year^?1, 1,175 × 10³ tonSS year^?1, 31,030 tonN year^?1, 1,653 tonP year^?1, and 31,138 tonSi year^?1 for the Dongnai River, respectively. Nutrient fluxes provide an indicator of coastal eutrophication potential (indicator of coastal eutrophication potential), using nutrient stoichiometry ratios. Despite an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus over silica, estuarine waters downstream of the megacity are not heavily impacted by HCMC. Finally, we analysed scenarios of future trends (2025–2050) for the nutrient inputs on the basis of expected population growth in HCMC and improvement of wastewater treatment capacity. We observed that without the construction of a large number of additional wastewater treatment plants, the eutrophication problem is likely to worsen. The results are discussed in the context of the wastewater management policy.     

子牙新河尾闾段河流特性分析

利用实测水文、泥沙资料 ,对子牙新河尾闾段的河道阻力、冲淤特性、河口水沙及潮汐运动规律进行了全面分析。认识到近年来上游径流减少、河槽萎缩、滩地严重阻水、近海泥沙大量回淤河口及挡潮闸下引河 ,这是目前海河流域入海河流尾闾段普遍存在、影响防洪安全的重要问题。作者对子牙新河尾闾段行洪能力、滩地糙率及引河段淤积态势进行了分析研究 ,提出了利用潮汐动力与工程措施相结合的方法改善尾闾段河道淤积状态 ,提高河口排洪能力。     

Suspended solids transport in the regulated River Blithe,Staffordshire, U.K.

Suspended solids concentrations and turbidity were monitored on the regulated River Blithe at two sites downstream of the reservoir for a period of 18 months. Changes in the suspended solids loads transported and the nature of the material in suspension are related to dam overspill and tributary flood events. A hysteretic relationship between suspended solids concentrations and discharge is characteristic of both sites, sediment supply being limited within the regulated river. Downstream of the dam, rapid bank erosion occurred on meander bends but the suspended solids loads transported by the regulated river relate more to the resuspension and transport of tributary injected sediments and scouring of a dense periphyton. Close to the dam, fine biogenic matter dominated the seston, which scanning electron microscopy revealed to contain algal fragments and inorganic diatom frustules, but downstream, tributary-derived minerogenic particles were dominant.     

黄河下游河道巨大的输沙能力与平衡的趋向性——“黄河调水调沙的根据、效益和巨大潜力”之二

尽管黄河下游河道以堆积性著称,河底、水面不断抬高,但在长期水沙作用下,特别是河流的自动调整和反馈迅速,其平衡的趋向性也很明显。从上、下河段挟沙能力及典型资料看,当流量为1000~4000 m3/s时,上段(河南河段)挟沙能力与下段(山东河段)之比为1.049~0.915,即流量小于2000 m3/s时,上段挟沙能力大于下段;而当流量大于2500 m3/s时,下段挟沙能力则大于上段;流量为2300 m3/s时,上、下河段基本平衡。从多年平均过程看,如果不考虑高含沙洪水,不漫滩,流量沿程不变,下段输沙量为上段输沙量的1.01倍,也说明多年输沙量是平衡的。特别是从1960年9月至1996年10月的资料看,三门峡至利津河段淤积36.32亿t,其中20次高含沙量洪水淤积37.22亿t,若不计高含沙洪水,则全河冲刷0.90亿t,占来沙348亿t的0.26%。     

EPISODIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ELEVATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN A SMALL,MOUNTAINOUS RIVER IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Suspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quantifying chemical constituents in discharge from coastal watersheds on event‐scale terms. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Role of the floodplain and riparian zone in suspended matter and nitrogen retention in the adour river,south-west France

The retention capacity of the floodplain and riparian zone for suspended matter and nitrogen has been investigated in the Adour River, a seventh order stream in south-west France. Suspended matter and nitrogen fluxes through a 25 km meandering stretch of the river were measured during two flood events and compared with the amount of sediment trapped in the riparian zone (1.1 km²) and the major floodplain (16.8 km²) of the studied area. It was estimated that the floodplain and the riparian zone together retained between 10 and 20% of the suspended matter entering the stretch under study during the two main floods (138 700 Mg). Moreover, they retained about 11% of the total particulate nitrogen fluxes (640 Mg). Although the riparian zones are 15 times smaller than the major floodplain, the total suspended matter and particulate nitrogen deposition were, 50 and 17 times, respectively, larger in the riparian zone. The results obtained on the Adour River floodplain show that large river systems should not be considered only as export systems as riparian zones can retain a significant amount of suspended organic and mineral matter during floods.     

长江三峡工程水文泥沙原型观测

三峡工程运行后,大量泥沙将在水库内淤积,下游河床将发生冲刷,其泥沙问题是三峡工程建设中的关键性技术问题之一.我国高度重视三峡工程泥沙问题,投入了大量的人力、物力和财力,在开展泥沙问题研究的同时,更加注重水文泥沙原型观测工作,收集了大量的水位、流量、悬移质泥沙、推移质泥沙、水库淤积、坝下游冲刷和重点河段河道演变原型观测资料,目前已取得显著成效,并且推动了对长江水文泥沙规律的认识和泥沙研究的发展.介绍了长达70 a的工程论证过程以及建设过程中的三峡工程水文泥沙原型观测及其进展情况.     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦对闸下港道淤积的影响

江苏沿海地区入海河流众多,承担着沿海及腹地片区防洪排涝的重要任务.目前,闸下河道普遍发生淤积,且随着沿海滩涂围垦进程的加快,闸下港道淤积程度还在加剧.以王港为例,基于RS技术,提出了以纳潮汇水区历史外边线、河口现状主体汇水区边线,以及口外主槽演变外边线,作为确定河口滩面控制区域的参考.从海岸地貌学、河口海岸水动力学,以及泥沙运动学等角度,提出了沿海滩涂围垦的最大允许范围.     

Discharge pulses of hydroelectric dams and their effects in the downstream limnological conditions: a case study in a large tropical river (SE Brazil)

To address daily fluctuations in electricity demands, the quantities of water passing through the turbines of hydropower plants can vary significantly (up to fourfold) during a 24‐h cycle. This study evaluates the effects of hourly variations in water discharges on the limnological conditions observed in two below‐dam river stretches. The study reservoirs, Capivara and Taquaruçu, are the 9th and 10th reservoirs in a cascade of dams in the Paranapanema River in south‐east Brazil. The reservoirs exhibit different trophic conditions, water retention times, thermal regimes and spillway positions. Capivara Reservoir is deeper, meso‐eutrophic, with a high water retention time and hypolimnetic discharges (32 m) varying between 500 and 1400 m³ s^?1. In contrast, Taquaruçu Reservoir is relatively shallow, oligo‐mesotrophic, and has a low retention time, with water discharges varying between 500 and 2000 m³ s^?1. Its turbine water intake zone also is more superficial (7 m). For two periods of the year, winter and summer, profiles of limnological measurements were developed in the lacustrine (above‐dam site) zones of the reservoirs, as well as in the downstream river stretches (below‐dam site). In both cases, the sampling was carried out at 4‐h intervals over a complete nictemeral cycle. The results demonstrated that the reservoir operating regime (water discharge variations) promoted significant differences in the conditions of the river below the dams, especially for water velocity, turbidity, and nutrient and suspended solids concentrations. The reservoir physical characteristics, including depth, thermal stratification and outlet structure, are also key factors influencing the limnology and water quality at the below‐dam sampling sites. In the case of Capivara Reservoir, for example, the low dissolved oxygen concentration (<5.0 mg L^?1) in its bottom water layer was transferred to the downstream river stretches during the summer. These study results demonstrated that it is important to continue such investigations as a means of verifying whether or not these high‐amplitude/low‐frequency variations could negatively affect the downstream river biota.     

黄河下游河槽泥沙扬动与输移特性

本文利用大量水文资料,在前人研究的基础上,分析研究了黄河下游河槽泥沙扬动与输移特性。首先根据水文测验尤其是泥沙级配实测资料,间接分析各家公式的合理性,从而选择出物理概念清晰、符合黄河下游实际的扬动流速计算公式。对于粒径较小的泥沙,沙玉清、窦国仁等现有扬动流速计算公式都适用于黄河;随着泥沙粒径增加,几家公式差异变大,张罗号和罗诗琦公式同实测资料更为符合。在此基础上分析了黄河下游河槽不同粒径泥沙的扬动特性,认为“粗颗粒”泥沙在黄河下游河槽中水流量下亦能扬动。然后,选取黄河下游花园口、高村和利津站为下游代表水文站,采用汛期非漫滩情况下的实测数据,分别绘制了三站流量与泥沙以悬移形式运动的百分比关系图。引入扬动临界流量的概念后,各站泥沙输移特性变化规律基本遵循统一表达形式。进一步定量分析了各水文站泥沙输移特性,给出了扬动临界流量、扬动概率系数、输沙指数同泥沙粒径等因子的关系式,从而建立了泥沙以悬移形式运动的百分比与水沙因子的计算公式。结合未来30年内年均沙量减小的预测结果进行计算,表明黄河下游汛期日平均流量只要大于971 m³s,悬移质泥沙组成中的粗颗粒能保持悬移运动状态,同时表明加大流量是直接提升水流输沙能力的有效手段。