中国东部双层窗节能的计算机模拟研究

运用计算机建立数学模型，完成对墙体和窗户的传热模拟。并对不同窗型和双层玻璃间空气层厚度对传热的影响进行了分析，认为在中国东部最佳节能型窗的空气层厚度为４０ｍｍ的单框双层窗。     

玻璃幕墙建筑节能措施探讨

本文分析了室内气流速度、设置外遮阳、幕墙朝向、玻璃类型和玻璃夹层的填充气体等因素对玻璃幕墙建筑能耗的影响。结果表明,提高室内气流速度、在建筑室外种植树木或设置外遮阳、合理的玻璃性能组合是玻璃幕墙建筑夏季节能的有效措施。     

严寒地区农村住宅外墙节能优化研究

对大庆市杜蒙县杏树岗村的农宅外墙节能进行研究,发现农村住宅外墙大多采用无保温37黏土砖墙,采暖期的室内舒适度低,能耗高。在Ecotect中建立建筑模型,通过逐时温度曲线和逐月能耗模拟2个方面对农宅的外墙进行能耗分析,提出外墙保温层厚度设计最优值,得出大庆市农宅的外墙采用55 mm聚苯乙烯泡沫板作为外保温系统最为经济和节能,为寒地农宅室内热环境优化提供指导。     

严寒地区农村住宅围护结构保温改造分析

严寒地区多数农村住宅建筑围护结构热损失严重,造成其采暖能耗增加,强化建筑围护结构的保温性是提高建筑采暖效率的方式之一。以位于严寒地区的安达市某传统农宅为研究对象,采用EnergyPlus对该住宅围护结构的保温性能进行研究,并分析了建筑能耗情况,获得了建筑墙体、玻璃、屋顶等围护结构部位采用保温后的节能效率。研究结果表明：安达地区节能效率较好的墙体和屋顶保温材料为XPS保温板、玻璃窗结构形式为6mm+12mm+6mmLow-E低辐射玻璃;传统农宅采用建筑保温材料后,其节能率可达72.0%,从而降低了农村住宅采暖能耗,并可维持室内良好的热环境。     

高速列车镀膜有机中空玻璃传热模拟研究

随着高速列车的飞速发展,列车的能耗不断上升,列车节能的需求也越来越迫切,车窗玻璃作为列车大量使用的材料,要求具有良好的视觉性能、安全性能、节能性能和环保性能。本文从宏观的角度分析了纳米透明隔热镀膜的隔热原理,介绍了影响玻璃系统传热的遮阳系数和U值的计算方法,并使用WINDOW7. 1软件根据条件对无镀膜有机中空玻璃、不同镀膜层中空有机玻璃5种情况进行U值计算;对不同气体间隔层厚度的有机中空玻璃进行U值分析;对不同填充气体(空气,氩气,氪气)中空有机玻璃进行U值比较。得出镀膜有机中空玻璃,镀膜位置在内层玻璃内部,中空腔为15 mm且中空处填充氪气时,此时的U值最小,列车的隔热保温效果最佳,节能效果比较显著。     

基于DeST-h的北方寒冷地区农宅节能改造设计与研究

利用能耗模拟软件DeST-h对寒冷地区某农宅建筑热负荷进行模拟计算,模拟分析了农宅在节能改造前后围护结构对建筑负荷的影响,旨在为未来的农村建筑节能改造提供一些参考。     

严寒地区农宅附加阳光间能耗及效益评价分析

在我国严寒地区农村住宅外附加阳光间可以提高室内温度,减缓温度波动并减少采暖能耗。以安达市某农村住宅为例,基于EnergyPlus进行采暖期能耗模拟,并进行经济和环保效益的评价分析。结果表明:当采暖设计温度为18℃时农村住宅附加阳光间的节能效率最高,可达22.73%。室内采暖设计温度每升高2℃,总能耗呈1.4～2.7倍增长,采暖设计温度为20℃的采暖能耗为14℃的6.7倍。在经济效益方面,在寿命期15 a内均能收回成本,在环保方面,阳光间在寿命期内可以减少排放二氧化碳13.52 t、二氧化硫238.80 kg、氮氧化物205.20 kg及粉尘99.63 kg,同时节约碳排放税35 272.0$,经济和环保效益非常显著。     

北方典型农村住宅太阳能辅助采暖优化设计

为解决北方农村住宅冬季室内温度低、采暖能耗高的问题,以辽宁省宽甸县的典型农村住宅为研究对象,利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST建立原农宅结构模型。通过正交试验对农宅的建筑结构及保温措施进行优化,并设计了太阳能辅助采暖系统。结果表明:优化后建筑比原农宅单位面积热负荷降低38.41%;采用太阳能热水系统和生物质采暖系统共同向建筑供热,当太阳能热水系统的供热量和生物质采暖炉的供热量分别为建筑采暖总需热量的25%和75%时,经济性最佳。太阳能热水辅助供暖方案每年冬季可节能11 768.85 MJ。     

纳米镀膜有机玻璃作为列车车窗传热分析

为了解决列车车窗节能的问题,提出了一种利用纳米透明隔热镀膜有机玻璃代替传统无机玻璃车窗的方法。该方法主要通过实验的方法分析了单双层玻璃、不同镀膜位置、不同气体间隔层厚度下的有机中空玻璃的隔热保温效果,得出了气体间隔层厚度为15 mm的双层玻璃的镀膜位置在内层玻璃内部时隔热保温效果最佳;其次通过CFD软件模拟的方法对明线运行的列车不同组合车窗的传热进行模拟分析,得出采用双层中空有机玻璃,镀膜位置在内层玻璃内部,中空气体填充氪气传热系数达到最小,比采用普通玻璃不镀膜的传热系数要小52.0%;最后通过CFD软件模拟的方法对整车车体的传热进行了模拟分析,得出采用上述最小传热系数的车窗,整车车体的传热系数将减小7.8%。该方法能有效实现列车的节能需求。     

双层玻璃空气层厚度变化对热阻影响的实验研究

针对目前对双层玻璃空气热阻最佳厚度利用解释模糊的问题,通过建立实验模型,对空气层分别为10～70mm等12组厚度的双层玻璃内表面温度等数据进行测量,按照有关规程中的方法进行理论分析,最终得出:当空气层厚度小于5mm时,传热过程以导热和对流换热为主;大于5mm时,以辐射换热为主;0～20mm时,导热率变化非常显著,25～70mm时,导热率变化较为缓慢,且在20mm左右出现一个峰值;工程设计时可以把空气层厚度控制在20mm左右,这样有利于发挥空气层热阻的作用。     

寒冷地区村镇附加阳光间住宅围护结构能耗实测分析

针对寒冷地区村镇附加阳光间典型住宅,在采暖期平均气温最低月份现场实测了典型住宅围护结构能耗情况,测试内容包括热环境、采暖耗热量、围护结构热工缺陷及传热系数,为进一步了解掌握村镇典型住宅能耗缺陷提供了实测数据.实测结果表明:住宅气密性较差,传热系数均不满足规范要求,外墙超标率高达165.23％,外墙、屋顶和外窗理论值与实...     

反向阳光间被动式太阳能空气采暖系统

介绍一种多层建筑中反向阳光间被动式太阳能空气采暖系统。它通过置于屋顶和地面的风管实现公寓中南部阳光间的太阳能得热向北部阳光间的自然传递。南部阳光间受热的空气上升，进入置于屋顶的风管，并通过这些风管流向北部阳光间；同时，南部阳光间置换出的空气被由北部阳光间的通过置于地面风管流向南部阳光间的较冷的空气所代替。由于系统还可用于东西阳光间之间，建筑物不受相对于太阳朝向的限制。     

A passive solar building for ecological research in Argentina: the first two years experience

An energy-efficient building, featuring energy conservation, passive solar heating, and natural cooling strategies, was designed and built in La Pampa, a province in the temperate semi-arid region of central Argentina. Of compact design, it houses 350 m² of useful floor area in a roughly linear scheme, with the main spaces facing north and ancillary spaces (services) facing south. Solar windows running from above spandrel and up to ceiling height are provided for all the main spaces, and clerestory windows are provided for the solar gain to the south-facing spaces. An integrated sunspace is incorporated into the centre bay of the north facade, providing additional heat to inner spaces as well as functional and visual expansion. In the design stage, a simulation analysis was performed to assess the environmental and energy performance of the alternatives. The main energy features of the resulting building are a volumetric loss coefficient of 1.09 W m⁻³ °C⁻¹, and a predicted solar savings fraction of 70%. The summer cooling strategy includes the passive induction of exterior air into the building through earth-coupled ducts. Cooling by cross-ventilation is made possible during the night, but to preserve the security of the building from sudden storms, this occurs only when the building is occupied. Shading devices protect all windows in summer. Provisional monitoring, started during the 1995 winter period, showed encouraging possibilities of energy savings with adequate comfort conditions, demonstrating the technical feasibility of the scheme.     

Residential energy use in one-family households with natural gas provision in a city of the Patagonian Andean region

Residential energy use was studied in one-family houses in the city of Bariloche, in the Patagonian Andean region of Argentina. A survey was conducted of households connected to the natural gas network to correlate use of gas, living area and number of inhabitants per house. The annual average consumption of gas was found to be 169 GJ, and consumption of electricity 8 GJ. This total energy use per household per year is almost double the average value reported for Stockholm, Sweden, although both locations have similar heating requirements. The difference was mainly due to heating energy consumption per unit living space, which in Bariloche was 1530 MJ/m² per year, while in Stockholm the average is around 570 MJ/m² per year. The high energy consumption in Bariloche is explained primarily by the construction characteristics of the buildings, and secondarily by the efficiency of the heating devices used. We were able to conclude that subsidies on natural gas tariffs given to the residential sector do not promote a rational use of the resource. Furthermore, almost 40% of the population (mostly households in poverty) are not connected to the subsidised gas resource, but pay prices for alternative fuels that are between 10- and 15 times higher. Policies to improve buildings and appliances would reduce emissions and make access to energy more equitable.     

Thermal performance and environmental impact of residential buildings’ heating in Morocco

The seasonal energy requirements and fuel consumption for heating purposes in residential buildings are influenced by the architectural design, construction materials characteristics, meteorological temperature measurements, internal gains and air exchange rate of the building. The goal of this study is to assess the thermal performance and environmental impact of residential buildings’ in Morocco taking into account all these factors and considering two sources of energy: liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity. The study concludes that the heating energy requirements for the prototype building vary between 2 and 253 kWh/m².year depending on localities, glazing type, glazing area percentage, the internal gains and the air exchange rates. The electricity consumption is 2.6 times greater than that of LPG in terms of kg oil equivalent, and by using LPG instead of electricity the emissions of greenhouse gases can be 3.4 times reduced.     

Path Analysis of Energy-Saving Technology in Yangtze River Basin Based on Multi-Objective and Multi-Parameter Optimisation

The Yangtze River Basin in China is characterised by hot-and cold-humid climates in summer and winter, respectively. Thus, increased demand for heating and cooling energy according to the season, as well as poor indoor thermal comfort, are inevitable. To overcome this problem, this study focused on the influence of passive design and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment performance on the energy performance of residential buildings, and explored potential energy-saving technology paths involving passive design and improved coefficient of performance through a multi-objective and multi-parameter optimisation technique. A large-scale questionnaire survey covering a typical city was first conducted to identify family lifestyle patterns regarding time spent at home, family type, air conditioner use habits, indoor thermal comfort, etc. Then, the actual heating and cooling energy consumption and information of model building were determined for this region. Subsequently, the design parameters of an individual building were simulated using Energyplus to investigate the cooling and heating energy consumption for a typical residential building with an air conditioner. The results indicated an improvement of approximately 30% in energy efficiency through optimisation of the external-wall insulation thickness and the external-window and shading performance, and through use of appropriate ventilation technology. Thus, a multi-objective and multi-parameter optimisation model was developed to achieve comprehensive optimisation of several design parameters. Experimental results showed that comprehensive optimisation could not only reduce cooling and heating energy consumption, but also improve the thermal comfort level achieved with a non-artificial cooling and heating source. Finally, three energy-saving technology paths were formulated to achieve a balance between indoor thermal comfort improvement and the target energy efficiency(20 kWh/(m2?a)). The findings of this study have implications for the future design of buildings in the Yangtze River Basin, and for modification of existing buildings for improved energy efficiency.     

Performance analysis & energy benefits of a desiccant based solar assisted trigeneration system in a building

In this paper, performance details and operational benefits of a large scale solar trigeneration system that provides for solar assisted desiccant cooling, heating and hot water generation installed in a teaching institute building have been reported. A two-rotor desiccant system designed for handling 12 000 m3/hr of air was integrated into existing plant to provide a net reduction in energy consumption over the pre-existing heating ventilation and air-conditioning and domestic hot water systems. The system is controlled and monitored by a building management system which has been used to investigate and analyse the typical system behaviour. Heat from solar energy contributed consistently to reduce gas usage for water heating and on an annual basis showed a reduction of 21% of consumed energy. The solar energy contribution for space heating varied over winter months and during some months it was observed to contribute more than 50% of the total energy requirements for space heating. Under suitable ambient conditions, approximately 35% of total building cooling load was met by the solar driven desiccant cooling system. Continuous monitoring has also helped understand some of the operational issues of the system.     

Determination of household energy using ‘fingerprints’ from energy billing data

Electric and gas utilities (in the U.S.A.) bill their customers on a regular basis, usually monthly or bimonthly. These data provide a truly valuable information resource for energy conservation programme analysts and evaluators. This paper discusses ways to analyse such billing data. The starting point is the Princeton University score-keeping model, which permits decomposition of total household energy use into its weather-and non-weather-sensitive elements; the weather-sensitive portion is assumed to be proportional to heating degree days. The score-keeping model also allows one to compute weather-adjusted energy consumption for each household based on its billing data and model parameters; this is the model's estimate of annual consumption under long-run weather conditions. The methods discussed here extend the score-keeping results to identify additional characteristics of household energy use. The methods classify households in terms of the intensity with which the particular fuel is used for space heating (primary heating fuel vs. supplemental heating fuel vs. no heating at all with the fuel). In addition, households that use the particular fuel for air conditioning are identified. In essence, the billing data and model results define household energy use ‘fingerprints’. The billing data and model results can also be used to identify and correct anomalous bills. Finally, the methods permit careful examination and analysis of changes in energy use from one year to another. They help explain why some households show anomalously large energy savings (e.g. they began using wood as a heating fuel during the second year) or negative energy savings (e.g. very high air conditioning energy use during the second year).     

Numerical evaluation of solar-energy use through passive heating of weekend houses in Yugoslavia

Use of solar energy through passive heating is numerically evaluated for different passive designs of weekend houses with one wall made completely of masonry and with other walls made of two layers: a masonry layer and a thermal-insulation layer. To access this problem, the heating and cooling load is determined by using a dynamic, thermal, building model newly constructed on the basis of finite volumes and time marching. The investigation is performed for two days: one winter day for the weekend house with the masonry wall facing south, and for one summer day for the weekend house with the masonry wall facing north. The heating and cooling loads are evaluated for different thicknesses of masonry by using two investigation procedures where in the first procedure the insulation thickness is kept constant, and in the second procedure the U value of the two-layer walls of the house is kept constant. When the thermal-insulation layer faces the outside of the house, this investigation reveals that the use of the passive house instead of the non-passive house for the winter day gives an energy saving of around 1.5%, and for the summer day gives the maximum energy saving of around 4% for a masonry thickness of 30 cm. When the thermal-insulation layer faces the inside of the house, the investigation reveals that passive heating is not possible at all.