卡摩纱与传统环锭纱筒纱性能比较分析

对卡摩纱、传统环锭纱络筒加工后筒纱的毛羽、物理指标、纱疵及生产效率进行了测试，分析了卡摩纱、传统环锭纱在后加工生产中存在的差异。卡摩纱经络筒加工后毛羽增加率比传统环锭纱高，但各类毛羽值均较少，中长毛羽明显减少；卡摩纺筒子纱与传统环锭纺筒子纱比较，强力CV、条干CV、伸长CV、细小纱疵及细长纱疵明显改善，生产效率高，生产成本相对低。     

Cheese yeasts

Numerous traditionally aged cheeses are surface ripened and develop a biofilm, known as the cheese rind, on their surfaces. The rind of such cheeses comprises a complex community of bacterial and fungal species that are jointly responsible for the typical characteristics of the various cheese varieties. Surface ripening starts directly after brining with the rapid colonization of the cheese surface by yeasts. The initially dominant yeasts are acid and salt-tolerant and are capable of metabolizing the lactate produced by the starter lactic acid bacteria and of producing NH₃ from amino acids. Both processes cause the pH of the cheese surface to rise dramatically. This so-called deacidification process enables the establishment of a salt-tolerant, Gram-positive bacterial community that is less acid-tolerant. Over the past decade, knowledge of yeast diversity in cheeses has increased considerably. The yeast species with the highest prevalence on surface-ripened cheeses are Debaryomyces hansenii and Geotrichum candidum, but up to 30 species can be found. In the cheese core, only lactose-fermenting yeasts, such as Kluyveromyces marxianus, are expected to grow. Yeasts are recognized as having an indispensable impact on the development of cheese flavour and texture because of their deacidifying, proteolytic, and/or lipolytic activity. Yeasts are used not only in the production of surface-ripened cheeses but also as adjunct cultures in the vat milk in order to modify ripening behaviour and flavour of the cheese. However, yeasts may also be responsible for spoilage of cheese, causing early blowing, off-flavour, brown discolouration, and other visible alterations of cheese.     

Cheese technology

Cheese is a highly nutritious food with many diverse flavours and textures. It can be used as a snack or as part of a dish or prepackaged convenience food. The diversity of cheese is due to an increasing knowledge of the technology of cheesemaking, and the biochemistry and microbiology of cheese ripening. Professor Pat Fox's research career over the past 40 years has contributed to our understanding of cheese technology, biochemistry and microbiology. This paper highlights Pat Fox's contributions in the area of cheese technology.     

NaCl含量对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响

Mozzarella干酪中NaCl的含量影响Mozzarella干酪的品质。本试验采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,三个奶酪槽中凝乳磨碎后分别加NaCl为1%、2%、3%。研究干酪中NaCl的浓度对Mozzarella干酪的品质的影响。结果表明随着干酪中NaCl的浓度的增加,油脂析出性显著降低(p<0.05),干酪的蛋白质水解显著降低(p<0.05),干酪中NaCl的浓度对Mozzarella干酪的融化性,硬度及弹性没有显著的影响。     

西餐舞台伴舞者：奶酪

西奶酪即Cheese,根据音译又有忌司等名称,是用牛奶加乳酸菌自然发酵而成的一种发酵奶制品。 奶酪是西方人饮食生活中不可缺少的食品,其品种数以百计,各有各的风味,在餐饮中广为使用,除了可当西点直接食用,也是西餐烹饪中的重要调料。比如奶酪可做开胃菜,下酒菜,主菜的调味汁,也可以做零食,甜点的原料,除了制作西式菜肴外,奶酪还可以切成小块,作为沙律、面条拌食,形象地说,在西餐饮食这个大舞台上,奶酪是韵律流畅的伴舞者。     

国产奶酪 市场何在?

<正> 不久以前,中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院召开了“Mozzarella干酪加工关键技术与设备研究、产业开发”成果鉴定会。 该项目属国家科技部“十五奶业专项”的重要研究课题之一。该项目负责人任发政教授在会上介绍:“世界上40％的鲜奶用于奶酪生产,其中软性奶酪的需求呈现上升趋势。目前我国市场上消费的奶酪产品完全依赖进口。我国乳业十     

Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology

Enzyme-modified cheese is derived from cheese by enzymatic means. Enzymes may be added during the manufacture of cheese or after aging. An incubation period under controlled conditions is required for proper flavor development. The mechanism of flavor development in enzyme-modified cheese may be related to the curing of cheese. Although many of the mechanisms for flavor development in cheese are not well understood, carbohydrates, proteins, and fat undergo enzymatic degradation during cheese aging, and these reactions are important in the development of flavor in cheese and enzyme-modified cheese. In some instances, the flavor profile or intensity is proportional to the degree of lipolysis and release of low molecular weight free fatty acids as with Romano or Provolone cheese. In other cases, a similar free fatty acid profile enhances both Cheddar flavor and Swiss cheese flavor but is not characteristic for either.Enzyme-modified cheeses are generally added to foods at levels of .1 to 2.0%, although they can be used at 5% of the formulation to add dairy or cheesy notes to foods and to reduce the requirement for aged cheese in food formulations.     

酶改性干酪工艺初探

本文以游离脂肪酸(FFA)为指标,结合感官品评,通过单因素实验和正交实验,优化了脂酶酶解工艺:45℃下添加0.4%的(按干酪质量计)Palatase20000L,调整体系pH至7.5,搅拌酶解6h,得到游离脂肪酸(FFA)为31.97%,比原料干酪高了25.51%;以pH4.6可溶性氮(pH4.6-WSN)和12%三氯乙酸(TCA)溶解氮(12%TCA-SN)为指标,结合感官品评,通过单因素实验和正交实验,优化了蛋白酶酶解工艺:添加0.1%的蛋白酶(以干酪质量计),在50℃下水解4h,在此工艺下得到的酶解产物pH4.6-WSN为37.19%,比原料干酪高了13.16%,12%TCA-SN为31.99%,比原料干酪高了13.18%。     

民族特色干酪——新疆酸凝奶酪

本文主要对新疆传统乳制品酸凝奶酪进行了介绍,并对其在新疆的发展优势作了一定的分析。同时对新疆传统奶酪的发展提出了建议。     

Effect of Trisodium Citrate Concentration and Soy Cheese on Meltability of Pizza Cheese

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soy cheese (tofu) and trisodium citrate (TSC) concentration on physicochemical properties of pizza cheese. The results indicated that fat and FDM contents of pizza cheese increased significantly with increased proportion of TSC, while moisture and protein decreased but not significantly (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the fat, FDM, and protein content decreased with increased proportion of tofu, while moisture increased. The melting area and melting degree indicated that melting properties of pizza cheese decreased significantly, as the concentration of TSC increased. Furthermore, increase approximately 5 and 10% tofu in the blends with 0.5% TSC or 10% tofu in the blends with 1% TSC affected notable decrease in melting properties. Among each level of tofu, oiling off area showed significant increase with increasing TSC. Increase in tofu proportion as well as different TSC concentration resulted in decrease in free oil. The control cheese with 1% TSC (CC2C) had maximum oiling off, and with increase in tofu proportion there was a corresponding reduction (P < 0.05) in the oiling off area. It was observed that increase approximately 10% tofu in the blends with 0.5% TSC cause marked reduction in oiling off area by approximately 47%. There was rapid increase in oiling off area during the early stage of cooking. According to observation, free oil formation of cheese with 1% TSC (C2C) was higher than that of the cheese with 0.5% TSC (C1C), especially during 2.5 to 10 min (P > 0.05). Oiling off area of treatments decreased independently of trisodium citrate prolong cooking as the proportion of tofu increased.     

Cheddar Cheese from Ultrafiltered Whole Milk Retentates in Industrial Cheese Making

Transporting whole milk retentates of ultrafiltration to a distant large industrial Cheddar cheese making site resulted in 16 lots of Cheddar cheese from vats containing 2,546 to 16,360 kg of cheese milk. Whole milk retentates concentrated by ultrafiltration to 4.5:1 were added to cheese milks to give mixtures concentrated 1.2:1 and 1.3:1 with approximately 20 and 30% more protein and fat, respectively, than in unsupplemented control whole milks or unsupplemented commercial reference milks.Gross composition of Cheddar cheese made from commercial reference, control, and retentate-supplemented milk generally showed no major differences. Yield increased in cheese made from retentate-supplemented milk. Yield efficiency per kilogram total solids rose in retentate cheese over controls but not among commercial reference, control, and retentate lots based on per kilogram fat or total protein. Milk components were higher in wheys from retentate cheeses, but loss of components per kilogram cheese obtained generally showed lower values in whey from retentate cheese.General quality of retentate Cheddar cheese was equal to that of reference unsupplemented commercial cheese and higher than unsupplemented control Cheddar cheeses. It appears technically feasible to ultrafilter milk at one site, such as the farm, collecting station, or specialized center, and transport it to an industrial site for Cheddar cheese making.     

Cottage Cheese from Ultrafiltered Skim Milk Retentates in Industrial Cheese Making

Ultrafiltered skim milk retentates were transported to a large industrial cottage cheese plant for milk supplementation leading to cottage cheese. The resulting industrial products were observed for composition, yields, whey component losses, and quality.Ten lots of small curd cottage cheese were made in vats containing up to 6593 kg skim milk. Retentate supplemented skim milks, concentrated approximately 10% (1.1:1) and 20% (1.2:1) in total protein, were very similar in initial composition to the controls. Mean cheese yield values from milks supplemented to 1.2:1 total protein were significantly higher than mean unsupplemented control milk values. Cheese yield efficiencies, per kilogram total solids, were also significantly higher in the retentate cheese but not when calculated per kilogram total protein.Total solids, total protein, and ash were higher in cottage cheese wheys from retentate supplemented cheese and were directly related to retentate supplementation concentration. Mean whey component loss per kilogram cheese exhibited significant decreases from milks of higher retentate supplementation. Retentate supplemented skim milk produced industrial cottage cheese of comparable quality to cheese made from unsupplemented control skim milks.     

Reverse-Phase HPLC Analysis of Reference Cheddar Cheese Samples for Assessing Accelerated Cheese Ripening

Applying water extracts from Cheddar cheese to an octadecyl vinyl alcohol copolymer column using a reliable auto-sampling system provided highly repeatable HPLC patterns. Two batches of standard samples of mild, medium, sharp, and extra-sharp and one batch of abused samples (rapidly aged under abnormal conditions) were analyzed. Principal component similarity (PCS) analysis indicated similar shifts of plots due to aging of the standard batches, while the plot for the abused batch deviated from the pathway of normal aging. PCS may be useful for analysis of accelerated ripening effects as well as finding unusual samples during quality control.     

Texture Map of Cream Cheese

ABSTRACT: The controlled rate vane method was used to evaluate the yield stress and apparent yield strain of ten cream cheeses at refrigeration (5 °C) and room temperature (22 °C). Plotting yield stress versus apparent yield strain produced a "texture map", showing a trend where a decrease in yield stress corresponded to an increase in yield strain. The map can be used as a tool for evaluating product spreadability in quality control and product development applications. Yield stress values for all cream cheeses ranged from approximately 1.3 kPa to 6.6 kPa, while yield strain values from 0.2 rad to 0.6 rad were found.     

Buffer Capacity of Cheese Wheys

Titration and buffer capacity curves of Mozzarella, Cheddar and Cottage cheese-type wheys were studied at concentrations of 6–24% solids. Buffer maxima due to lactate and phosphate occurred at pH 3.2 – 4.0 and 5.6 – 7.0, respectively, and were dependent on the type and concentration of whey. Titration curves of all whey varieties intersected at pH 3.7. An equation was developed to define whey pH as a function of pH at dipping, concentration and level of HCI or NaOH (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). The pH of Mozzarella and Cheddar cheese-type whey decreased during concentration but the pH of Cottage cheese whey increased. This difference is explained by calcium-phosphate equilibria in whey.