Capturing and Explaining Sensory Differences among Organically Grown Vegetable‐Soybean Varieties Grown in Northern California

Vegetable soybean (VS), known as edamame, is appreciated for its robust flavor and exceptional nutrient content. Although the United States is one of the world's leading producers of soy, only a fraction is harvested as edamame. Research involving varietal differences is very limited, particularly among U.S. consumers. Sensory attributes of three VS varieties grown in Northern California (with organic methods) were assessed: Giant Midori (GM), ButterBean (BB), and Kuroshinja (KU). Participants (n = 74) rated four characteristics: flavor, texture, appearance, and overall liking on unlabeled, 11‐point hedonic scales and were asked if they would purchase the variety. A small portion of these participants would again evaluate the varieties, using free choice profiling (FCP) methodology. After these evaluations, texture analyzer, colorimeter, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (free amino acids, sugars, and isoflavones) testing were performed. Among tested varieties, distinct differences in quality were found, with GM preferred first, followed by KU, and BB. GM was significantly harder, a more intense green, had more free sugars and isoflavones and fewer free amino acids, whereas KU and BB trended to be the opposite. Analyzing FCP data with a General Procrustes Analysis, varieties were separated in different factors for flavor and texture, but not appearance. Although repeated, and larger trials are needed, our study signifies that consumers are able to detect differences among VS varieties. Further research may influence producers to grow the variety likely to be most profitable and marketable.     

活品底播虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）感官评价描述词的建立

通过建立感官分析描述词以便能够客观评价活品底播虾夷扇贝的风味品质。首先,通过问卷调查从90 名参与者中选出49 名候选评价员;再通过测定舌部菌状乳突数量、基本味识别能力、觉察阈以及识别阈等,最终成立9 人评价小组。感官评价6 个不同的活品虾夷扇贝样本,征集得到101 个描述词,通过统计分析筛选描述词并设立参比物参照,最后确定32 个活品虾夷扇贝感官描述词。设置不同条件下的活品虾夷扇贝贮藏模式,通过每日跟踪分析以验证描述词,经主成分分析发现,前两个主成分的累计贡献率为68%,贮藏0～1 d时,活品虾夷扇贝的风味特征集中表现为鲜和甜,区分样品感官差异的风味特征为后味（AT-鲜味、AT-甜味、AT-海鲜味）和滋味（T-鲜味）;而在贮藏后期,其风味趋于平淡且与滋味（T-苦味）具有某种关联。     

肉制品感观质量调查与评价

对某公司生产的17种中、西式肉制品从9个指标(包装、颜色、质地、风味、香味、滋味、综合口感、综合评分、个人意见与建议)进行感观质量评定,并做统计分析,结果表明：(1)各种肉制品之间感观质量差异显著(p＜0.05),中西式肉制品各有特色及不足,开发时应中西结合,取长补短。(2)感观质量由多指标因素决定,应注意多指标的完美统一     

Invited review: Sensory analysis of dairy foods

Sensory quality is the ultimate measure of product quality and success. Sensory analysis comprises a variety of powerful and sensitive tools to measure human responses to foods and other products. Selection of the appropriate test, test conditions, and data analysis result in reproducible, powerful, and relevant results. Appropriate application of these tests enables specific product and consumer insights and interpretation of volatile compound analyses to flavor perception. Trained-panel results differ from dairy judging and grading and one objective of this review is to clearly address and demonstrate the differences. Information on available sensory tests, when and how to use them, and the powerful results that can be obtained is presented.     

Sensory wheels: A statistical technique for comparing QDA panels—application to virgin olive oil

The classic sensory wheel is used and modified to improve the objectivity and predictability of its conclusions concerning the best clusters of attributes. The full procedure was applied to 45 virgin olive oil samples representative of the most important producer countries and the main varieties marketed. The samples were evaluated by four different panels—Spanish, Italian, Dutch and British—these being representatives of traditional and potential consumers of this foodstuff. Altogether each sample was initially characterised by 86 sensory attributes. The relationships between sensory attributes are interpreted during the refinement process. Directions which promise to improve the EC standard on the sensory quality of olive oil are also given.     

感官词典建立方法及食品中应用研究进展

感官词典是标准化的词汇表,用于帮助不同人群关于感官问题进行交流.本文综述了建立一个感官词典的流程,主要包括四个步骤:准备样品及培训人员、生成初始词汇、讨论初始词汇并给出定义和参考并验证词汇有效性,分别对四个步骤的具体操作和要求进行阐述,并对近十年来食品与饮品感官词典的开发进行总结.词典的开发促进了感官词汇的标准化,也促...     

肉松感官描述词汇的建立

通过对10种不同品牌的肉松进行感官评价,确定肉松的形态、颜色、气味、质地和滋味等感官描述词。经过招募、挑选和培训,构建由15人组成的感官评价小组,并进行感官描述词的征集、删减,建立各个感官描述词的定义和参照物。通过感官描述,建立了57个感官描述词,并对肉松的感官属性进行主成分分析,得到可有效区分样品间感官(形态、颜色、气味、质地、滋味)差异的描述词:小块状、蓬松、绒毛;橙褐色、浅棕色、金黄色;焦糖味、烘烤味、大料味;咸味、五香味、油炸味。由结果可知,肉松每一感官特征复杂多样,均需要多个描述词进行描述。肉松所呈现出的总体感官特征为:柔软蓬松和酥润浓郁的五香气味。     

Sensory analysis of lipstick

Sensory analysis of lipstick product by trained panellists started with recruiting female panels who are lipstick users, in good health condition and willing to be a part of sensory members. This group of people was further scrutinized with duo-trio method using commercial lipstick samples that are commonly used among them. About 40% of the 15 panels recruited were unable to differentiate the lipstick samples they usually use better than chance. The balance of nine panels that were corrected at least with 65% across all trials in panels screening process was formed a working group to develop sensory languages as a means of describing product similarities and differences and a scoring system. Five sessions with each session took about 90 min were carried out using 10 types of lipsticks with different waxes mixture ratio in the formulation together with six commercial lipsticks that are the most common to the panels. First session was focus on listing out the panels' perception towards the characteristic of the lipstick samples after normal application on their lips. Second session was focus on the refining and categorizing the responses gathered from the first session and translated into sensory attributes with its definition. Third session was focus on the scoring system. Fourth and fifth sessions were repetition of the third session to ensure consistency. In a collective effort of the panels, sensory attributes developed for lipstick were Spreadability, Off flavour, Hardness, Smoothness, Moist, Not messy, Glossy and Greasy. Analysis of variance was able to provide ample evidence on gauging the panel performance. A proper panels selecting and training was able to produce a reliable and sensitive trained panel for evaluating the product based on the procedures being trained.     

感官评价在葡萄酒研究中的应用

目前，葡萄酒质量的鉴别主要靠感官分析和理化指标分析的方法来确定。本文主要介绍了葡萄酒感官评价的定义及其在葡萄酒加工工艺、成分分析和评价结果统计分析等方面的研究进展。     

基于智能仿生仪的发酵小米椒感官品质评价模型

为利用智能感官分析技术评价小米椒发酵过程中感官品质的变化,以恒温条件发酵的小米椒为试验对象,利用电子鼻、电子舌等智能感官仪器结合感官评价,采用相关性分析、主成分分析、逐步回归分析及拟合检验等数学方法,建立发酵小米椒感官品质评价模型。结果表明:简化后的感官指标为滋味、香味及色泽,权重分别是38.96%,35.06%,25.97%,拟合检验R2=0.998,表明模型可代替原始的人工感官评价法。以智能感官指标的PCA为自变量,感官评价模型结果为因变量,进行因子分析建立主成分回归方程:Y=67.672+8.296×X_1PC1-1.571×X_2PC1-3.431×X_3PC1+0.288×X_4PC1,方差扩大因子检验表明该模型无明显多重共线性(VIF10)。新的品质评价模型能较好地拟合小米椒发酵过程中感官品质的变化,弥补了人工感官重现性及稳定性差的缺陷。     

Review of statistical software for sensory evaluation

A selection of the statistical software available to the sensory scientist is reviewed. Specialist software specifically designed for sensory analysis, as well as more general and established packages, are considered.     

Comparative assessment of talc slip using a sensory analysis technique

A technique was developed to evaluate the relative slip of ten test talcs and two control talcs (one with known good slip and one with known poor slip properties). The study was conducted under double-blind conditions with a naive panel of 19 subjects, who with minimal training ranked the 12 talcs. The rankings identified were in line with expectations. Such sensory analysis could be applied in this cost-effective manner to the evaluation and comparison of many properties of cosmetics and toiletries.     

感官评价在葡萄酒研究中的应用

目前,葡萄酒质量的鉴别主要靠感官分析和理化指标分析的方法来确定.主要介绍了葡萄酒感官评价的定义及其在葡萄酒加工工艺、成分分析和评价结果统计分析等方面的研究进展.     

分子感官科学技术在茶叶风味上的应用研究进展

分子感官科学是分析化学、感官鉴评科学多学科交叉的系统科学, 其主要内容是在分子水平上定性、定量地研究食品感官质量。分子感官科学技术主要包括感官评价和检测分析。茶叶风味主要是指香气和滋味, 本文针对分子感官科学技术在茶叶风味上的应用, 本文对分子感官科学技术中的香气提取物稀释分析法、气相色谱-质谱联用技术、气相色谱-嗅闻技术以及定量描述分析法、滋味稀释分析法、半舌测试法、偏好性测试法、高效液相色谱技术、液相色谱-质谱联用技术、核磁共振技术等在茶叶香气和滋味上的应用研究进行综述, 阐述了分子感官科学技术在茶叶感官质量分析中的重要意义。