7056铝合金厚板组织和性能研究

通过金相显微镜、透射电镜和扫描电镜观察及x射线衍射织构测量与拉伸实验,研究了40mm厚7056合金厚板热轧态与时效后不同厚度层微观组织与力学性能。结果表明：热轧态厚板不同厚度层的组织有很大差别,表层第二相弥散,尺寸相对较小,中心层有粗大的第二相,分布集中。从表层到中心层,剪切织构减少,中心层变形织构最多,不同厚度层立方织构差别不大。固溶后表层再结晶织构增加,剪切织构减少,中心层变形织构增强。固溶时效后表层与中心层晶内均出现大量均匀细小的η’相,晶界处都出现不连续析出相与一定宽度的无沉淀析出带。40mm厚板(7056合金)最优固溶制度是470℃/3h,时效后表层屈服强度为605MPa,抗拉强度达628MPa;T/4层屈服强度626MPa,抗拉强度达643MPa;中心层屈服强度623MPa,抗拉强度达639MPa。     

2297-T87铝合金厚板力学性能的各向异性与厚向不均匀性

通过拉伸试验、金相显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析研究了85 mm厚的2297-T87铝合金厚板力学性能的各向异性与厚度方向的不均匀性。结果表明:在2297-T87合金厚板L方向上力学性能沿厚度层呈不均匀性,从表层到中心强度逐渐提高,而LT方向性能变化不明显;织构沿厚度方向分布不均匀,厚板中心主要是β纤维成分和部分的Goss织构;而表层除了少量变形织构,还存在再结晶织构;T/8厚度为大量的剪切织构;T/4厚度层是一个过渡层,同时存在少量再结晶织构、剪切织构和β纤维。同一厚度层不同方向的力学性能各向异性较为明显,强度和塑性的变化趋势一致:LLTST。这种各向异性与晶粒结构和第二相粒子有关。     

2297-T87合金厚板力学性能的各向异性与厚向不均匀性

通过拉伸实验、金相显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察研究了85 mm厚的2297-T87合金厚板力学性能的各向异性与厚度方向的不均匀性。结果表明：在2297-T87合金厚板L方向上力学性能沿厚度层呈不均匀性,从表层到中心强度逐渐提高,而LT方向性能变化不明显;织构沿厚度方向分布不均匀,厚板中心主要是β纤维成分和部分的Goss织构;而表层除了少量变形织构,还存在再结晶织构;T/8厚度为大量的剪切织构;T/4厚度层是一个过渡层,同时存在少量再结晶织构、剪切织构和β纤维。同一厚度层不同方向的力学性能各向异性较为明显,强度和塑性的变化趋势一致：L>LT>ST。这种各向异性与晶粒结构和第二相粒子有关。     

不同冷轧路径下ZX21镁合金板材织构及力学性能调控机理

研究轧制路径对ZX21镁合金板材织构分布和屈服各向异性的影响。结果表明:单向轧制板材形变织构为双峰基面织构,退火后呈现出垂直于冷轧方向分布的非基面双峰的织构特征。再结晶织构的分布与晶粒的定向形核和选择性长大有关,多向轧制可弱化晶粒取向分布的方向性,其晶粒尺寸相比单向轧制有所减小,退火后形成均匀分布的圈状织构,大幅降低沿轧面各个方向拉伸时基面滑移的施密特因子差异,改善板面内的力学性能各向异性,提高板材的成型性。     

汽车用6061铝合金板轧制变形组织及力学性能分析

通过显微组织观察、拉伸性能测试、应力分布分析研究了6061铝合金板材在厚度上显微组织、织构及其力学性能的关系。结果表明:在板材厚度上形成不均匀组织,表层存在许多亚晶;在1/4层形成大尺寸再结晶晶粒;中心层晶粒数量显著增加。从板材的表层到中心层,屈服强度与抗拉强度先减小后增大,并且在1/4层位置达到最小。从心部到表层,轧制织构比例不断减小,剪切织构在1/4层最高,厚板中心层再结晶织构很低。第1道次轧制在5s时被咬入轧辊,此时每层都受到正剪切应力,同时1/4层受到的剪切应力高于表层;当轧制道次增加后,板材厚度降低,每层剪切应力都发生小幅变化。     

晶粒形貌及织构对AA 7055铝合金板材不同厚度层屈服强度的影响

研究了AA 7055铝合金板材不同厚度层屈服强度的演变规律,并采用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术对板材各厚度层进行了微观组织观察和织构组分测试.拉伸试验结果表明,AA 7055铝合金板材的屈服强度在板厚方向呈各向异性,从表面层到中心层屈服强度依次增加,并且在1/4厚度层的屈服强度值突然增大.EBSD结果表明,表面层附近晶粒呈近等轴状,中心层附近晶粒沿轧制方向拉长;此外,织构组分在中心附近以Brass、S、Copper为主,表面层附近则以Cube ND、Random取向为主.当合金沿板材轧制方向拉伸时,由于Brass、S、Copper是硬取向,它们提供较大的泰勒因子M值,从而使屈服强度增大;相反,Cube ND、Random是软取向,他们对屈服强度的贡献较小.另外,晶粒形貌也影响着屈服强度的各向异性.     

轧制组织特征对7B50-T7751铝合金厚板断裂韧性的影响

针对不同热轧工艺制备的7B50-T7751铝合金厚板,通过金相显微镜、EBSD等方法对合金的组织特征进行了表征与分析,并对比分析了不同热轧工艺制备的板材的室温拉伸性能和断裂韧性。结果表明,轧制过程使板材织构呈不均匀分布,板材1/4厚度位置主要是变形织构;1/2厚度位置主要是再结晶织构,织构强度较1/4厚度位置的弱。通过较少轧制道次、提高道次变形量、提高终轧温度可以使板材在热轧过程中充分回复,释放变形储能,在后续热处理后不同厚度位置均保留变形织构。变形织构可以有效提高合金的断裂韧性和拉伸性能,同时也增加了厚板的各向异性。     

5083铝合金轧制板材的各向异性研究

通过拉伸试验研究了5083铝合金轧制板材不同厚度层的面内各向异性。拉伸试验结果表明,板材最外层的三个力学性能参数(Rp0.2、Rm、ηs)的各向异性(即IPA值)较其他层的高,并且其他各层的各向异性指数接近。在这三个参数中,Rp0.2的IPA值相差最大,最外层的Rp0.2的IPA指数达24.04%。断口SEM观察表明,该合金轧制板材不同层不同方向的拉伸断口均为典型的韧窝状断口。Schmid因子分析表明,该合金板材不同厚度层面内各向异性的差异主要与织构有关,其中表层主要为(011)[211]织构,而其他厚度处的主要织构组分为(011)[100]。     

织构对铝-镁-钪合金板材平面各向异性的影响

采用室温拉伸、X-射线衍射技术(XRD)等方法研究了不同取向条件下铝-镁-钪合金冷轧-退火态板材的织构类型以及拉伸力学性能的各向异性.通过Schmid因子及其倒数的加权计算,初步探讨了织构对合金板材力学性能各向异性的影响.结果表明,经350℃×1h退火后,铝-镁-钪合金板材的织构组分主要为S织构{123}<634>和Brass织构{110}<112>等典型的形变织构;合金板材在纵向(0°方向)和横向(90°方向)的屈服强度较高,在45°拉伸方向的屈服强度较低,并且表现出反常的各向异性,而伸长率则在45°拉伸方向上最高.经分析可知,织构是影响合金板材平面各向异性的主要因素.     

TA32钛合金厚板的微观组织、织构与力学性能

采用OM、SEM、XRD和EBSD等手段测试表征了60 mm厚TA32钛合金宽幅厚板的显微组织、织构和力学性能。结果表明,TA32钛合金厚板厚度横截面由变形的片层α相和少量残留的β相组成,从表层到中心位置的RD-ND (R面)和TD-ND (T面)组织差异均不明显,但可观察到明显的轧制流线。板材中α相存在直条状和波浪状2种不同的形貌,这主要与它们的晶体取向有关。板材织构类型为典型的T型织构,从厚度横截面的表层到中心部位,显微组织中α相的c轴0001逐渐偏离板材TD方向,导致Schmidt因子逐渐增加,是导致从表层到中心位置的拉伸强度逐渐降低的主要原因之一;另外,晶内亚结构比例逐渐降低是导致拉伸强度逐渐降低的另一个重要因素。板材厚度横截面上相同位置的RD和TD方向拉伸性能差异不明显,但沿厚度方向(ND)的拉伸强度和塑性较低。在显微组织无明显差异的条件下,织构是影响TA32钛合金厚板不同位置拉伸强度的主要因素;经双重退火热处理后,显微组织形态差异是影响拉伸强度的主要因素。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。