Performance and failure mechanism of fire barriers in full-scale chair mock-ups

The effectiveness and the failure mechanism of fire barriers in a residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated by full-scale flaming tests on upholstered chair mock-ups. Six commercial fire barriers were tested in this study. Fire barriers were screened for the presence of elements that are typically used in fire retardants and the presence of commonly used fire retardants. For each fire barrier, triplicate flammability tests were run on chair mock-ups, where polyurethane foam and polyester fiber fill were used as the padding materials, and each chair component was fully wrapped with the fire barrier of choice and a polypropylene cover fabric. The ignition source was an 18 kW square propane burner, impinging on the top surface of the seat cushion for 80 seconds. Results showed all six fire barriers reduced the peak heat release rate (as much as ≈64%) and delayed its occurrence (up to ≈19 minutes) as compared to the control chair mock-ups. The heat release rate remained at a relatively low plateau level until liquid products (generated by either melting or pyrolysis of the padding material) percolated through the fire barrier at the bottom of the seat cushion and ignited, while the fire barrier was presumably intact. The flaming liquid products dripped and quickly formed a pool fire under the chair, and the peak heat release rate occurred shortly thereafter. Ultimately, the ignition of the percolating liquid products at the bottom of the seat cushion was identified as the mechanism triggering the failure of the fire barrier.     

Effects of ageing on the fire behaviour of flame‐retarded polymers: a review

The influence of environmental ageing on the reaction to fire of flame‐retarded polymers is reviewed. Six types of stimuli have been identified as the most relevant parameters inducing fire behaviour modification: temperature, moisture, UV radiation, ionizing radiation, chemical solvent and physical stress. This review provides a state of the art and current comprehension of the effects of ageing on flame retardancy of polymers. Various physical and chemical phenomena lead to ageing and deterioration (or sometimes improvement) of the flame retardancy of polymers: release of additives (not only flame retardants) through thermal migration, solubilization, abrasion, etc., chemical degradation of the flame‐retardant system, and chemical or physical modification of the polymer structure (chain scission, crosslinking, diffusion of water, etc.). Obviously, ageing effects strongly depend on the material and the ageing scenario considered. Solutions to maintain flame‐retardant efficiency in aggressive conditions are also presented. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

印制板粘胶剂阻燃性的研究进展

阻燃剂是用以提高材料抗燃性,即阻止材料被引燃及抑制火焰传播的助剂.阻燃剂主要用于阻燃合成和天然高分子材料.含有阻燃剂的材料可防止引发火灾和抑制小火发展成灾难性的大火,即能减少火灾危险,但不能消除火灾危险.近几年,印制板粘胶剂发展迅速,对其的功能要求有提高,尤其足其中的阻燃性能要求严格.文章综述了几种主要的阻燃元索种类,...     

无卤阻燃ABS树脂最新研究进展

综述了近年来无卤阻燃丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)的最新研究进展,比较了无机、有机磷酸酯、环磷腈类、含Si化合物类及反应共聚型阻燃剂阻燃ABS的阻燃效果。使用复配阻燃剂可以发挥不同组分之间的协同作用,获得更好的阻燃效果,而使用无机纳米阻燃剂可以同时提高阻燃体系的力学性能、热性能、燃烧性能等,获得综合性能优良的复合材料。因此,将无机纳米阻燃剂同常规阻燃剂复配使用,是无卤阻燃ABS的重要研究途径。     

阻燃改性PA66研究进展

简述了对尼龙66(PA66)进行阻燃的基本途径,详细阐述了适用于PA66的各类阻燃体系,如卤系阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂及无机填料型阻燃剂等对PA66的阻燃效果及研究现状,并展望了阻燃PA66的发展趋势。指出无卤阻燃剂和环境友好型阻燃剂是未来阻燃PA66的重点发展方向,通过包覆、微胶囊化、母粒化等技术手段开发高效阻燃剂以及阻燃剂复配技术的应用也是今后的研究重点。     

三聚氰胺系阻燃剂在尼龙中的应用

介绍了三聚氰胺系阻燃剂的阻燃机理、协同作用、特点，及其在尼龙中的应用；提出了该类阻燃剂的发展趋势。当三聚氰胺系阻燃剂的添加量为尼龙的10％～30％（质量分数）时，材料的阻燃性能达到UL-94V-0级。     

Flame‐retarding mechanism of organically modified montmorillonite and phosphorous‐Nitrogen flame retardants for the preparation of a halogen‐free,flame‐retarding thermoplastic poly(ester ether) elastomer

In this study, thermoplastic poly(ester ether) elastomer (TPEE) nanocomposites with phosphorus–nitrogen (P–N) flame retardants and montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared by melt blending. The fire resistance of the nanocomposites was analyzed by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL 94) tests. The results show that the addition of the P–N flame retardants increased the LOI of the material from 17.3 to 27%. However, TPEE containing P–N flame retardants only obtained a UL 94 V‐2 ranking; this resulted in a flame dripping phenomenon. On the other hand, TPEE containing the P–N flame retardant and organically modified montmorillonite (o‐MMT) achieved better thermal stability and good flame retardancy; this was ascribed to its partially intercalated structure. The synergistic effect and synergism were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The introduction of o‐MMT decreased the inhibition action of the P–N flame retardant and increased the amount of residues. The catalytic decomposition effect of MMT and the barrier effect of the layer silicates are discussed in this article. The residues after heating in the muffle furnace were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that the intercalated layer silicate structure facilitated the crosslinking interaction and promoted the formation of additional carbonaceous char residues in the formation of the compact, dense, folded‐structure surface char. The combination of the P–N flame retardant and o‐MMT in TPEE resulted in a better thermal stability and fire resistance because of the synergistic effect of the mixture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41094.     

Flame‐retardant,glass‐fabric‐reinforced epoxy resin laminates fabricated through a gradient distribution mode

In general, epoxy resin (EP) glue mixed with a high content of flame retardants is used to coat glass fabrics layer by layer to prepare fire‐retardant printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, the addition of the flame retardants not only increases the cost but also greatly deteriorates the processability and mechanical properties of the PCBs. In this study, a gradient distribution mode of composite flame retardants was designed and applied in EP‐based PCB composites. Unlike the traditional uniform distribution mode, in which flame retardants are evenly distributed in every resin layer, the gradient mode concentrates a higher content of the flame retardants on the surface layer, and the concentrations are gradually reduced along the thickness. In this way, the surface resin can quickly form a condensed charring barrier to hold back fire; this effectively protects the underlying resin, which has lower contents of flame retardant. The results of this study show that PCB prepared by the gradient mode obtained satisfactory flame retardance (a UL94 V‐0 rating) with only a 3.5 wt % total amount of flame retardant; this value was much lower than that (6.3 wt %) of composites featuring a uniform distribution. Additionally, the gradient mode also maintained the mechanical properties of PCB better. The tensile, impact, and flexural strengths of the gradient distribution system were obviously higher than those of the uniform distribution one with the same content of flame retardant. On the basis of the mode, a more economic and efficient technology was developed to manufacture flame‐retardant layered PCB. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44369.     

An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application,technology, and future directions

Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of laundering on military uniform fabric flammability

In this paper, the effects of laundering on the flammability of a military uniform fabric were studied. The flame retardant was incorporated into the fiber prior to fiber spinning, and its ability to maintain flame spread and flame retardancy was evaluated by multiple test methods. Vertical flame spread, cone calorimeter, and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry were used to determine how many of the flame retardants were removed as a function of wash cycles and if there was any measurable reduction in heat release/fire safety performance that correlated with a loss in flame retardant from washing. Fire testing showed that flame spread performance was maintained within the normal error for the measurement and heat release testing showed very little difference between samples as a function of laundering. Additional analysis via pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that while the flame retardant levels did decrease with washing, enough of the material remained embedded in the fibers so that fire performance could be maintained. The results do indicate that the flame retardant can be washed off, but because of the flame retardant being deeply embedded in the fiber, enough will remain with the fabric after 25 washes to maintain flame retardant performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚氨酯材料阻燃技术研究进展

随着聚氨酯材料的广泛应用,其阻燃技术也越来越受到关注。文章介绍了关于阻燃剂的阻燃机理,包括稀释、覆盖、冷却、化学反应和增强效应等五类。同时,阐述了3种聚氨酯阻燃技术（添加型阻燃、反应型阻燃、提高本子本身的阻燃性）的优缺点以及聚氨酯材料阻燃今后的发展方向,高效低毒无尘或少尘的阻燃技术是聚氨酯行业的必然选择。     

The dynamic flammability and toxicity of magnesium hydroxide filled intumescent fire retardant polypropylene

The flammability properties of an intumescent fire retardant polypropylene added with magnesium hydroxide was discussed in this study. To evaluate the flammability of the material, limit oxygen index, smoke emission, tensile strength, and our exploitation dynamic flammability evaluation system, tests were assessed in experiments. The results showed that the intumescent flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate-filled polypropylene has superior flammability properties but higher carbon oxide (CO) concentration and smoke density. By adding some magnesium hydroxide additives in intumescent fire retarded polypropylene, the smoke density and CO concentration decrease; and the compound also has superior fire properties. It is concluded that intumescent system and magnesium hydroxide additives are effective on improving combustion properties for polypropylene. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:989–995, 1998     

Post-polymerization functionalization to a novel phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing polyether coating for flame retardant treatment of PET fabric

Concerns about the rising trend of stringent fire safety regulations and demands for reduction in the fire hazard call for a careful evaluation of the environmental impact of flame retardant materials choices. With the worldwide bans and restrictions in the use of traditional halogen-based fire retardant systems, phosphorus/nitrogen synergistic flame retardants became evident. We report here a novel phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing polyether (PN-PEO) prepared by post-polymerization functionalization. The resultant polyethers (PN-PEO) were subsequently coated onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics by a simple solution-dipping method to exploit a highly efficient fire retardant. It was found that the loadings of 17.8% PN-PEO had a strong barrier effect in the char layer of the PN-POE-coated PET fabrics after exposed to the torch flame, and resulted in complete suppression of PET fabrics ignition on radiant heat exposure. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47299.     

硅系阻燃剂研究进展

从添加型硅系阻燃剂、含硅本质阻燃高聚物、聚合物／层状硅酸盐纳米复合阻燃材料等方面，阐述了硅系阻燃剂近几年的发展情况；介绍了有机硅系阻燃剂、无机硅系阻燃剂；评述了硅系阻燃剂具有高效、低毒、抑烟和促进成炭等优点；综述了含硅基团共聚物、含硅接枝共聚物及聚合物／层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料的结构和阻燃性能。     

无卤阻燃剂合成及应用研究进展

从绿色环保的角度出发,对比了含卤阻燃剂对环境的危害和无卤绿色阻燃剂的低毒、低烟和高效阻燃的特点,介绍了磷系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂、无机金属阻燃剂以及生物基阻燃剂的合成方法及其在相关高分子材料中的应用研究进展。分析表明,磷氮等复配阻燃剂和合成新型的P,N,Si等多元素一体的阻燃剂,不仅阻燃效果好,对基体材料的其它性能影响也小。尤其是生物基阻燃剂,满足对绿色环保和可持续发展的需求,将成为未来阻燃剂开发的热点。     

某些满足特殊应用要求的环保型阻燃剂

综述了几种环保型、高性能阻燃剂(以次膦酸盐为基的工程塑料用无卤阻燃剂、电子层压线路板用无卤反应型阻燃剂、软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用低雾值无卤阻燃剂及工程塑料用溴代苯乙烯共聚物)的独特性能及应用范畴，预期它们在一些高新技术领域具有应用前景。     

硅系阻燃剂研究进展

综述了近年来有关硅系阻燃剂的结构与性能以及阻燃改性等方面的研究进展。介绍了无机硅系阻燃剂 (包括聚合物/层状硅酸盐以及聚合物/二氧化硅纳米复合材料)的热稳定性和阻燃性能。侧重论述了有机硅系阻燃剂(包括本质阻燃聚合物、笼状倍半硅氧烷及其改性聚合物)的热稳定性、阻燃性能和阻燃机理。     

溴系阻燃剂对阻燃HIPS耐候性能的影响

通过不同类型溴系阻燃剂与Sb2O3复配制备阻燃HIPS,考察不同类型溴系阻燃剂对阻燃HIPS耐紫外光老化性能影响,结果表明不同类型溴系阻燃对阻燃HIPS的影响有很大差异(300h氙灯老化的不同类型溴系阻燃HIPS色差值从3.5到56.8),通过分析不同溴系阻燃剂对阻燃HIPS耐候性能的影响,发现阻燃剂结构的稳定性是影响耐候性的主要因素,相同结构下随着溴含量增加,耐候性降低。     

尼龙-66的无卤阻燃研究与进展

尼龙-66属易燃的工程材料,为拓宽其应用领域,需对其进行阻燃处理。笔者综述了近几年尼龙-66常用无卤阻燃剂的种类及其阻燃机理。     

Synthesis of phosphorus-containing flame retardants and investigation of their flame retardant behavior in textile applications

Flame retardants are a growing area of research interest. Nonhalogenated, durable, and nonleachable flame retardants are one of the main strategies used in the research of flame retardant polymers. In this regard, the covalent attachment of phosphorus-containing flame retardants onto cotton fabric has been developed. Two types of reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardants (MKT-1 and MKT-2) have been synthesized and used as a surface coating for cotton fabric. MKT-1 possesses anhydride and acid functionalities that can react with the  OH functionalities in cellulose. In addition, MKT-2 has both acid and organosilicon groups that can also react with the hydroxy group present in cellulose. The structures of the reactive flame retardants (MKT-1 and MKT-2) were characterized using ¹³C and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the coated and uncoated cotton fabrics were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Surface characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A standard test method used to evaluate the flammability of blankets (BS 5852) was also applied to characterize the fire retardant properties of the coated and uncoated cotton fabrics studied. Different loadings of MKT-1 and MKT-2 on the fabric (10, 20, and 30% by weight in dimethylformamide solution) were applied in the dip coating process. The cotton fabric coated with 30% MKT-2 does not burn after being subjected to a propane burner for 20 s and also produced the highest char yield (36%) at 500 °C. Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry showed that MKT-1 contains 8.23 ± 0.33 P% whereas MKT-2 contains 3.88 ± 0.15 P%. Although MKT-1 possess a higher P content than MKT-2, the additive effect caused by the organosilicon and nitrogen groups present in MK-2 enhance its flame retardant properties. Furthermore, the covalently attached flame retardant materials are durable and do not hydrolyze during washing. The mechanical properties of coated fabrics were characterized by a tensile test and significant change in elongation at break was observed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47935.