寒冷地区农村住宅建筑节能分析

寒冷地区农村住宅建筑具有体量大、分布散的特点,且节能处于较低水平。基于建筑能耗分析软件De ST建立了农村住宅建筑模型,从提升围护结构热工性能和改变其建筑结构方面对建筑模型进行优化,将模拟输出的房间自然室温和热负荷作为节能指标并进行数据分析,同时论证了建筑气密性和可再生能源应用对农村住宅建筑节能优化的重要性,并给出了相关建议。     

严寒地区农村住宅围护结构保温改造分析

严寒地区多数农村住宅建筑围护结构热损失严重,造成其采暖能耗增加,强化建筑围护结构的保温性是提高建筑采暖效率的方式之一。以位于严寒地区的安达市某传统农宅为研究对象,采用EnergyPlus对该住宅围护结构的保温性能进行研究,并分析了建筑能耗情况,获得了建筑墙体、玻璃、屋顶等围护结构部位采用保温后的节能效率。研究结果表明：安达地区节能效率较好的墙体和屋顶保温材料为XPS保温板、玻璃窗结构形式为6mm+12mm+6mmLow-E低辐射玻璃;传统农宅采用建筑保温材料后,其节能率可达72.0%,从而降低了农村住宅采暖能耗,并可维持室内良好的热环境。     

河南地区村镇住宅屋面保温隔热性能浅析

屋面作为建筑外围护结构保温隔热体系的一个重要组成部分,其保温隔热性能直接影响到建筑保温隔热性能及其能耗。本文根据国家"十一五"科技支撑计划项目"村镇建筑节能及改善室内热环境关键技术研究"中对河南地区村镇建筑围护结构的调查结果,归纳总结了不同时期、不同材料、不同构造做法的村镇建筑的屋面形式的保温隔热性能,依据试验数据对比得出不同材料及构造做法的保温隔热性能的优劣,从农村建筑的经济、技术、材料、节能意义等方面分析了屋面保温隔热技术在我国广大农村推广实施的重要性和必要性,并对建筑材料的发展方向和趋势提出了建议和意见。     

既有建筑外围护结构节能改造技术分析

阐述大量的既有建筑普遍存在高能耗的现象,围护结构与室外环境直接接触,其热工性能的优劣直接影响建筑能耗。对既有建筑围护结构的改造技术进行分析,设计既有建筑进行节能改造的技术方案。     

夏热冬冷地区农村住宅节能改造措施研究

为了改善地区住宅建筑能耗水平,通过围护结构在建筑节能方面改造,针对我国夏热冬冷地区农村住宅能耗的特点,对屋顶、门窗、地面和外墙等提出了节能改造方案,提高了室内外住宅建筑冷热环境和舒适度,创建了具有农村特色的住宅节能改造技术体系,为农村住宅节能改造方面的研究提供理论依据。     

武汉地区超低能耗公共建筑围护结构热工优化设计研究

建筑围护结构热工性能对建筑能耗的影响在不同气候区差异较大,为探究武汉地区超低能耗公共建筑围护结构热工最优设计,以武汉某办公建筑为基础,采用eQuest能耗模拟软件建立分析模型,分析建筑屋面、外墙和外窗热工性能改变对建筑供暖空调能耗的影响,并结合经济性分析给出热工最优设计.     

新型农村住宅夏季节能效果分析

针对当前农村住宅围护结构热工性能较差的问题,提出了在农村住宅围护结构中采用双保温空心苯板模块墙体结构。对新型农村住宅和普通农村住宅进行了实际测试,并用DeST-h进行模拟分析,探讨室内热环境的改善与节能效果。结果表明,新型农村住宅室内热环境状况得到明显改善,室内空气温度在垂直和水平方向均明显降低,节能率最高可达65.92%。     

高寒地区铁路站房供热节能潜力研究——以林芝站为例

通过对高寒地区铁路站房进行动态能耗模拟,根据模拟结果对建筑进行节能潜力分析。在保证室内舒适度的前提下,优化建筑的热工性能,以降低能耗,从而对该线路其他铁路站房提供参考。     

火墙式火炕的热工性能及供热能力

火墙式火炕具有供热能力强、即热性好、升温速度快、操作灵活方便等特点。采用实验测试的方法,对火墙式火炕的热舒适性、升温速度和散热效率等热工性能进行了评价,并分析了火墙式火炕的供热能力,为其在北方农村建筑中的推广应用提供了基础数据。     

保温材料保温能力对预制装配式建筑节能性的影响分析

北方大多数建筑采用外保温形式来提高墙体保温性能和降低建筑能耗,而保温材料随着建筑使用时间增长,材料本身的性质会受到外部气候环境、墙体内部热湿和空气耦合传递作用的影响,使得材料导热性能增加、保温作用失效,进而导致建筑能耗增加。考虑到预制装配式建筑具有"四节一环保"的特点,通过数值模拟计算采用外保温建筑在建筑寿命期内随着保温材料性能衰减,得出不同时间普通标准建筑与预制装配式建筑的建筑能耗,以此分析预制装配式建筑节能效果和保温材料的保温能力衰减对预制装配式建筑节能性的影响。同时采用实测方法对实际建筑围护结构外表面温度进行现场测试,并分析围护结构存在的热工缺陷,发现装配式住宅建筑的围护结构存在的缺陷较少。     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

10月份煤炭市场供需形势综述

通过对我国10月份煤炭产量的分析,表明我国煤炭市场需求增势强劲,价格呈现了持续攀升的良好势头,同时指出受市场供需及其他因素的影响,近期煤炭价格还会上涨,煤炭供应和销售问题仍应引起有关方面重视。     

高压变频器在炼铁厂节能改造中的应用

叙述了高压变频器系统的功能与节能效益,指出高压变频器应用于除尘系统的技术改造可提高设备的自动控制水平,还能达到节能降耗的目的。     

Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China

China is a big agricultural country and one of the most abundant straw resources in the world, producing more than 620 million tons of straw in 2002, and representing about 33–45% of energy consumption for livelihood in rural areas. Utilization of straw as energy with high efficiency and rationality not only meets the demands for energy as the economy grows, but also provide a basis for environmental protection and sustainable development of society in China. This paper reviews the present utilized technologies of straw in biomass energy, including improved stove, biogas, straw gasification and straw briquette, which are already commercialized and popularized in China. Other technologies, such as liquefaction, straw carbonization and bio-coal, are also presented. Based on the technology status and potential, the future research and development of straw in the biomass energy portfolio in China are proposed.     

Condensation of vapor in the presence of non-condensable gas in condensers

This paper presents a set of differential and algebraic equations that model heat and mass transfer in condensers in which a mixture of water vapor and non-condensable gas is cooled. The model has been used to predict the condensation rate, the bulk temperatures of the coolant and the gas–vapor mixture, and the surface temperatures of the condenser wall. The predicted results for counter flow tube condensers are compared with three sets of published experimental data for system in which air is the non-condensable gas. It is found that the predicted condensation rates and coolant bulk temperatures agree very well with all the three sets of experimental data, the predicted wall temperatures agree reasonably well with the experimental results, and the agreement between the predictions and the experimental results on the bulk temperature of the air–vapor mixture is excellent for one set of the experimental data, reasonable for the second set of experimental data, but poor for the third set of experimental data. It is suggested that the poor agreement between the predicted and measured bulk temperatures of the mixture for the third set of experimental data arises from the experimental errors. The results from this study show that when modeling vapor condensation in the presence of a non-condensable gas, a simple model for the mixture channel alone may not be sufficient since neither the temperature nor the heat flux at the wall can be assumed to be constant. The results also show that the wall temperature in the coolant channel can be quite high, and careful modeling of the heat transfer in the coolant channel is needed in order to achieve good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results.     

Thermophoresis of particles in aqueous solution in micro-channel

A theoretical analysis of micro motion of particles under the action of thermophoresis in aqueous electrolyte solution is presented in this paper. A two-dimensional, incompressible and laminar fluid flow model is proposed to simulate the fluid flow and particle motion trajectory in micro-channel. The effects of thermophoretic force and viscous force on the particle are calculated. The particle trajectories considering the effects of particle size, inlet flow velocity and temperature difference between bottom side and top side in micro-channel with a length of 2000 μm and a height of 500 μm are simulated. The effect of thermophoresis on separation motion of particles in micro-channel is analyzed. The results show that thermophoretic force increases with the increase of temperature gradient in micro-channel and particles with smaller diameter, smaller density and smaller gravity acceleration can pass the micro-channel more easily.     

Energy economics of cooking in households in Nepal

This paper focuses on the economic analysis of energy consumed for cooking in urban households in Nepal. In this paper, annual energy requirements, energy efficiency, various combinations of fuels, stoves and utensils used for cooking and their corresponding costs have been examined through lab experiments and surveys. The estimate of system efficiencies for household cooking is one of the major contributions of this paper. The paper also discusses costs of energy use and compares various energy alternatives for cooking. It is believed that the analysis presented here will be helpful to the policy planners to devise better energy options for households.     

EMD在柴油机燃烧不良诊断中的应用

介绍了经验模态分解(EMD)方法的基本原理和实现过程,并应用该方法对柴油机气缸盖上面采集到的非线性非稳态复杂信号进行了分解,获得了线性稳态的本征模函数(IMF)信号。每个本征模函数信号包含了比较单一的故障特征,对其进行功率谱密度分析最终找到了产生剧烈振动的激振源激振频率。分析、判断激振的频率可以知道产生剧烈振动的最终原因为燃烧不良。现场拆装发动机缸盖部分发现喷油孔严重烧损,验证了结论的正确性。     

FHDO技术在混合二甲苯脱烯烃中的工业应用

催化重整生成油中富含芳烃和少量烯烃,要想生产合格的芳烃产品,必须脱除其中的烯烃。目前,广泛采用的脱除烯烃的方法是白土吸附和加氢精制工艺。抚顺石油化工研究院开发的FHDO技术,在成功应用于重整生成油苯、BTX等馏分脱烯烃基础上,首次在安庆石化1.0Mt/a催化重整装置混合二甲苯精制单元实现工业化应用。FHDO技术在较低反应温度(120~170℃)、反应压力(1.0~1.8MPa)、反应空速2~4h-1和氢油比(200~500∶1)下,生产出符合GB/T3407—2010的混合二甲苯产品。运行结果表明,HDO-18催化剂具有良好的活性和选择性,适用于催化重整生成油混合二甲苯馏分选择性加氢脱烯烃,FHDO技术可以有效替代常规的白土吸附和加氢精制工艺,从而彻底解决了常规混合二甲苯脱烯烃工艺中白土使用寿命短、需要频繁更换和废弃白土污染环境问题,以及加氢精制工艺在深度加氢脱烯烃过程中,带来的芳烃损失偏高等问题。FHDO技术的成功应用,填补了国内在催化重整生成油混合二甲苯馏分选择性加氢领域的空白,也是今后芳烃脱烯烃工艺的发展趋势。