面向多功能非贵金属电催化剂的构筑和微尺度解析

相对于贵金属电催化剂制作成本高、地球储量稀少、电化学稳定性低等缺点,制备廉价、能量转换效率高、使用寿命长、环境友好的非贵金属电催化剂是推动能源存储和转换技术快速发展的重要途径.根据电催化过程中电催化析氢反应(Hydrogen Evolution Reaction,HER)、电催化析氧反应(Oxygen Evolution Reaction,OER)及氧还原反应(Oxygen Reduction Reaction,ORR)这三个重要反应类型,概述了水裂解和燃料电池的电化学反应机制,同时归纳了单功能电催化剂、双功能电催化剂、多功能电催化剂及其他电化学材料的设计与制备方法、相互关系和各自功能特点.借助先进的电子显微技术,如扫描电子显微镜、原子力扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪、电子能量损失谱仪等对其微观结构进行表征,重点对其表面形貌、结构、内部成分、元素分布等相关信息进行解析.从提供更丰富的缺陷空位、潜在活性位点、优化界面相互作用、增大电化学比表面积、形成协同效应等方面,分析其在降低成本的同时,提高电催化剂的电导率、增强稳定性的相关机理,以期为非贵金属电催化剂的研究和推广应用提供新策略.     

《评价材料的高分辨电子显微方法》

材料的性能取决于其组织结构，尤其取决于材料的显微结构。因此，直接观察和研究材料显微结构对于新材料的研制和开发、材料性能的改进以及材料可靠性的评价是十分重要的。 此书是一本关于高分辨电子显微方法原理、实验技术、在材料中的应用以及相关边缘技术的书。书中介绍了高分辨电子显微方应关系，给出了像计算的具体步骤；叙述了高分辨电子显微像的种类及其具体的拍摄方法；强调了获得最佳拍摄条件的重要性，讨论了最佳条件拍摄的注意事项以及试样厚度与聚焦量差等对像衬度的影响。书中用较大篇幅介绍了该方法在材料评价中的应用。叙述…     

电子显微术在原位金属基复合材料界面研究中的应用

原位金属基复合材料的增强颗粒是在基体中原位生成,因而增强颗粒和基体间不存在界面反应,两者间为直接的原子结合.界面对原位金属基复合材料的性能有着重要的影响.本文综述了扫描电子显微镜、普通透射电子显微镜、高分辨电子显微镜和电子能量损伤谱仪等现代电子显微技术在原位金属基复合材料界面研究中的应用及部分研究结果.利用现代电子显微技术和先进的实验方法在原子尺度上对界面的精细结构、结合方式、界面缺陷、界面稳定性及其影响因素等进行研究,从而在较深的层次上认识原位金属基复合材料的界面,对在该领域做进一步研究探讨起到促进作用.     

AZ31合金用于镁二次电池负极材料的电化学性能

采用扣式电池循环伏安测试(CV)、充放电测试和扫描电子显微(SEM)技术,研究AZ31合金与工业纯镁(99.95%)作为镁二次电池负极材料时的电化学性能和镁在电极表面的沉积形貌。结果表明:作为镁二次电池的负极材料,AZ31合金与工业纯镁相比,其镁的溶解-沉积的过电位稍高,初始循环过程的库仑效率略低,但长期循环的库仑效率稳定,并能有效抑制枝晶镁的形成,且其长期循环性能优于工业纯镁的。     

乙醇洗涤对LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2正极材料性能的影响（英文）

采用乙醇溶剂对不同LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2正极材料进行洗涤。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微术(SEM)、充放电测试和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对样品的元素含量、结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征。结果表明,乙醇洗涤能够有效去除新制备的LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2表面残留的LiOH/Li_2O杂质,不会破坏材料的本体结构、表面形貌和电化学性能,使得材料具有更好的耐H_2O和CO_2腐蚀性。并且,使用乙醇立即对新制备的材料进行洗涤,再置于相对湿度80%的空气中储存3个月后,其放电比容量和循环性能相对于未洗涤样品得到大幅提升。     

六钛酸钾纳米线的结构分析

采用X射线粉末衍射Rietveld精修方法和高分辨电子显微方法分析了六钛酸钾纳米线的品体结构。X射线精修结果表明纳米线的晶体结构与六钛酸钾晶须结构相同。高分辨电子显微像模拟计算所得的像与高分辨像匹配良好，且与X射线结构精修所得结构模型相符。纳米线的生长方向平行于K2Ti6O13结构的[010]方向。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMnO_2的表面修饰及电化学性能

运用热处理技术分别制备B2O3、CuO和FePO4包覆的LiMnO2锂离子电池正极材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对材料的晶体结构和表观形貌进行分析,通过恒电流充放电以及电化学阻抗技术(EIS)分析其电化学性能。结果表明:包覆后材料的电化学阻抗与Warburge阻抗值有所增大,但包覆能有效抑制正极材料LiMnO2在电化学过程中锰的溶解,改善和提高材料的充放电循环性能和结构的稳定性。     

9% Cr耐热铸钢热处理过程中的组织观察

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对新型9wt%Cr耐热铸钢热处理过程中的微观组织进行了观察,揭示了不同回火工艺下钢中第二相的析出规律。利用高分辨透射电子显微分析(HREM)技术观察析出相的形貌并解析了其与基体的晶体取向关系。     

硫酸盐还原菌对 HSn70-1A铜合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

用电化学、微生物学和表面分析方法研究了培养基中硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB) 对HSn70-1A 铜合金的电化学腐蚀行为,探讨了硫酸盐还原菌生物膜下介质的流动状态及材料表面状态对铜合金腐蚀的影响.结果表明,SRB的存在使电极自腐蚀电位快速负移,腐蚀速率显著增加,细菌生长后期极化电阻显著降低.扫描电子显微分析(SEM) 表明,在 SRB 作用下铜合金发生严重点蚀.介质的流动状态对细菌的附着、生长具有一定的影响,加剧了腐蚀的形成和发展.铜合金在2-巯基苯并噻唑 (MBT) 与1,2,3-苯并三氮唑 (BTA) 复配缓蚀剂中预镀膜后,耐SRB侵蚀性显著提高.     

纯镁和Mg-14Li合金耐蚀性与表面膜的对比（英文）

采用析氢实验、失重实验、电化学实验、原位电化学拉曼光谱实验以及显微组织观察(光学与扫描电子显微镜)等实验方法,对比研究密排六方结构(HCP)的纯镁和体心立方结构(BCC)的二元Mg-14Li合金(质量分数,%)在0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为与表面膜结构。实验结果表明:纯镁的耐蚀性优于Mg-14Li合金的,并且两种材料表面膜的保护功能均随着浸泡时间(16h内)的延长而提高。通过扫描电子显微形貌分析,发现不同于纯镁表面形成的较薄且呈片状的Mg(OH)_2膜层,Mg-14Li合金表面形成较厚且呈交织针状含有Li_2CO_3的膜层;然而,两种材料的表面膜均在高的阳极过电位下发生破损。因此,两种材料的不同腐蚀抗性可归功于在其表面形成不同的保护膜。     

先进的电子断层扫描技术在材料科学中的发展——基于透射电子显微镜和扫描透射电子显微镜(英文)

介绍了基于透射电子显微镜和扫描透射电子显微镜的电子断层扫描技术在材料科学领域的最新进展。详细地描述各种电子断层扫描的类型:基于透射电子显微镜的断层扫描技术包括明场断层扫描、暗场断层扫描、弱束暗场断层扫描、环形暗场断层扫描和能量过滤断层扫描;基于扫描透射电子显微镜的断层扫描技术包括高角环形暗场断层扫描、环形暗场断层扫描,非共格明场断层扫描、电子能量损失谱断层扫描和X射线能谱断层扫描。报道了优化的倾转系列,比如双轴倾转、同轴倾转、锥形倾转以及等斜率倾转等。总结了先进的重构算法包括离散迭代重构技术、压缩传感算法以及等斜率算法。最后,提出了电子断层扫描技术在材料科学中的发展趋势。     

Microstructure and properties of low friction TiC---C nanocomposite coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering

The objective of nanocomposite coatings combining hard and lubricant phases is the development of advanced multi-functional protective thin films showing abrasion resistance, and simultaneously, low friction. Up to now, no clear relation between constitution, microstructural properties and performance of such nanocomposite coatings based on dry lubricants like carbon or MoS₂ has been evaluated. Deposition techniques, constitution, properties and performance of magnetron-sputtered nanocomposite coatings in the TiC---C system are presented. The Vickers hardness could be optimized to values of polycrystalline TiC thin films, and at the same time, low friction coefficients against steel, similar to diamond-like amorphous carbon, could be realized. The mechanical properties and the tribological behavior of these thin films are related to the chemical composition and the microstructure of these advanced materials, characterized by electron microprobe analysis, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy.     

Boundaries and interfaces in ultrafine grain composites

The present study was motivated by two questions. First, what are the characteristics of grain and phase boundaries in a nanostructured material containing multiple phases? Second, what is the influence of these interfaces on mechanical behavior? Accordingly, a three-constituent Al 5083/B₄C ultrafine grain (UFG) composite, consisting of a coarse grain (CG) phase (1–2 μm), an UFG phase (100–200 nm) and B₄C particles (∼0.7 μm), was selected for study. Interest in this particular Al 5083/B₄C system stems from its hierarchical architecture, which comprises multiple scales, as well as from a reported yield strength of 1145 MPa. The associated grain boundaries (GB) and interfaces were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy methods. The role of high/low-angle GB, equilibrium and non-equilibrium GB within and between the CG and UFG regions, twin boundaries, twist transition boundaries and impurity segregation at GB in strengthening mechanisms is discussed.     

Corrosion Resistance and Electrochemical Behaviour of Amorphous Ni84.9Cr7.4Si4.2Fe3.5 Alloy in Alkaline and Acidic Solutions

In this work, the corrosion behaviours of the amorphous Ni_84.9Cr_7.4Si_4.2Fe_3.5 alloy and its crystalline counterpart are studied in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization tests. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning Kelvin probe are employed to characterize the alloy surface. The results show that the amorphous Ni_84.9Cr_7.4Si_4.2Fe_3.5 alloy presents a better corrosion resistance compared to its crystalline counterpart, which is attributed to the uniform energy distribution of the atoms on the amorphous alloy surface, and this presents as a uniform electric potential map to effectively suppress the occurrence of the corrosion cell reaction.     

Surface modification of polymer fibre by the new atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet

A new cold plasma jet has been developed for surface modification of materials at atmospheric pressure. This new cold plasma jet generator is composed of two concentric cylindrical all-metal tube electrodes. The argon is fed into the inner-grounded electrode, the outer electrode is connected to the high-voltage power supply and covered with a layer of dielectric, and then a stable cold plasma jet is formed and blown out into air. The plasma gas temperature is only 25–30 °C. Preliminary results are presented on the modification of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres by this cold plasma jet. The water contact angle of these materials is found to decrease after plasma treatment and it will recover a little in two months. The chemical changes on the surface of polymers are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to study the changes in surface feature of polymers due to plasma treatment. The hydrophilicity and surface structure of these materials after plasma treatment are discussed. The results show that such a plasma jet is effective.     

Electrocatalytic behaviour of NiBi coatings for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline medium

The nickel-bismuth binary coatings with various chemical compositions were galvanostatically deposited on the copper electrode in view of their possible applications as electrocatalytic materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution. The HER activity of coatings was tested with the help of potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The electrochemical characterization was achieved by the means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The surface morphology and surface composition of coatings were determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The potentiodynamic measurements show that, the binary coatings decrease the hydrogen over potential and increase the current density values for HER. The EIS analysis confirms, the charge transfer resistances decrease and the double layer capacitance values increase for binary coatings. The EDX results in sign that the composition of binary coating changes by using coating bath. The Cu/NiBi-2 coating (Ni²⁺/Bi³⁺ is 99.71:0.29 molar ratio) is the best suitable cathode composition for the HER in alkaline media under these experimental conditions.     

Electrochemical behaviour and structure of rust formed on Si- and Al-bearing steel after atmospheric exposure

The corrosion resistance of Si- and Al-bearing steel was estimated by atmospheric exposure test, and the structure of the rust was examined by EPMA (electroprobe X-ray microanalysis) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analysis. Moreover, the electrochemical behaviour of rust was investigated by EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).The Si- and Al-bearing steel exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in the exposure test as compared with carbon steel (SM). EPMA and TEM analysis showed that Si and Al mainly existed in nanoscale iron complex oxides in the inner rust formed on this steel. The Al K spectrum of the rust exhibited a peak that was the same as that of Al₂O₃ in the EPMA and TEM-EELS (electron energy loss spectroscopy) analysis. This result suggests that Al was present in the complex oxides as Al³⁺. In the same way, Si was identified as being in an intermediate state in the complex oxides of the inner rust.EIS measurement of the exposure test samples revealed much higher rust resistance (R_rust) and corrosion reaction resistance (R_t) of Si- and Al-bearing steel compared to that of SM. Finally, it was found that nanoscale complex iron oxides formed in the inner rust of Si- and Al-bearing steel, resulting in increased R_rust and R_t, and corrosion suppression.     

The effect of solution temperature and pH on corrosion performance and morphology of nanoceramic‐based conversion thin film

In the present study, a nanoceramic hexafluorozirconic acid was used as an eco‐friendly conversion coating, which is free of the conventional phosphate salts. The effect of practical parameters on morphology and corrosion resistance of the coating was studied. Anti‐corrosion behavior of the nanoceramic‐based conversion coating on cold rolled steel substrates was evaluated at different solution pH and temperatures, utilizing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and direct current polarization. Moreover, the morphology of thin films was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The results revealed that the conversion thin films formed at a dipping temperature of 20 °C and pH 4.5 showed best anti‐corrosion performance. SEM images indicated that increasing solution temperature resulted in micro‐cracks creation and lack of consistency on the surface of the conversion coating. Moreover, the morphological structure changed with increasing pH value.     

先进材料与异种材料电子束焊接研究进展

电子束焊接是近年来飞速进步、蓬勃发展的一种先进连接技术,随着技术工艺的日益成熟,其在工业领域的竞争力也日渐增强,已为工业部门所广泛接受.文中综述了电子束焊接在高温钛合金、高温合金、难熔金属、金属间化合物等先进材料与各类互相固溶的、难以互溶的异种材料连接方面的研究现状,对国内外在焊接缺陷控制、焊接工艺优化、焊接机理研究等方面取得的典型研究成果进行了简要介绍,并从中概括总结了先进材料与异种材料电子束焊接的具体问题,归纳阐述了先进材料与异种材料电子束焊接中所采用的能量控制与冶金调控等特色技术方法.