选区激光熔化René 88DT高温合金的晶粒组织及冶金缺陷调控

采用OM和SEM对选区激光熔化René88DT高温合金显微组织进行了表征,分析了制备参数对晶粒组织及冶金缺陷的影响。结果表明,制备参数可以影响合金凝固过程中胞状枝晶的择优生长方向,进而影响晶粒的形貌和尺寸。在低热输入以及67°层间扫描转角条件下,不同取向的枝晶相互竞争生长,使试样的组织呈现近等轴晶;采用高热输入以及0°层间扫描转角制备的试样,因其枝晶能够跨越多个沉积层连续外延生长而形成了柱状晶组织。采用90°层间扫描转角制备的试样晶粒组织为柱状晶,但其长径比低于0°层间扫描转角制备的试样,且由于金属蒸气烟尘的遮蔽作用导致试样在相互垂直的扫描方向上产生了各向异性。试样内部的冶金缺陷主要为低熔点共晶液化所导致的沿晶界分布的凝固裂纹,等轴晶组织阻碍凝固裂纹的扩展能力远高于柱状晶组织,后者裂纹密度是前者的22倍。考虑成形质量及服役条件,67°层间扫描转角以及较低的热输入是适合René88DT合金的选区激光熔化制备参数。     

超声处理对7050铝合金凝固组织晶粒细化影响

研究了功率超声对7050铝合金凝固组织晶粒细化规律。实验结果表明,功率超声施振对7050凝固组织有显著细化作用,并随施振功率的增大,晶粒细化效果增强。但超声施振功率增大到一定程度后,晶粒细化效果不再明显。在铝熔体凝固过程的不同温度区间施加超声振动,温度过高、过低都会减弱细化效果,超声最佳施振温度区间为760～660℃。施振功率为240W时平均晶粒尺寸可达67μm。对平均晶粒尺寸与超声功率分析表明:超声施振功率与细化晶粒尺寸近似满足负指数递减关系,这为超声细晶技术在工业应用方面提供了实验依据。     

镍基合金TIG焊接熔池及热影响区组织模拟

基于枝晶生长动力学和晶粒长大理论,采用元胞自动机法(CA)建立了焊接熔池及热影响区的微观组织演变模型.通过有限元模型计算了TIG焊接过程的温度场分布,并利用插值算法将热循环曲线应用于CA模型,计算了镍基合金TIG焊接熔池凝固过程枝晶生长及热影响区的晶粒长大.结果表明,焊缝边缘的晶核主要以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长,其最终形貌取决于半熔化母材晶粒上的联生结晶及不同取向枝晶间的竞争生长,焊缝中心为等轴晶组织.焊接热影响区的晶粒长大使得熔池凝固形成的柱状晶组织粗大.模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

镍基合金TIG焊接熔池及热影响区组织模拟

基于枝晶生长动力学和晶粒长大理论,采用元胞自动机法(CA)建立了焊接熔池及热影响区的微观组织演变模型. 通过有限元模型计算了TIG焊接过程的温度场分布,并利用插值算法将热循环曲线应用于CA模型,计算了镍基合金TIG焊接熔池凝固过程枝晶生长及热影响区的晶粒长大. 结果表明,焊缝边缘的晶核主要以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长,其最终形貌取决于半熔化母材晶粒上的联生结晶及不同取向枝晶间的竞争生长,焊缝中心为等轴晶组织. 焊接热影响区的晶粒长大使得熔池凝固形成的柱状晶组织粗大. 模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

激光快速成形过程中316L不锈钢显微组织的演变

对316L不锈钢在激光快速成形过程中的凝固行为和组织形成进行了考察．结果表明,成形件呈现全γ奥氏体结构,γ奥氏体从基体外延生长成柱状枝晶,并显示较强的晶体取向性,其（100）晶向基本平行沉积方向,仅在顶部出现一薄层转向枝晶层,而在成形件中出现的层带结构并未影响不同熔覆沉积层之间组织生长和取向的连续性．采用最高界面生长温度判据对激光快速成形中的相形成规律进行了分析,并结合平界面稳定性分析、枝晶生长理论和柱状晶／等轴晶转变模型讨论了成形件中的层带形成及外延柱状晶生长特性．     

基于超声振动的304不锈钢TIG焊接

304不锈钢是应用最为广泛的一种奥氏体不锈钢,它具有优良的耐蚀性和耐热性,优良的低温强度和力学性能.304不锈钢常用的焊接方法为TIC焊接.普通TIC焊接由于焊缝熔深浅、焊接速度低、焊接效率较低,而且在焊接过程中容易出现焊缝区和热影响区的晶粒粗大,造成焊接接头质量下降.功率超声振动是金属凝固过程中改善组织、提高力学性能的有效方法之一.为了提高焊接效率和改进接头的质量,将超声振动通过机械耦合方式引入304不锈钢TIG焊接的过程中,进行了平板堆焊试验.结果表明,施加超声后焊接的熔深有效增加,深宽比增大,焊缝结晶方式由粗大柱状晶转变为细小的树枝晶和等轴晶,晶粒度减小,熔合区组织均匀化.     

混合焓对激光多层沉积Ti-6Al-4V合金凝固组织的影响

分别以预合金粉末和混合元素粉末为原料进行激光多层沉积Ti-6A-4V合金,采用XRD研究了预合金粉末、混合元素粉末和沉积试样的相组成,采用金相显微镜研究了沉积试样的凝固组织.结果表明,预合金法激光多层沉积Ti-6Al-4V合金的凝固组织由外延生长的柱状晶组成,且随激光功率的提高,合金凝固组织倾向于由柱状晶转变为等轴晶;随着激光功率由1600 W增加至2700 W,混合元素法激光多层沉积Ti-6Al-4V合金的凝固组织则由粗大等轴晶逐渐转变为外延生长的柱状晶.扫描速率对合金凝固组织的影响较小.对混合焓对合金凝固组织的影响进行了讨论.     

激光熔丝增材制造过程的温度与组织演变研究

激光熔丝增材制造工艺参数对凝固组织特别是晶粒尺寸有重要影响,从而影响成形件的性能.基于有限元方法对激光熔丝增材316L不锈钢过程的热历史进行了仿真,研究了不同增材工艺对晶粒尺寸的影响.结果表明,模拟得到的熔池尺寸于与实际相吻合,在垂直于扫描方向和厚度方向均有能量传递.随着扫描速度的增加,成形过程的最高温度减小.单层组织的底部区域为胞状晶、中部区域为粗大的柱状树枝晶、顶部区域为细小的等轴晶,柱状树枝晶的一次枝晶间距随扫描速度的增加而减小.     

硼化物细化γ-TiAl基合金晶粒的机制

研究了不同硼含量对Ti46Al8Nb合金晶粒尺寸的影响,发现硼化物以两种方式从液相中析出:当硼含量较低、冷却速度较快时,硼化物主要存在于枝晶间,说明凝固过程中硼被排出到液相,在β枝晶间最后与枝晶耦合生长形成硼化物;当硼含量较高、冷却速度较慢时,硼化物存在于枝晶干.硼含量对枝晶形态的影响表明,不同硼含量时尽管晶粒尺寸有很大差别,但是合金的枝晶形态和枝晶间距并没有明显的变化,并且在晶粒得到部分细化的Ti46Al8Nb0.4B合金中发现,未被细化的粗大晶粒与周围的细小晶粒的枝晶形态完全相同,并可来自于同一个β晶粒.这些实验结果表明:硼化物对Ti46Al8Nb基合金晶粒的细化作用主要不是通过改变L→β的凝固过程得到的,而是通过影响凝固后的β→α固态相变来实现的.     

超声振动对CMT电弧增材制造铝合金组织与性能的影响

为减少电弧增材制造铝合金中的气孔及粗大晶粒,采用超声振动辅助CMT电弧增材制造的方法堆焊4043铝合金薄壁件,研究了超声振幅对沉积态材料微观组织及力学性能的影响。研究发现,熔池内部枝晶在超声振动的作用下发生破碎,使得熔池内部液态金属形核率增大,细化晶粒,粗大柱状晶粒也在熔池振动搅拌下转变为细小等轴晶粒。与未使用超声振动辅助的试样相比,平均晶粒尺寸减少了22.5%。同时超声振动引起的空化及声流效应使得试样中气孔尺寸以及数量减小。但随着超声振幅的增加,熔池内部的能量逐渐加大,热输入的增加也使得晶粒发生粗化现象。过大的超声能量破坏了焊缝的结构完整性,导致焊缝内部出现孔洞。施加超声振动试样的抗拉强度较未施加时上升了8.2%~16.3%,且随着超声振幅的增大,抗拉强度及断后伸长率的各向异性逐渐减小。     

固溶时效对SLM成形316L不锈钢块体件显微组织及硬度的影响

采用选区激光熔化技术(Selective laser melting, SLM)成功制备了316L不锈钢块体件,借助光镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)及维氏硬度计研究了不同时效工艺(时效温度分别为650 ℃和850 ℃)对SLM成形316L不锈钢块体件显微组织以及显微硬度的影响。结果表明,SLM成形316L不锈钢块体件显微组织主要由细小柱状晶和蜂窝状晶粒组成。“层-层”和“道-道”熔池边界清晰可见,经固溶时效后边界基本消失,但晶界清晰可见,再结晶晶粒呈合并生长方式长大。650 ℃时效时,试样中少量M₂₃C₆分布于晶界,显微硬度相对较高;随着时效温度的升高,850 ℃时效后试样的晶粒进一步长大,沿晶界形成了大量不连续M₂₃C₆。     

电弧功率对MIG电弧增材制造316L奥氏体不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

采用大功率MIG电弧热源熔化沉积316L奥氏体不锈钢金属焊丝制备试样，研究电弧功率对成形试样组织、力学性能以及断裂行为的影响并分析其机理，为高效、低成本电弧增材制造大型金属构件提供技术基础和理论依据. 结果表明，大功率MIG电弧增材制造316L奥氏体不锈钢内部形成柱状晶并生成δ相和σ相呈蠕虫状分布在γ基体中. δ相分布在晶内和晶界起强化作用. 随着电弧功率从3 763 W增加8 400 W，316L试样晶粒尺寸变大，δ相含量减少而σ相含量增加，使得材料抗拉强度从578 MPa降低到533 MPa，屈服强度从310 MPa降低到235 MPa，断后伸长率从53%降低到44%，断面收缩率从67%下降到60%. 当电弧功率增加到8 400 W时，在晶界上形成较多的σ相，试样断裂模式由较低功率时的穿晶韧窝断裂转变为沿晶韧窝断裂.     

Morphological Characteristics and Size Distributions of Three-Dimensional Grains and Grain Boundaries in 316L Stainless SteelEI北大核心CSCD

Three-dimensional characterization of grains and grain boundaries is significant to study the microstructure of polycrystalline materials, and is the key to advance the subject of three-dimensional materials science (3DMS). In this work, the technique of serial sectioning by mechanical polishing coupled with 3D electron backscatter diffraction (3D-EBSD) mapping was used to measure the microstructure of a 316L stainless steel in 3D. Volume of the collected 3D-EBSD microstructure is 600 mu mx600 mu mx257.5 mu m, which is quite large to study the 3D microstructure of structural materials with conventional grain size (20 similar to 60 mu m). Dream3D and in-house developed Matlab programs were used to process the 3-DEBSD data, and subsequently ParaView was used to visualize the grains and grain boundaries in 3D. Combined usage of these tools and in-house programs make the possibility that not only 3D grains but also 3D grain boundaries can be studied in both morphology and quantification. In total, 1840 grains and 9177 grain boundaries are included in the measured 3D-EBSD microstructure. The 3D morphological characteristics and size distributions of grains and grain boundaries in the 316L stainless steel were investigated, including 3D grain size, grain surface area, boundary quantity per grain, grain boundary size and the average boundary size per grain, as well as relationships between these morphological parameters were discussed. Results showed that distributions of all of these morphological parameters of 3D grains and grain boundaries in the polycrystalline 316L steel can be well represented by log-normal distribution, and all relationships of these parameters versus grain size can be well represented by power function. Additionally, the 3D morphologies of most grains in the 316L stainless steel deviate from the ideal equiaxed grains, having complex shapes due to existing of twins, such as semi-sphere shaped, plate shaped and some very complex grains. In many ways, the larger grains have more complex morphology with greater number of faces, larger surface area and larger deviation from equiaxed grains.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢焊接熔池的组织模拟

运用晶界演化Grain boundary evolution模型,利用PHOENICS软件计算在不同焊接参数下1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢TIG焊接温度场,采用VB语言编制程序模拟了焊缝中柱状晶的生长。结果表明,熔池形状和尺寸影响了柱状晶的生长方向,熔池长宽比越大,晶粒的生长方向越垂直于焊缝中心,晶粒短而直;长宽比越小,熔池形状越接近圆形,晶粒的弯曲程度越大,晶粒长而弯。Grain boundary evolution模型能准确地模拟不锈钢焊缝中柱状晶的生长形态,与试验结果中的柱状晶的生长形态吻合较好。     

Effect of Build Direction on Fatigue Performance of L-PBF 316L Stainless Steel

The microstructure and fatigue and tensile properties of 316 L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)were investigated.Two 316 L stainless steel specimens with different loading directions which are either perpendicular to or parallel to building direction were prepared by L-PBF process.The results of X-ray diffraction tomography showed that there was no significant difference in morphology and size/distribution of the defects in the HB and VB samples.Since long axis of columnar grains is generally parallel to the build direction,the fatigue crack encounters more grain boundaries in VB samples under cyclic loading,which led to enhanced fatigue resistance of VB samples compared with HB sample.In contrast to HB sample,the VB sample has a higher fatigue strength due to a higher resistance to localized plastic deformation under cyclic loading.The differences in fatigue properties of L-PBF 316 L SS with different build directions were predominantly controlled by solidification microstructures.     

Effect of Cold-Rolling on Precipitation Phenomena in Sensitized Type 316L and 340L Austenitic Stainless Steels

Precipitation phenomena in Type 316L and 304L stainless steels were studied mainly by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations after cold-rolling ranging from 0% (as solution annealed) to 80% reduction in thickness,and then by sensitization treatment. Precipitates were identified by electron diffraction analysis and EDS analysis.Precipitates observed in sensitized 316L stainless steel were sigma and chi phases, whereas carbide and sigma were observed in sensitized 304L stainless steel. Recrystallized grains were formed in 30% cold-rolled and sensitized 304L.However, the tendency toward recrystallization in sensitized 316L was much lower than in 304L. Precipitation of sigma and chi phases was accelerated by cold-rolling and they were observed at grain boundaries in lower cold-rolling; they were also seen, in grain interiors in higher cold-rolling. Higher deformation induced partially recrystallization combined with precipitation, resulting in the formation of heterogeneous microstructures.     

Effect of Cold-Rolling on Precipitation Phenomena in Sensitized Type 316L and 304L Austenitic Stainless Steels

Precipitation phenomena in Type 316L and 304L stainless steels were studied mainly by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations after cold-rolling ranging from 0% (as solution annealed) to 80% reduction in thickness,and then by sensitization treatment. Precipitates were identified by electron diffraction analysis and EDS analysis.Precipitates observed in sensitized 316L stainless steel were sigma and chi phases, whereas carbide and sigma were observed in sensitized 304L stainless steel. Recrystallized grains were formed in 30% cold-rolled and sensitized 304L.However, the tendency toward recrystallization in sensitized 316L was much lower than in 304L. Precipitation of sigma and chi phases was accelerated by cold-rolling and they were observed at grain boundaries in lower cold-rolling; they were also seen, in grain interiors in higher cold-rolling. Higher deformation induced partially recrystallization combined with precipitation, resulting in the formation of heterogeneous microstructures.     

电磁搅拌对水平连铸奥氏体不锈钢组织的影响

研究了低频旋转型电磁搅拌对水平连铸奥氏体不锈钢凝固组织的影响。结果表明，在低频电磁场作用下，合适的电磁搅拌参数使奥氏体不锈钢宏观组织在一定程度上得到了明显改善，铸坯的柱状晶和等轴晶得到了显著的细化，消除了穿晶现象，等轴晶区扩大，中心缩孔、疏松级别明显降低；多次试验发现，对于奥氏体不锈钢，所需的搅拌强度应高于一般钢种，即使搅拌器的中心磁感应强度平均值达90mT（幅值达到141mT），当频率为3-4Hz时，搅拌后对钢液的组织影响较小。     

固溶处理对316H不锈钢中厚板晶粒度的影响

将300 mm厚316H不锈钢电渣锭锻造坯轧制成50 mm厚钢板,选取晶粒度为5、6、7和9级的原始晶粒,进行了1000 ℃固溶60 min和120 min、1050 ℃固溶30 min和60 min、1100 ℃固溶20、40和60 min。结果表明,获得晶粒均匀的完全再结晶热轧态组织是获得晶粒均匀固溶态组织的必要条件,热轧态混晶或者有部分再结晶的组织,通过固溶处理不能获得晶粒均匀的固溶态组织。热轧态晶粒均匀的钢板,通过合理匹配固溶温度与时间,晶粒能够均匀长大,厚度为20~50 mm的316H不锈钢中厚板合理的固溶制度为1050 ℃保温30~60 min,1100 ℃保温20~40 min,可根据热轧态组织及用户需求调整固溶时间获得理想的晶粒度级别。     

选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢微观组织及拉伸性能分析

采用选区激光熔化技术制备了316L不锈钢的拉伸试样,分析了试样不同区域的组织特征,测试了其拉伸力学性能.结果表明,其组织形貌主要为胞状晶,但在某些“微熔池”内晶粒生长方向不相同,而近乎相互垂直,从而在同一视野中显示出典型的细小柱状晶（亚晶）和近似六边形“胞晶”共存的组织特征.试样的抗拉强度与传统工艺制备的相比有较大提高,但断后收缩率有所降低.这主要由于选区激光熔化是快速熔化与冷却凝固的过程,其选区熔化的特征使得不同区域的激光入射角度、选区熔化扫描方式、“熔池”散热条件各不相同,导致不同区域呈现复杂的结晶过程,形成不同特征的微区组织.由于冷却速度较快所得的细小柱状晶的直径为亚微米级,致密分布,显著提高了材料的抗拉强度.但由于晶粒生长明显的方向性,使得拉伸过程中晶粒在不同方向的塑性变形不均匀,相互牵制,加之大量熔合线界面处不可避免的内应力,导致断后收缩率有所降低.